GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan - PDF

GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT CvSU Vision CvSU Mission The premier university...

GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT CvSU Vision CvSU Mission The premier university Republic of the Philippines Cavite State in historic Cavite recognized University shall provide CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY excellent, equitable and for excellence in the development of morally Imus Campus relevant educational upright and globally Cavite Civic Center, Palico IV, City of Imus,Cavite 4103 opportunities in the arts, competitive individuals. science and technology (046)686-7607/ (046) 471-6607 through quality instruction www.cvsu.edu.ph and responsive research and development activities. It shall produce professional, skilled and morally upright individuals for global competitiveness. Modyul Blg. 2 Matapos ang aralin na ito, ang mga mag-aaral ay inaasahang: 1. Masuri ang konteksto, nilalamán, at perspektiba ng iba’t ibang uri ng primaryang batis 2. Maláman ang ambag ng iba’t ibang uri ng primaryang batis sa pag-unawa sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Unang Bahagi: Antonio Pigafetta: First Voyage Around the World I. Nilalamán at pagsusuri sa konteksto ng pilìng primaryang batis Pangkasaysayang Konteksto Noong ika-14 na siglo nang ang mga Europeo ay naghanap ng panibagong ruta na maari nilang gamitin upang makakuha ng mga spices o panlasa para sa kanilang mga pagkain at upang i-preserba ang mga karne. Ang mga produktong matatagpuan sa Silangan ay malaking motibasyon para sa mga Europeo na maghangad ng panibagong rutang pangkalakalan. Ang dating rutang kalakalan ay nasakop na ng mga Muslim na Turko at ang mga mangangalakal na Italyano mula sa Venice, Pisa, at Genoa lamang ang nakagagamit nito dahil sa mataas na buwis na ipinapataw ng mga Turko. Ang panggagalugad ay isang anggulo rin ng kanilang pamamaraan upang mapalaganap ang Kristiyanismo sa mga kapuluan at paniniwalang sila ang magiging daan upang ito’y maging mga sibilisado. Ang bansang Espanya at Portugal ang mga bansa na naging pangunahing tagapagtaguyod ng mga mandaragat mula sa Europa at naging daan sa iba’t ibang eksplorasyon sa Asya, Aprika at Latin Amerika.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT Mula noong ika-13 siglo ay naging depende na ang Europa sa mga spices na matatagpuan sa Asya lalong lalo na sa India. Ang mga spices ay ginagamit nila bilang pampalasa sa kanilang mga pagkain at upang mapreserba ang mga karne. Ginagamit din nila ito para sa kanilang mga pabango, kosmetiks at medisina. Ang ilan sa mga spices na may malaking “demand” para sa mga Europeo ay ang paminta, cinnamon, at nutmeg. Ang kalakalan ng spices sa Europa at Asya ay kontrolado ng mga Muslim at ng mga taga-Venice, Italya. Ang mga mangangalakal na Tsino at Indian ay nagbibili ng 9 mga spices sa mga mangangalakal na Arabe na siyang nagdadala ng mga panindang ito sa mga mangangalakal na taga-Venice. Malaking kita ang inaakyat ng ganitong uri ng kalakalan sa mga mangangalakal na Arabe at Venetian. Dahil sa pagmomonopolyo sa kalakalang ito ay naghangad ang mga Europeong mangangalakal na direktong magkaroon ng kalakalan sa Asya sa mga spices na kailangan nila. Ang pang-lupang kalakalan ay di na garantisadong protektado dahil sa mga pananambang na ginagawa ng mga Mongol kaya mas minabuti ng mga Europeo na gamitin ang katubigan. Ang Portugal ang kauna-unahang bansang Europeo na nagkaroon ng interes sa panggagalugad sa Karagatan ng Atlantic upang makahanap ng mga spices at ginto. Sa pagitan ng mga taong 1420 hanggang 1528, ay nakapaglayag ang mga mandaragat na Portuges hanggang sa Kanlurang bahagi ng Aprika upang hanapin ang rutang katubigan patungo sa Asya. Ang pagpapakasal nina Haring Ferdinand V ng Aragon at Reyna Isabella I ng Castille noong ika-1400 na siglo ay naging daan upang ang Espanya ay maghangad din ng mga kayamanan sa Silangan. Ang pinagsanib na lakas ng kanilang kaharian ay naging dahilan sa pagpapadala nila ng mga ekspedisyon sa Silangan na ang una ay pinamunuan ni Christopher Columbus, isang Italyanong nabigador. Si Fernão de Magalhães (pinakamalapit na bigkas /fekh·néw ji ma·ga·lyáysh/) (1480–Abril 27, 1521; Fernando de Magallanes sa Kastila, Ferdinand Magellan sa Ingles) ay isang eksplorador na Portuges na naglayag para sa Espanya. Siya ang kauna-unahang nakapaglayag mula sa Europa pakanluran patungong Asya, ang unang Europeo na nakatawid ng Karagatang Pasipiko, at ang namuno ng unang ekspedisyon para sa sirkumnabegasyon ng daigdig.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT Ang hangarin ng mga paglalakbay ni Christopher Columbus sa Kanluranin noong 1492–1503 ay marating ang mga Indies at magtatag ng direktang mga ugnayang pangangalakal sa pagitan ng Espanya at mga kahariang Asyano. Natanto ng mga Espanyol na ang mga lupain ng Amerika ay hindi bahagi ng Asya ngunit isang bagong kontinente. Ang Kasunduan ng Tordesillas noong 1494 ay naglaan sa Portugal ng mga silanganing ruta na umikot sa Aprika. Si Vasco de Gama at ang mga Portuges ay duamting sa India noong 1498. Naging mahalaga para sa Espanya na makahanap ng isang bagong ruta ng kalakalan sa Asya at pagkatapos ng pagpupulong ng Junta de Toro noong 1505, ang Korona ng Espanya ay naglayag upang tuklasin ang ruta sa kanluran. Narating ng maglalayag na Espanyol na si Vasco Núñez de Balboa ang Karagatang Pasipiko noong 1513 pagkatapos tumawid sa Isthmus ng Panama at si Juan Díaz de Solís ay namatay sa Río de la Plata noong 1516 habang ginagalugad ang Timog Amerika bilang paglilingkod sa Espanya. Noong Oktubre 1517 sa Sevilla, nakipag- ugnayan si Magallanes kay Juan de Aranda na Paktor ng Casa de Contratación. Pagkatapos ng pagdating ng kanyang kasamang si Rui Faleiro at sa pagsuporta ni Arana, kanilang itinanghal ang kanilang proyekto sa hari ng Espanya na si Carlos I ng Espanya na naging Carlos V, Banal na Emperador Romano. Ang proyekto ni Magallanes ay magbubukas ng ruta ng mga pampalasa nang hindi pipinsala sa mga ugnayan sa kapitbahay na Portuges. Noong Marso 22, 1518, pinangalanan ng hari ng Espanya si Magallanes at Faleiro na mga kapital upang makapaglayag sila sa pagtuklas ng mga Kapuluan ng Pamapalasa noong Hulyo. Kanyang itinaas sila sa ranggo ng Komandet ng Orden ni Santiago. Sila ay pinagkalooban ng Hari ng mga sumusunod: monopolyo sa natuklasang ruta sa loob ng 10 taon, ang kanilang paghirang bilang mga gobernador ng mga natuklasang kapuluan at mga lupain, ang karapatan na magbuwis ng 1000 ducat sa mga susunod na paglalayag na magbabayad lamang ng 5 porsiyento sa natitira, pagkakaloob ng isang kapuluan para sa bawat isa maliban mula sa anim na pinakamayaman kung saan sila tatanggap ng ikalabinglima. Ang ekspedisyong ito ay malaking pinondohan ng Korona ng Espanya at nagkaloob ng mga barko na may mga suplay para sa dalawang taon na paglalayag. Ang bihasang kartograpong si Jorge Reinel at Diogo Ribero na isang Portuges na nagtrabaho para kay Carlos V noong 1518 bilang kartograpo ng Casa de Contratación ay lumahok sa pagpapaunlad ng mga mapang gagamitin sa paglalayag. Ang ilang mga problemay ay lumitaw kabilang ang kawalan ng salapi, ang pagtatangka ng hari ng Portugal na pigilan sila at ibang pang Portuges na nabibigay suspetsa sa Espanya at ang mahirap na kalikasan ni Ribeiro. Sa pamamagitan ng obispong si Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca ay nakuha nila ang pakikilahok ng mangangalakal na si Christopher de Haro na nagkaloob ng isang ikaapat ng mga pondo at mga kalakal upang ibarter.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT Ang barkong Victoria na tanging barkong nakabuo ng sirkumnabigasyon. Ang armadang ipinagkaloob ni Haring Carlos V ng Espanya ay kinabibilangan ng mga limang barko: ang Trinidad (110 tonelado, 55 tripulante) sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni Magallanes, San Antonio (120 tonelada, 60 tripulante) na pinamunuan ni Juan de Cartagena; Concepcion (90 tonelada, 45 tripulante) na pinamunuan ni Gaspar de Quesada, Santiago (75 tonelada, 32 tripulante) na pinamunan ni Juan Serrano at Victoria (85 tonelada, 43 tripulante) na ipinangalan sa Santa Maria de la Victoria de Triana kung saan nanumpa ng katapatan si Magallanes kay Haring Carlos V at pinamunuan ni Luis Mendoza. Ang Trinidad ay isang caravel at ang iba ay mga carracks (Kastila:"carraca" o "nao"; Portuges "nau"). Ang 270 tripulante ay binubuo ng mga lalake mula sa ilang mga bansa kabilang ang mga Portuges, Kastila, Italyano, Aleman, Flemish, Griyego, Ingles at Pranses. Halos pigilan ng mga autoridad na Kastila ngunit pinalitan ang kanyang karamihan ng mga tauhang Portuges ng mga Kastila. Gayunpaman, ito ay kinabibilangan ng 40 Portuges kabilang ang kanyang bayaw na si Duarte Barbosa, João Serrão, Estêvão Gomes at gayundin ang alipin ni Magallanes na si Enrique ng Malacca. Si Faleiro na nagplanong sumama sa paglalayag ay umurong bago sumakay sa barko. Si Juan Sebastián Elcano na isang kapitang mangangalakal na Kastil na tumira sa Sevilla ay sumama na humihingi ng kapatawaran ng hari sa mga nakaraang kasalanan. Kabilang din sa kasama sa paglalayag ang Venezianong si Antonio Pigafetta na humiling na maisama sa paglalayag at tumanggap ng pamagat na supernumeraryo sa isang katamtamang sahod. Siya ay naging striktong katulong ni Magallanes at nag-ingat ng isang tumpak na hornal. Ang isa pang kasama na nag-ulat sa paglalayag si Francisco Albo na nag-ingat ng isang pormal na logbook. Si Juan de Cartageña ay pinangalanang Inspektor Heneral ng ekspedisyon at responsable sa mga operasyong pangsalapi at pangangalakal nito.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT Tungkol sa may-akda Si Antonio Pigafetta (An·tón·yo Pi·ga·fé·ta) ay isang iskolar at eksplorador na Italyano mula sa Republika ng Venezia na naglayag para sa España kasáma ni Ferdinand Magellan, na nakarating sa kapuluan ng Filipinas noong1521. Siyá ang nagsilbing katuwang ni Magellan sa kaniyang paglalayag patungong Filipinas, at karamihan sa salaysay tungkol sa paglalakbay at kamatayan ni Magellan ay mula sa kaniyang mga talâ. Isinilang siyá noong sirka 1491 sa Vicenza, Italis. Noong 1519, sinamahan niya ang papal nuncio sa España, at doon niya nabatid ang planong paglalayag ni Magellan. SI Antonio Pigafetta Source ng imahe: philippinediaryproject.com Tinanggap niya ang titulong sobrasaliente at katamtamang sahod na 1,000 maravedís. Sa kanilang paglalayag, nangalap siyá ng maraming datos tungkol sa heograpiya, klima, mga hayop at halaman, at mga mamamayan ng mga lugar na kanilang dinalaw. Naging mahalaga sa mga susunod na eksplorador at tagagawa ng mapa, pati na rin mga historyador, ang mga detalyado niyang ulat. Sa Mactan sa Filipinas, nasugatan si Pigafetta sa labanang kumitil sa buhay ni Magellan. Nagpagalíng siyá at napabilang sa 18 tao na nakabalik sa España sakay ng barkong Victoria. Sa kasalukuyan, matatagpuan ang isang estatwa ni Pigafetta sa Fort San Pedro, isang moog sa Lungsod Cebu na sinimulang itayô ng mga Español noong 1565, ang unang taon ng pananakop ng mga ito sa Filipinas. Tungkol sa Libro Nakapagtala at naitago ni Pigafetta ang detalyadong journal ng mga nangyari sa kanila mula noong umalis sila sa Seville noong 1519, hanggang sa pagbabalik nila sa Espanya pagkaraan ng tatlong taon. Noong bumalik siya sa Italya, sinabihan siya ng mga kakilala at kasamahan na sumulat ng libro ng ekspedisyon ni Magellan at mailimbag ito. Sinunod ito ni Pigafetta at pagkatapos niya itong gawain, ipinakita niya ang burador ng libro kay Pope Clement VII, Philippe de Villiers L’Isle-Adam (grandmaster ng mga kawal ng Rhodes) at jay Louis ng Savory (ina ni Haring Francis I ng France), at umaasang matutulungan siya ng isa sa mga ito para gastusan ang pagpapalimbag ng nasabing libro. Sa kasamaaang-palad, di siya nakakuha ng  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT maaaring magbigay ng puhunan para sa pagpapalimbag kasi noong mga panahon na iyon, naunahan siya nina Maximillanus Transylvanus,sa pagsulat ng mga naranasan nina Magellan, at ang naging buhay ni Peter Martyr. Kalaunan ay namatay na ang interes sa paglalakbay ni Magellan. Ang orihinal na jornal ni Pigafetta ay hindi nakaligtas sa daloy ng panahon. Ang ating nakikita ngayon ay ang mga kopya ng manuskrito ng librong kanyang sinulat na hindi nailathala noong siya ay nabubuhay pa. Tatlong kopya ng mga ito ay naisalin sa Pranses at ang dalawa ay nakatago sa Bibliothque Nationale sa Paris. Ang pangatlong kopya ay maumamg maging pagmamay-ari ng isang Briton na collector na si Sir Thomas Philipps. Kalaunan, binili ito ng Beinecke Rare Book at ngayon ay nakatago sa Pamantasan ng Yale. Ang ikaapat na kopya ng manuskrito ay nakasulat sa pinaghalong Italiano, Espanol, ang Venetia, na matatagpuan sa Ambrosian Library sa Milan. Noong 1800, Inilimbag ni Carlos Amoretti ang Italian na bersyon ng manuskrito at sa sumunod na taon, nailimbag naman ito sa wikang Pranses at lumabas ito sa Paris. Ang ingles na bersyon ng manuskrito ay nailimbag noong 1819. Si James Alexander Roberson naman ay gumawa ng kanyang sariling ingles bersyon ng kopya na matatagpuan sa Ambrosian Library at ito ay nakasama sa The Philippine Islands (Blg.33). Sa apat na primaryang batis na tumatalakay at nagsasalaysay ng paglalakbay ni Magellan, ang kay Pigafetta ang pinakamahaba at pinakadetalyado. Sinasaad dito ang nangyari sa limang barko na naglayag para sa ekspedisyon (Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, Victoria). Detalyadong naihayag ang mga problema na naranasan nila habang naglalayag, pati na rin sa kung papaaano nila ito nalutas gaya ng kakulangan sa pagkain, iba’t ibang mga sakit, ang pagkawala ng kumpiyansa ng mga kasamahan ni Magellan sa pagiging pinuno ng paglalayag, at ang pakikitungo sa kanila ng mga tao na nakakasalamuha nila sa nasabing paglalayag. Nakasaad din sa jornal ni Pigafetta ang mga mapa, salin ng mga salitang katutubong naririnig nila, at ang uri ng kapaligiran ng mga lupain o isla na nabiisita nila kabilang na ang mga uri ng halaman, at mga hayop na nakatira doon. Ang libro ni Pigafetta ay malaki ang naitulong at ambag at pagpapayabong sa pagsulat sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Pinakita rito ang kung anong klaseng pamumuhay mayroon ang mga Pilipino noong ika-16 na siglo kabilang na ang istrukturang pampolitika, pang-ekonomiya, at uri ng lipunan, hitsura ng mga tao, ang kanilang relihiyon, paniniwala at kaugalian na nakita nila noong binisita ang mga isla ng Samar, Leyte, at Cebu. Nakuha niya lahat ng impormasyon at detalye ng mga ito sa tulong ng alipin/tagasalin ni Magellan na si Enrique de Malacca. Si Pigafetta ay isa sa mga nandoon nung nagkaroon ng Labanan sa Matan, na siyang ikinasawi ni Magellan at ng iba pang mga kasama nito.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT Mahaba ang naging pagsasalaysay ni Pigafetta at ito ay ayon lamang sa kanyang pananaw. Ang mga sipi ng mga ito ay tungkol sa anong nangyari sa kanilang ekspedisyon, noong sila ay dumaong sa Homonhon, at hanggang sa Labanan sa Mactan. Sina Pigafetta at Enqique ay mga dayuhan lamang kung kaya mayroong mga mangilang-ngilang pagkukulang, at misinterpretasyon sa kanyang mga nasusulat gaya ng sa pagbaybay ng mga salita ng ating mga ninuno, sa bigkas nito, at sa kahulugan. Sipi ng Libro At dawn on Saturday, March sixteen, 1521, we came upon a high land at a distance of three hundred leagues from the islands of Latroni—an island named Zamal [i.e., Samar]. The following day, the captain-general desired to land on another island which was uninhabited and lay to the right side of the abovementioned island, in order to be more secure, and to get water and have some rest. He had two tents set up on the shore for the sick and had a sow killed for them. On Monday afternoon, March 18, we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general ordered that no one should move or say a word without his permission. When those men reached the shore, their chief went immediately to the captain-general... seeing that they were reasonable men, ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red caps, mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, bocasine, and other things. When they saw the captain's courtesy, they Presented fish, a jar of palm wine which they call uraca [i.e., arrack], figs more than one Palmo long [i.e., bananas], and others which were smaller and more delicate, and two cocoanuts [coconuts]. They had nothing else then...but rice, and cocoanuts and many articles of food within four days. Cocoanuts are the fruit of the palm tree. Just as we have bread, wine, oil, and vinegar, so those people get everything that tree. They get wine in the following manner. They bore a hole into the heart of the said palm at the top called palmito [i.e. stalk], from which distils a liquor which resembles white must [mist]. That liquor is sweet but somewhat tart, and [is gathered] in canes [of bamboo] as thick as the leg and thicker. They fasten the bamboo to the tree at evening for the morning, and in the morning for the evening. That palm bears a fruit, namely the cocoanut, which is as large as the head or thereabouts. Its outside husk is green and thicker than two fingers. Certain filaments are found in the husk, whence is made cord for binding together their boats. Under that husk there is a hard shell, much thicker than the shell of the walnut, which they burn and make therefrom a powder that is useful to them. Under that shell there is a white marrowy substance one finger in thickness, which they eat fresh with meat and fish as we do [with] bread; and it has a taste resembling the almond. It could be  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT dried and made into bread. There is a clear, sweet water in the middle of the marrowy substance which is very refreshing. When that water stands for a while after having been collected, it congeals and becomes like an apple. When the natives wish to make oil, they take that cocoanut, and allow the marrowy substance to putrefy. Then they boil it and it becomes oil like butter. When they wish to make vinegar, they allow only the water to putrefy, and then place it in the sun, and a vinegar results like [that made from] white wine. Milk can also be made from it, for we made some. We scraped that marrowy substance and then mixed the scrapings with its own water which we strained through a cloth, and so [wel obtained milk like goat's milk. Those palms resemble date-palms, but although not smooth they are less knotty than the latter. A family of x persons can be supported on two trees, by utilizing them week about for the wine [by utilizing one of them during one week and the other during the other 8 days for the wine]; for if they did otherwise, the trees would dry up. They last a century. Those people became very familiar with us. They told us many things, their names and those of some of the islands that could be seen from that place. Their own island was called Zuluan and it is not very large. We took great pleasure with them, for they were very pleasant and conversable. In order to show them greater honor, the captain-general took them to his ship and showed them all his merchandise—cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold, and all the things in the ship. He had some mortars fired for them, whereat they exhibited great fear, and tried to jump out of the ship. They made signs to us that the abovesaid articles grew in that place where we were going. When they were about to retire they took their leave very gracefully and neatly, saying that they would return according to their promise. The island where we were is called Humunu [Homonhon]; but inasmuch as we found two springs there of the clearest water, we called it Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (i.e., "the.Watering-place of good Signs"), for there were the first signs of gold which we found in those districts. We found a great quantity of white coral there, and large trees with fruit a trifle smaller than the almond and resembling pine seeds. There are also many palms, some of them good and others bad. There are many islands in that district, and therefore we called them the archipelago of San Lazaro, as they were discovered on the Sabbath [Sunday] of St. Lazarus. They lie in x degrees of latitude toward the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude of one hundred and sixty-one degrees from the line of demarcation. At noon on Friday, March 22, those men came as they ha d promised us in two boats with cocoanuts, sweet oranges, a jar of palm-wine and a cock, in order to show us that there were fowls in that district. They exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing us. We purchased all those articles from them. Their seignior was an old man who was painted [i.e., tattooed]. He wore two gold earrings [schionel in his ears, and the others many gold arm lets on their  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT arms and kerchiefs about [on] their heads. We stayed there oile week, and during that time our captain went ashore daily to visit the sick, and every morning gave them cocoanut water from his own hand, which comforted them greatly. There are people living near the island who have holes [earrings] in their ears so large that they can pass their arms through them. Those people are caphri, that is to say, heathen. They go naked, with a soft cloth woven from the bark of a tree about their privies, except some of the chiefs who wear cotton cloth embroidered with silk at the ends by means of a needle. They are dark, fat, and painted. They anoint themselves with cocoanut and with beneseed oil, as a protection against the sun and wind. They have very black hair that falls to the waist, and use daggers, knives, and spears ornamented with gold, large shields, fascines, javelins, and fishing nets that resemble rizali [a fine thickly woven net used for fishing]; and their boats are [just] like ours. Next day, holy Friday, the captain-general sent his slave, who acted as our interpreter, ashore in a small boat to ask the king if he had any food to have it carried to the ships; and to say that they would be well satisfied with us, for he [and his men] had come to the island as friends and not as enemies. The king came with six or eight men in the same boat and entered the ship. He embraced the captain-general to whom he gave three porcelain jars covered with leaves and full of raw rice, two very large orade [dorado] and other things. The captain-general gave the king a garment of red and yellow cloth made in the Turkish fashion, and a fine red cap; and to the others (the king's men), to some knives and to others mirrors. Then the captain- general had a collation spread for them, and had the king told through the slave that he desired to be casi casi with him, that is to say, brother. The king replied that he also wished enter the same relations with the captain-general. Then the captain showed him cloth of various colors, linen, coral [ornaments], and many other articles of merchandise, and all the artillery, some of which he had discharged for him, whereat the natives were greatly frightened. Pieces of gold, of the size of walnuts and eggs, are found by sifting the earth in the island of that king who came [whom I led] to our ships. All the dishes of that king are of gold and also some portion of his house, as we were told by that king himself. According to their customs he was grandly decked out [molto in ordine], and the finest looking man that we saw among those people. His hair was exceedingly black, and hung to his shoulders. He had a covering of silk on his head, and wore two large golden earrings fastened in [tol his ears. He wore a cotton cloth all embroidered with silk, which covered him from the waist to the knees. At his side hung a dagger, the haft of which was somewhat long and all of gold, and its scabbard of carved wood. He had three spots of gold on every tooth, and his teeth appeared  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT as if bound with gold. He was perfumed with storax and benzoin. He was tawny and painted [i.e., tattooed] all over. That island of his was called Butuan and Calagan [Caraga]. When those kings wished to see one another, they both went to hunt in that island where we were. The name of the first king is Raia Colambu, the second Raia Siaui. Early on [in] the morning of Sunday, the last of March and Easter-day, the captain- general sent the priest with some men to prepare the place where the Mass was to be said; together with the interpreter to tell the king that we were not going to land in order to dine with him, but to say mass. Therefore the king sent us two swine that he had had killed. When the hour for mass [had] arrived, we landed with about fifty men, without our body armor, but carrying our other arms, and dressed in our best clothes. Before we reached the shore with our boats, six pieces were discharged as a sign of Peace. We landed; the two kings embraced the captain-general, and placed him between them. We went in marching order to the place consecrated, which was not far from shore. Before the commencement of [the] mass, the captain sprinkled the entire bodies of the two kings with musk water. The mass was offered up [During the Mass, we made our offerings]. The kings went forward to kiss the cross as we did, but made no offerings. When the body of our Lord was elevated, they remained on their knees and worshipped Him with clasped hands. The ships fired all their artillery at once when the body of Christ was elevated, the signal having been given from the shore with muskets. After the conclusion of Mass, some of our "ten took communion.... Then he [they] had a cross carried in and the nails and a crown, to which immediate reverence was made [to which they made immediate reverence]. He told the kings through the interpreter that they were the standards given to him by the emperor his sovereign, so that wherever he might go he might set up those tokens. [He said] that he wished to set it up in that place for their benefit, for whenever any of our ships came, they would know that we had been there by that cross, and would do nothing to displease them or harm their property [Property: doublet in original MS.]. If any of their men were captured, they would be set free immediately on that sign being shown. It was necessary to set that cross on the summit of the highest mountain, so that on seeing it every morning, they might adore it; and if they did that, neither thunder, lightning, nor storms would harm them in the least. They thanked him heartily and [said] that they would do everything willingly. The captain-general also asked them whether they were Moros [Muslims] Or heathen, or what was their belief. They replied that they Worshiped nothing [had no other worship/ but that they raised their clasped hands and their face to the sky, and that they called their god "Abba." Thereat the captain was very glad, and seeing that, the first king raised his hands to the sky, and said that he wished that it were possible for him to make the captain see his love for him. The interpreter asked the king why there was so little to eat there. The latter replied that he did not live that place except when he went hunting and to see his brother,  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT but that he lived in another island where all his family were. The captain-general had him asked [asked him] to declare whether he had enemies, so that he might go with his ships to destroy them and to render them obedient to him. The king thanked him and said that he did indeed have two islands hostile to him, but that it was not then the season to go there. The [That] captain told him that if God would again allow him to return to those districts, he would bring so many men that he would make the king's enemies subject to him by force. He said that he was about to go to dinner, and that he would return afterward to have the cross set up on the summit of the mountain. They replied that they were satisfied, and then forming in battalion and firing the muskets, and the captain having embraced the two kings, we took our leave. After dinner we all returned clad in our doublets, and that afternoon went together with the two kings to the summit of the highest mountain there. When we reached the summit, the captain-general told them that he esteemed highly having sweated for them, for since the cross was there, it could not but be of great use.to them. On asking which port was best to get food, they replied that there were three, namely, Ceylon [Leyte], Zubil [Cebu], and Calaghann [Calagan], but that Zubu was the largest and the one with most trade. They offered of their own accord to give us pilots to show us the way. The captain-general thanked them, and determined to go there, for so did his unhappy fate will. After the cross was erected in position, each of us repeated a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and adored the cross; and the kings did the same. Then we descended through the cultivated fields, and went to the place where the balanghai was. The king had some cocoanuts brought in so we might refresh ourselves' The captain asked the kings for pilots, for he intended to depart the following morning, and [said] that he would treat them as if they were the kings themselves, and would leave one of us as hostage. The kings replied every that every hour he wished the pilots were at his command, but that night the first king changed his tnind, and in the morning when we were about to depart, sent teord to the captain-general, asking him for love of him to wait neo days until he should have his rice harvested, and other trifles attended to. He asked the captain-general to send him some men to help him, so that it might be done sooner; and said that he intended to act as our pilot himself. The captain sent him some men, but the kings ate and drank so much that they slept all the day. Some said to excuse them that they were slightly sick. Our men did nothing on that day, but they worked the next two days. ***** hose people were heathens, and go naked and painted. They wear a piece of cloth woven from a tree about their privies. They are heavy drinkers. Their women are clad in tree  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT cloth from their waist down, and their hair is black and reaches to the ground. They have holes pierced in their ears which are filled with gold, These people are constantly chewing a fruit which they call areca, and resembles a pear. They cut that fruit into four parts, and then wrap it in the leaves of their tree which they call betre [i.e., betel]. Those leaves resemble the leaves of the mulberry. They mix it with a little lime, and when they have chewed it thoroughly, they spit it out. It makes the mouth exceedingly red. All the people in those parts of the world use it, for it is very cooling to the heart, and if they ceased to use it they would die. There are dogs, cats, swine, fowls, goats, rice, ginger, cocoanuts, figs [i.e., bananas], oranges, lemons, millet, pancium, sorgo, wax, and a quantity of gold in that island. It lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds degrees toward the Arctic Pole, and in a longitude of one hundred and sixty-two degrees from the line of demarcation. It is twenty-five [leagues] from the Acquada, and is called Mazaua [Limasawa]. We remained there seven days, after which we laid our course toward the northwest, passing among five islands, namely Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baybai, and Gatighan. In the lastnamed island of Gatighan, there are bats as large as eagles. As it was late, we killed one of them, which resembled chicken in taste. There are doves, turtle-doves, parrots, and certain black birds as large as domestic chickens, which have a long tail. The last-mentioned birds lay eggs as large as the goose, and bury them under the sand, through the great heat of which they hatched out. When the chicks are born, they push up the sand, and come out. Those eggs are good to eat. There is a distance of twenty leguas [leagues] from Mazaua to Gatighan. we set out westward from Gatighan, but the king of Mazaua could not follow us [closely]; and consequently, we awaited him near three islands; namely Polo [Poro], Ticobon [Pasijan], and Pozon [Pason]. When he caught up with us he was greatly astonished at the rapidity with which we sailed. The captain-general had him come into his ship with several of his chiefs at which they were pleased. Thus did we go to Zubu from Gatighan, the distance to Zubu being fifteen leguas. At noon on Sunday, April seven, we entered the port of Zubu, passing by many villages, where we saw many homes built upon logs. On approaching the city, the captain- general ordered the ships to fling their banners. The sails were lowered and arranged as if for battle, and the artillery was fired, an action which caused great fear to the people. The captain sent a foster-son of his as ambassador to the king of Zubo with the interpreter. When they reached the city, they found a vast crowd of people together with the king, all of whom who were frightened by the mortars. The interpreter told them that that was our custom when entering into such places, as a sign of peace and friendship, and that we had discharged all our mortars to honor the king of the village. The king and all of his men were reassured, and  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT the king had us asked by his governor what we wanted. The interpreter replied that his master was a captain o the greatest king and prince in the world, and that he was going to discover Malucho; but that he had come solely to visit the king because of the good report which he had heard of him from the king of Mazaua, and to buy food with his merchandise. The king told him that he was welcome [literally: he had come at a good time], but that it was their custom for all ships that entered their ports to pay tribute, and that it was but four days since a junk from Ciama [i.e., Siam] laden with gold and slaves had paid him tribute. As proof of his statement, the king pointed out to the interpreter, a merchant from Ciama, who had remained to trade the gold and slaves. The interpreter told the king that, since his master was the captain of so great a king, he did not pay tribute to any seignior in the world, and that if the king wished peace he would have peace, but if war instead, war. Thereupon, the Moro merchant said to the king "Cata raia chita"; that is to say, "Look well, sire. These men are the same who have conquered Calicut, Malaca, and all India Magiore [i.e., India Major]. If they are treated well, they will give good treatment, but if they are treated evil, evil and worse treatment, as they have done to Calicut and Malaca." The interpreter understood it all and told the king that his master's king was more powerful in men and ships than the king of Portogalo, that he was the king of Spagnia [Spain] and emperor of all the Christians, and that if the king did not care to be his friend he would next time send so many men that they would destroy him. The Moro related everything to the king who said thereupon that he would deliberate with his men, and would answer the captain on the following day. Then he had refreshments of many dishes, all made from meat and contained in Porcelain platters, besides many jars of wine brought in. After Our men had refreshed themselves, they returned and told us everything. The king of Mazaua, who was the most influential after that king and the seignior of a number of islands, went ashore to speak to the king of the great courtesy of our captain-general. Monday morning, our notary, together with the interpreter, went to Zubu. The king, accompanied by his chiefs, came to the open square where he had our men sit down near him. He asked the notary whether there were more than one captain in company, and whether that captain wished him to pay tribute the emperor, his master. The notary replied in the negative, but that the captain wished only to trade with hint and no others. The king said that he was satisfied, and that if the captain wished to become his friend, he should send him a drop of blood from his right arm, and he himself would do the same [to him] as a sign of the most sincere friendship. The notary answered that the captain would do it [so]. Thereupon, the king told him that all the captains who came to that place were wont to give presents one to the other [i.e., mutual presents between the king and the captain], and asked whether our captain or he ought to commence. The interpreter told the king that since he desired to maintain the custom, he should commence, and so he did.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT On Wednesday morning, as one of our men had died during the previous night, the interpreter and I went to ask the king where we could bury him. We found the king surrounded by many men of whom, after the due reverence was made, I asked it. He replied, "If I and my vassals all belong to your sovereign, how much more ought the land." I told the king that we would like to consecrate the place, and to set up a cross there. He replied that he was quite satisfied and that he wished to adore the cross as did we. The deceased was buried in the square with as much pomp as possible, in order to furnish a good example. Then consecrated the place, and in the evening buried another We carried a quantity of merchandise ashore which we store in a house. The king took it under his care as well as four who were left to trade the goods by wholesale. Those people live in accordance with justice, and have weights and measures. They love peace, ease, and quiet. They have wooden balances' the bar of which has a cord in the middle by which it is held. At one end is a bit of lead, and at the other marks like quarter-libras [quarter-pounds], third-libras [third-pounds], and libras [pounds]. When they wish to weigh they take the scales which has three wires like ours, and place it above the marks, and so weigh it accurately. They have very large measures without any bottom. The youth play on pipes made like ours which they call subin. Their houses are constructed of wood and are built of planks and bamboo, raised high from the ground on large logs, and one must enter them by means of ladders. They have rooms like ours; and under the house they keep their swine, goats, and fowls. Large sea snails [corniolli], beautiful to the sight, are found there which kill whales. For the whale swallows them alive, and when they are in the whale's body, they come out of their shells and eat the whale's heart. Those people afterward find them alive near the dead whale's heart. Those creatures have black teeth and skin and a white shell, and the flesh is [are] good to eat. They are called laghan [a shellfish]. On Friday we showed these people a shop full of our merchandise, at which they were very much surprised. For metals, iron and other large merchandise they gave us gold. For the other smaller articles they gave us rice, swine, goats, and Other food. Those people gave us x pieces of gold for xiiii libras [14 pounds] of iron (one piece being worth about one and onehalf ducados [ducats]). The captain-general did not wish to take too much gold, for there would have been some sailors who would have given all that they owned for a small amount of gold and would have spoiled the trade for ever. On Saturday, as the captain [king] had promised the king [captain] to become a Christian on Sunday, a platform was built in [on] the consecrated square, which was adorned with hangings and palm branches for his baptism. The captain-general sent men to tell the king not to e afraid of the pieces that would be  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT discharged in the morning, for it was our custom to discharge them at our greatest feasts Without loading [them] with stones. On Sunday morning, April fourteen, forty men of us went ashore, two of whom were completely armed and preceded the royal banner. When we reached land all the artillery was fired. Those people followed us hither and thither. The captain and the king embraced. The captain told the king that the royal banner was not taken ashore except with fifty men armed as were those two, and with fifty musketeers; but so great was his love for him that he had thus brought the banner. Then we all approached the platform joyfully. The captain and the king sat down in chairs of red and violet velvet, the chiefs on cushions, and the others on mats. The captain told the king through the interpreter that he thanked God for inspiring him to became [become] a Christian, and that [now] he would more easily conquer his enemies than before. The king replied that he wished to become a Christian, but that some of his chiefs did not wish to obey, because they said that they were as good as men as he. Then our captain had all the chiefs of the king called, and told them that unless they obeyed the king as their king, he would have them killed, and would give their possessions to the king. They replied that they would obey him. The captain told the king that he was going to Spagnia, but that he would return again with so many forces that he would make him the greatest king of those regions, as he had been the first to express a determination to become a Christian. The king, lifting his hands to the sky, thanked the captain, and requested him to let some of his men remain [with him], so that he and his People might better be instructed in the faith. Th e captain replied that he would like to take two of the children of the chiefs with him, so that they might learn our language' who afterward on their return would be able to tell the others the wonders [cosel of Spagnia. A large cross was set up in the middle of the square. The captain told them that if they wished to become Christians as they had declared on the previous days that they burn all their idols and set up a cross in their place. They were to adore that cross daily with clasped hands, and every morning after their [i.e., the Spaniards'] custom, they were to make the sign Of the cross (which the captain showed them how to make); and they ought to come hourly, at least in the morning, to that cross, and adore it kneeling. The intention that they had already declared, they were to confirm it with good works. The king and all the others wished to confirm it thoroughly. The captain-general told the king that he was clad in all white to demonstrate his sincere love toward them. They replied they could not respond to his sweet words. The captain led the king by hand to the platform while speaking these good words in order to baptize him. He told the king that he would call him Don Carlo, after his sovereign the emperor; the prince, Don Fernando, after the emperor's brother; the king of Mazaua, Johanni; a chief, Fernando, after our chief, that is to say the captain; the Moro, Christoforo; and then the others, now one name, and now another. Five hundred men were baptized before mass.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT After the conclusion of mass, the captain invited the king and some of the other chiefs to dinner, but they refused, accompanying us, however, to the shore. The ships discharged all the mortars; and embracing, the king and chiefs and the captain took leave of one another. After dinner the priest and some of the others went ashore to baptize the queen, who came with forty women. We conducted her to the platform, and she was made to sit down upon a cushion, and the other women near her, until the priest should be ready. She was shown [I showed her] an image of our Lady, a very beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross. Thereupon, she was overcome with contrition and asked for baptism amid her tears. We named her Johanna, after the emperor's mother; her daughter, the wife of the prince, Catherina; the queen of Mazaua, Lisabeta; and the others, each [with] their [distinctive] names. Counting men, women, and children, we baptized eight hundred souls. The queen was young and beautiful, and was entirely covered with a white and black cloth. Her mouth and nails were very red, while on her head she wore a large hat of palm leaves in the manner of a parasol, with a crown about it 0f the same leaves, like the tiara of the Pope; and she never goes any place without such a one. She asked us to give her the little child Jesus to keep in place of her idols; and then she went away. In the afternoon, the king and queen, accompanied by numerous persons, came to the shore. Thereupon, the captain had many trombs of fire and large mortars discharged, by which they were most highly delighted. The captain and the king called one another brothers. That king's name was Raia Humabon. Before that week had gone, all the persons of that island, and some from the other islands, were baptized. We burned one hamlet which was located in a neighboring island, because it refused to obey the king or us. We set up the cross there for those people were heathen. Had they been Moros, we would have erected a column there as a token of our greater hardness, for the Moros are much harder to convert than the heathen. The captain-general went ashore daily during those days to hear mass, and told the king many things regarding the faith. One day the queen came with great pomp to hear Mass. Three girls preceded her with three of her hats in their hands. She was dressed in black and white with a large silk scarf, crossed with gold stripes thrown over her head, which covered her shoulders; and she had on her hat. A great number of women accompanied her, who were all naked and barefoot, except that they had a small covering of palm-tree cloth before their privies, and a small scarf upon the head, and all hair flowing free. The queen' having made the due reverence to the altar, seated herself on a silk embroidered cushion. Before the commencement of the ma-SS' the captain sprayed her and some of her [the] women with musk rosewater, for they delighted exceedingly in such perfumes. The captain, knowing that the queen was very much pleased with the child Jesus, gave it to her, telling her to keep it in  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT place of her idols, for it was a memory of the son of God. Thanking her heartily, she accepted it. One day, the captain-general asked the king and the other people why they did not burn their idols as they had promised when they became Christians; and why they sacrificed so much flesh to them. They replied that what they were doing was not for themselves, but for a sick man who had not spoken now for four days, so that the idols might give him health. He was the prince's brother, and the bravest and wisest man in the island. The captain told them to burn their idols and to believe in Christ, and that if the sick man were baptized, he would quickly recover; and if that did not so happen they could behead him [i.e., the captain] then and there. Thereupon, the king replied that he would do it, for he truly believed in Christ. We made a procession from the square to the house of the sick man with as much pomp as possible. There we found him in such a condition that he could neither speak nor move. We baptized him and his two wives, and x girls. Then the captain had him asked [asked him] how he felt. He spoke immediately and said that by the grace of our Lord he felt very well. That was a most manifest miracle [that happened] in our times. When the captain heard him [the man] speak, he thanked God fervently. Then he made the sick man drink some almond milk, which he had already made ready for him. Afterward he sent him a mattress, a pair of sheets, a coverlet of yellow cloth, and a pillow. Until he recovered his health, the captain sent him [every day] almond milk, rosewater, oil of roses, and some sweet Preserves. Before five days the sick man began to walk. He had an idol that certain old women concealed in his house burned in the Presence of the king and all the people. He had many shrines along the seashore destroyed, in which consecrated meat was eaten. The people themselves cried out "Castiglia!" "Castiglia!" and destroyed those shrines. They said that if God would lend them life, they would burn all the idols they could find, even if they were in the king's house. Those idols are made of wood, and are hollow, and lack the back parts. Their arms are open and their feet turned up under them with the legs open. They have a large face with four huge tusks like those of the wild boar; and are painted all over. There are many villages in that island. Their names and those of their chiefs are as follows: Cinghapola and its chiefs, Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaningha, Cimatichat, and Cicanbul; one, Mandaui and its chief, Apanoaan; one Lalan, and its chief, Theteu; one, Lalutan, and its chief, Tapan; one Cilumai; and one, Lubucun. All those villages rendered obedience to us, and gave us food and tribute. Near that island of Zubu was an island called Matan [Mactan], which formed the port where we were anchored. The name of its village was Matan, and its chiefs were Zula and Cilapulapu [Lapu-lapu]. That city [village] which we burned was in that island and was called Bulaia.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT ***** On Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, chief of the island of Matan, sent one of his sons to present two goats to the captain-general, and to say that he would send him all that he had promised, but that he had not been able to send it to him because of the other chief, Cilapulapu, who refused to obey the king of Spagnia. He requested the captain to send him only one boatload of men on the next night, so that they might help him and fight against the other chief. The captain-general decided to thither with three boatloads. We begged him repeatedly not to go, but he, like a good shepherd, refused to abandon his flock. At midnight, sixty men of us set out armed with corselets helmets, together with the Christian king, the prince, some Of chief men, and twenty or thirty balanghais. We reached Matan three hours before datvn. The captain did not wish to fight then, but he sent a message to the natives by the Moro to effect that if they should obey the king of Spagnia, recognize Christian king as thetr sovereign, pay us our tribute, he would be their friend; but that if they wished otherwise, they should wait to see how our lances wounded. They replied that if we had lances they had lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire. [They asked us] not to proceed to attack them at once, but to wait until morning, so that they might have more men. They said that in order to induce us to go in search of them; for they had dug certain pitholes between the houses in order that we might fall into them. When morning came, forty-nine of us leaped into the water up our thighs, and walked through water for more than two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats... When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries, two divisions on our flanks and other two on our front. When the captain saw that, he formed us into two divisions, and thus did we begin to fight. The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for half an hour, but uselessly for the shots only passed through the shields which were made of thin wood and the arms [of the bearers]. The captain cried to them, "Cease firing! cease firing!" but his order was not all heeded. When the natives saw that we were shooting our muskets to no purpose, crying out, they [were] determined to stand firm, but they [and] redoubled their shouts. When our muskets were discharged, the natives would never stand still but leaped hither and thither, covering themselves with their shields. They shot so many arrows at us and hurled so many bamboo spears (some of them tipped with iron) at the captain-general, besides pointed stakes hardened with fire, stones, and mud, that we could scarcely defend ourselves. Seeing that, the captain-general sent some men to burn their houses in order to terrify them. When they saw their houses hurtling, they were roused to greater fury. Two of our men were killed near the houses, while we burned twenty or thirty houses. So many of them charged down upon us  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT that they shot the captain through the right leg with a poisoned arrow. On that account, he ordered us to retire slowly, but the men took to flight, except six or eight of us who remained with the captain. The natives shot our legs, for the latter were bare; and so many were the spears and stones hurled at us, that we could offer no resistance. The mortars in the boats could not aid us as they were too far away. so we continued to retire for more than a good crossbow flight from the shore, always fighting up to our knees in the water. The natives continued to pursue us, and picking up the same spear four or six times, hurled it at us again and again. Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice, but he always stood firmly like a good knight, together with some others. Thus did we fight for more than one hour, refusing to retire farther [further]. An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out halfway because he had been wounded in the arm with [by] a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats. Thereupon, beholding him dead, we, wounded, retreated, as best as we could to the boats which were already pulling off The Christian king would have aided us, but the captain charged before we landed, not to leave his balanghai, but to stay to we fought. When the king learned that the captain was dead, he wept. Had it not been for that unfortunate captain, not a single one of us would have been saved in the boats, for while fighting, the others retired to the boats. I hope through [the efforts of] your illustrious Lordship that the fame of so noble captain will not become effaced in our times. Among other virtues which he possessed, he was more constant than ever in the greatest of adversity. He endured hunger better than all the others, and more accurately than any man in the world did he understand sea charts and navigation. And that this was the truth seen openly, for no other had had so much natural talent nor the boldness to learn how to circumnavigate the world, as he had almost done. That [The] battle was fought on Saturday, April twenty-seven, 1521. The captain desired to fight on Saturday, because it was the day especially holy to him. Eight of our men were killed with him in that battle, and four Indians, who had become Christians and who had come afterward to aid us, were killed by the mortars of the boats. Of the enemy, only fifteen were killed, while many of us were wounded. II. Pagtukoy sa halagang pangkasaysayan ng teksto  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT Ang pagkakalahad ni Pigafetta ay lubusang nakatulong sa pangkasaysayang Europeo dahil na-preserba nito, at nakilala rin sa mundo ang paglalayag nina Magellan-Elcano. Kung si Antonio Pigafetta ay hindi nakaligtas sa mga nangyari, mawawalan tayo ng malaking bahagi ng ating kasaysayan, hindi rin makikita ang pagbabago sa larangan ng heograpiya, paglalayag, kasaysayan ng mundo at iba pa. Pinatunayan sa ekspedisyong ito na hindi patag ang mundo kungdi bilog. Nakumpirma rin ng nasabing paglalayag na hindi lamang ang rut ana ginagamit ng mga Portuges ang maaaring daanan upang marating ang Spice Islands (Molucca). Naglayag sila nang pa-kanluran imbis na pa-silangan. Nakuha rin ang atensyon ng mga Europeo ang kabilang bahagi ng kontinente ng Amerika na mayroong malaking karagatan na kalaunan ay tinawag na Karagatang Pacifico (Pacific Ocean o Mar Pacifico). Lahat ng mga natuklasan dito ay nabago ang paningin ng mga Europeo, nagkaroon ng pagbabago ang mga mapa, at nagkaroon ng mga makikitang mga lupaing maaaring angkinin. Ang pagkakalahad din ni Pigafetta ay malaking tulong sa pagpapayabong ng Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas na naglalaman ng pamumuhay ng mga Pilipino noong ika-16 na siglo. Ang mga namumuno sa isla ng Visayas, kaugalian at nakasanayan, maski ang relihiyon natin ay nakilala at natuklasan. Ginagamit din itong batis dahil sa nilalaman nitong kasaysayan sa pagsisimula ng Kristiyanismo sa Piliinas dahil sa mga inilahad na detalye nito tungkol sa naging unang misa sa Pilipinas. Ang pagtanggap sa Katolisismo ni Rajah Humabon at ng kanyang asawa, at ang istorya tungkol sa imahe ng santo nino ay galling din sa tala ni Pigafetta. Mayroon ding mga salaysay tungkol sa paano nga ba ang naging pagsalubong ng mga sinaunang Pilipino sa mga dayuhan, mayroong tinanggap at kinaibigan ang mga Espanyol, mayroon din naming hindi nagtitiwala sa mga ito; na naging kadahilanan sa pagkamatay ni Ferdinand Magellan na pumigil sa mga dayuhan na sakupin ang Pilipinas. Sinabi rin ni Pigafetta na hindi lamang siya ang nagsulat ng tungkol sa kanilang paglalayag. Isang taon pagkatapos dumating ng Victoria sa Espanya, si Maximilianus Transylvanus ay nagsulat din ng libro na naghahayag ng mga detalye ng nasabing ekspedisyon na pinamagatang Moluccis Insulis (The Moluccas Islands). Ito ay hindi direktang eyewitness account dahil wala naman si Maximilianus sa nasabing paglalayag, ngunit ito ay ibinase niya sa mga kasamahan ni Pigafetta na nakaligtas din, at nakauwi ng Espanya. Kabilang sa kanyang nakapanayam ay sina Juan Sebastian Elcano, Francisco Albo, at Hernando de Bustamante. Kumpara sa gawa ni Pigafetta, ito ay mas maigsi at naglalaman ng mas kaunting detalye. Meron ding sariling tala ang kapitan ng barkong Victoria na si Francisco Albo sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat din ng sarili nitong jornal sa mga nangyayari sa kanilang ekspedisyon. Nakatuon ang kanyang gawa base sa mga lokasyon ng kanilang paglalakbay at ang sa mga petsa. Ang huki ay ang isang historyador sa Espanya na si Peter Martyr  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT d’Anghiera. Noong 1511 hanggang 1530, nagsulat siya ng tungkol sa mga ekspedisyon na ginawa ng Espanya sa panggagalugad sa sinasabing Bagong Mundo na kanyang hinati-hati nang ayon sa “dekada”. Gawain Blg. 1 Sagutin ang mga sumusunod na katanungan sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat ng isang sanaysay. Ang nasabing sanaysay ay dapat naglalaman ng 50 salita o higit pa. Isulat sa malinis na papel ang inyong mga sagot at kunan ng retrato o gamitin ang app na Camscanner. Kung hindi kaya ng inyong mga devices ang nasabing app, pakikuhanan na lamang ng retrato, ilagay ito sa Word, at save as PDF. Ipasa ito nang naka PDF format sa ating Google Classroom. Ang format dapat ng file name ng inyong gawa ay (APILYIDO_MODYUL2_GAWAIN1_GNED04) Hal: (AGUALADA_MODYUL2_GAWAIN1_GNED04) 1. Sino si Antonio Pigafetta? Ano ang kanyang naging mga gampanin sa paglalayag ni Magellan? 2. Ayon kay Pigafetta, sa papaanong paraan sinalubong sina Magellan at ang mga tauhan nito ng mga naninirahan sa mga isla ng Pilipinas? 3. Paano inilarawan ang pamumuhay, kaugalian, kultura, at ang relihiyon ng mga nasabing naninirahan sa isla? Ano ang sinabi ni Pigafetta sa uri ng pamumuhay sa isla ng Visayas noong ika-16 na siglo? 4. Base sa pagkakalahad ni Pigafetta, paano nagsimla ang Labanan sa Mactan? 5. Bakit hindi nailimbag ang mga jornal ni Pigafetta? Gawain Blg. 2 Sagutin ang mga sumusunod na katanungan sa pamamagitan ng pagsulat ng isang sanaysay. Ang nasabing sanaysay ay dapat naglalaman ng 100 salita o higit pa. Isulat sa malinis na papel ang inyong mga sagot at kunan ng retrato o gamitin ang app na Camscanner. Kung hindi kaya ng inyong mga devices ang nasabing app, pakikuhanan na lamang ng retrato, ilagay ito sa Word, at save as PDF. Ipasa ito nang naka PDF format sa ating Google Classroom.  GNED 04: Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasaysayan Inihanda ni: G. Angel Jatneil B. Agualada, LPT Ang format dapat ng file name ng inyong gawa ay (APILYIDO_MODYUL2_GAWAIN2_GNED04) Hal: (AGUALADA_MODYUL2_GAWAIN2_GNED04) 1. Kayo ay napunta sa isang lugar na hindi pamilyar sa inyo at ito ang unang beses na nabisita ninyo ang nasabing lugar. Ano ang pangkaraniwan ninyong ginagawa upang kayo ay magkaroon ng impormasyon sa lugar? Mga Sanggunian: 1. Antonio Pigafetta, “First Voyage Around the World,” ca. 1525, Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 33: 155, 157, 159,161, 167, 175, 177.