Grade 11 Systems Notes PDF

flashcards Systems : Circulatory and cardiovascular : Learning goals: State three major functions of the circulatory system. Moves blood throughout your body, Removes waste products such as carbon dioxide and carried oxygen and hormones throughout your body Disting...

flashcards Systems : Circulatory and cardiovascular : Learning goals: State three major functions of the circulatory system. Moves blood throughout your body, Removes waste products such as carbon dioxide and carried oxygen and hormones throughout your body Distinguish between an open and a closed circulatory system Open : Blood flows freely throughout body cavity as there is no blood vessels (most invertebrate) Closed: Blood flows through a circuit like setup including veins and blood vessels (Vertebrates and few invertebrates) Describe the flow of blood through the heart; structures of the heart and major blood vessels, state of blood (oxygenated or deoxygenated) Right side : Incoming blood (oxygenated) Left side : Outgoing blood (deoxygenated, Goes to lungs for cellular respiration) Septum : separates the two sides to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing Atria : Holds blood and sends it to ventricles Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle which sends it to the lungs Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it to the ventricle which dispersed it throughout the body Semilunar valves : prevents backflow from re entering the the atrium Describe how the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries supports their function Capillaries have very thin walls which allows the carbon dioxide, oxygen and nutrients to pass/ diffuse through cell Arteries continuously branch off into smaller branches allowing blood to transfer all throughout your body  Veins have thin elastic walls which help them handle lots of deoxygenated blood and low pressure Describe pulmonary, systemic, and cardiac circulation. Pulmonary - bring deoxygenated blood to lungs from the heart where it then goes through cellular respiration and then travels back to the heart Systemic - Oxygenated blood is carried out of the heart through the aorta and to other parts of the body providing cells with oxygen, nutrients and white blood cells State the components of blood plasma and their functions. Red blood cells 45% - made up of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets (produced in bone marrow) Plasma fluid 55% - Made up of proteins (immunity and clotting) and electrolytes White blood cells 1% - Made up of functional immune system cells, They help fight disease in the body. (produced in bone marrow) Platelets - small pieces in the blood of rbc that help with clotting and prevent you from bleeding out Identify three types of white blood cells and state the function of each type. Describe the steps involved in blood clotting. When a blood vessel breaks it releases chemicals that attract platelets platelets are attracted and when they rupture they produce thromboplastin when its present with calcium it produces thombrin creates fibrin and a blood clot is formed Describe how the circulatory system helps maintain body temperature. (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)  Vasoconstriction - Narrows blood vessels so they do not reach the epidermis and the blood is kept warm Vasodilation - widens blood vessels to heat reaches the epidermis and can be cooled Identify the blood types which can be given to a person of each blood type. 1. AB - any blood type 2. A positive - A+, A-, O+, O- 3. A Negative - A-, O - 4. B positive - B+, B-, O+, O- 5. B negative - B- and O- 6. Ab negative - A-, B-, O- , AB- 7. O positive - O+, O- 8. O negative - O- State the role of each of the following in regulating the heartbeat: medulla oblongata, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibres 1. Medulla - the bottom most part of your brain that sends nerve signals which control your heartbeat 2. SA node - stimulates the muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically which acts as a pacemaker for the heart 3. AV node - Responsible for transmitting signals through the fast moving bundle of his to the ventricles to make them contract 4. Purkinje fibres - passes through the septum to carry rhythm Sounds of the heart /stethoscope. (“lub-DUB”) The Lub sound comes from the activation of the ventricles The dub sound comes from the recovery wave Describe the information obtained from an ECG The information obtained from an ECG is the hearts rhythm and bpm Define: blood pressure, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, sphygmomanometer, hypertension, cardiac output, and stroke volume Blood pressure - the measure of how forcefully blood goes in your arteries  Diastolic pressure - the relaxation of the heart with how the atria fills with blood Systolic pressure - the contraction of the ventricles will how blood leaves the heart Sphygmomanometer - a device used to measure someone's blood pressure (the arm cuff thingy) Hypertension - high blood pressure where the pressure in your blood vessels is too high Cardiac output - how many litres of blood your heart pumps per minute Stroke volume - the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per cardiac cycle Explain how blood pressure medication lowers high blood pressure “Beta blockers” slow down your heartbeat and keep your heart from squeezing too high which allows blood to go through your blood vessels with less force. Distinguish between the terms; respiratory system, respiration, inspiration, expiration, and gas exchange. Respiratory system - the bodily system that inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide Respiration - the movement of air in and out of the lungs Insiration - inhaling air Expiration - exhaling air Give the summary equation which describes cellular respiration and state where this process occurs. Cellular respiration occurs within the cell and the equation for it is C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP State the two main requirements for respiration. 1. Oxygen 2. glucose Describe the four types of respiratory surfaces found in animals and identify an organism for each type of surface. 1. Skin - frogs 2. Gills - aquatic animals 3. Tracheai - used by bugs 4. Lungs - humans Describe what happens during inhalation to fill the lungs with air. INHALE 1. Oxygen enters the mouth where the air is warmed and moistened 2. Goes past the epiglottis 3. Down the phayrnx and past the larynx 4. Down the trachea 5. Into the bronchi and bronchiloes 6. Fills the alveoli EXHALE 1. The diaphragm relaxes and the air is expelled from the lungs Describe what happens during an exhalation to force air out of the lungs. The pressure is increased during inhalation and during exhalation the air is forced out Interpret a Spirograph. Define the terms: tidal volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and spirometer. Tidal volume - normal breathing Vital capacity - total air we can process Residual volume - the leftover air in your lungs to keep them from collapsing Spriometer - the device used to mesure your lung capacity Trace the pathway of air through the respiratory system. Mouth  Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Brochiols alveoli Describe the role of each of the following: nasal passages, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranes Nasal passage - warms and moistins air, nasal passage can also filter air Larynx - voice box Trachea - carries air in and out of your lungs Bronchi - filters air particles Bronchioles - carries air into the alveloi Alevioli - they diffuse oxygen into the blood Pleural membranes - cushions the lungs Illustrate gas exchange between the blood and an alveolus 1. First the blood goes through the pulminary artery 2. Goes through the capillaries over the alveoli 3. The blood then gets oxygented 4. And eits through the pulminary vein 5. The oxygenated blood then goes to the heart Systems : Digestive systems: Learning goals: Define the terms macromolecule, metabolism, essential nutrient, polymer and monomer, hydrolysis, enzyme. Macromolecules - Large complex assemblies of organic molecules Metabolism - metabolic processes (chemical reactions) carried out by cells to maintain life Essential nutrient - Basic raw materials needed to sustain life Polymer - made up of two simple sugars and are complex carbohydrates that consist of many linked simple sugars  Monomer - Simple sugars Hydrolysis - When water breaks down chemical bonds Enzymes - Proteins that help speed up metabolism Describe the main functions of the major macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Carbohydrates - used for cellular respiration and used as an energy source Lipids - Fatty and oily compounds that are insoluble in water and used as an energy storage for molecules Proteins - chains of amino acids that help build and repair muscles and cell walls Nucleic acids - direct growth of all living organisms by using chemical codes (DNA and RNA) Give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Describe their structural differences. MonoSaccharides - single sugars - glucose and fructose Disaccharides - two single sugars bonded - lactose and sucrose Polysaccharides - poly means many so many single sugars bonded - glycogen and starch Identify the monomers of macromolecules Macrromolcule carb - monomers are monosaccarides Macromolecule protein - monomers are amino acids Macromolcule lipids - monomers are fatty acids Macromolcule nucleaic acids- monomers are nucleotides List functions of water within the body of an animal. Lubricates food Assits in chemical digestion (Hydrolysis) Flushing toxins out of the body Regulating body temp (sweating) Eliminating waste ma2terials (sweat) List and describe the different ways animals can obtain their food.  1) Filter feeders a) Auqatic animals that use a basket like filter to gather small organisms to obtain nutrients b) Eg - flamingos and whales 2) Fluid feeders a) Obtain food by licking / sucking from netrient rich fluids in either plants or animals b) Eg - mosquitos and ticks 3) Substrate feeders a) Live in or on their food and eat it b) Eg - catipillars and worms 4) Bulk feeders a) Use teeth or jaws to tear off peices of food b) Eg - humans and sharks List and define the stages of food processing in animals 1. Injest , digest, absorb and ejest 2. Food is first injested through your mouth where chemical digestion begins and food is made into bolus a. Your salivary glands - paratid, sublingual and submandibular have enzymes that start chemical digestion 3. Bolus moves past your phaynx down your esophgus and into your stomach which contains bile and turns food into chyme a. Your stomach has two parts the lower esophogeol and the pyloric sphincter 4. Chyme moves into your deodenum SI than into your Jejunum SI which contail micro vili and capileries which helps absorb nutrients 5. Food moves to the beginning of your large intestine (Cecum) to your asending colon, than your transverse colon, than to your decending colon a. Your large intestine absorbs remaining water 6. Food than is ejested through your anus Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical ○ The physical movemnt of breaking down food ○ Eg - chewing and peristalisis  Chemical ○ Amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase, etc. convert carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides in the small intestine. ○ Fats are converted to fatty acids and glycerol by lipases in the small intestine. ○ Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, dipeptidases, etc. convert proteins into peptones and amino acids in the small intestine. ○ Nucleases, nucleotidases, and nucleosidases convert nucleic acids into nucleotides, nucleosides, sugar, and bases in the small intestine. Identify the structures of the human digestive system. ○ Mouth, pharnx, esphogus, lower esophogeol, sphinctyer, deodenum, Jejenum, iileum, appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus ○ Accesory organs - salivary glands (sublininar, sublingual and paratid), bile duct, kidneys, liver Describe the role of each of the following: saliva, teeth, tongue, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine (jejunum, ilium, duodenum), large intestine, rectum Saliva - chemical digestion through enzymes Teeth - mechanical duegestion Tounge - the area under the tongue absorbs nutrients Epiglottis - directs food down the esophogus and away from the trachea Esophagus - uses peristslisis to move food down to stomach Pancreas - produces enzymes which break down macromolecules within your body such as lipase (fats) amylase (carbs) and protease (proteins) Liver - gets rid of toxins and produces bile Gallbladder - stores bile Small intestines - absorobs majority of your bodies nutrients Large Intestine - absorbs your bodys water and remianing few enzymes Rectum - receives waste from colon (LI) and stiores it Describe how the structure of the following structures supports their function: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Esophagus - uses peristalisis to push food toward stomach Stomach - uses enzymes made in the pancreas and bile to break down food and turn it into chyme Small intestine - absorbs nutrients, vitamins, minerals ect throughout the system as it has small vili like structures that are covered in micro vili which absorb nutrients into the bloodstream through the capilleries Large intestine - absorbs water by using its large surface area and numerous blood vessels Describe peristalsis. Wave like contractions that move food throughout the digestive tract Name and give the function of accessory organs. Liver - produces bile Pancreas- makes enzyme rich fluid that assists in chemical digestion Gallbladder- stores bile Salivary glands - produces saliva which assists in the first step of chemical digestion Identify where digestion of each of the following occurs and what the final products of digestion are which get absorbed: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Carbohydrates get broken down Identify the source of the various digestive enzymes. Describe the role of gastric juice, pepsin, chyme, bile and pancreatic fluid. What is homeostasis Homeostasis is the process of maintaining an equilibrium within the bodys nutrient levels