Introduction to History PDF

PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY Go back and reflect… Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez  Learning Objectives What is History? What are the 6 W Questions? Why study History? What Is History? What does ‘History’ mean to you?...

PRELIMINARY INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY Go back and reflect… Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez  Learning Objectives What is History? What are the 6 W Questions? Why study History? What Is History? What does ‘History’ mean to you? Chapter 1 Slide 4 WHAT DO OTHERS SAY? Comes from the Greek word “Historia” a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events –Merriam- Webster the study of or a record of past events considered together, especially events of a particular period, country, or subject Chronological record of significant events – Cambridge Dictionaries Online HISTORY IS……. Interpretative Open for further revision Continuous process of questioning Integrative Holistic Integrates Historiography Very relevant The 6 W Questions What happened? When did it happen? Where did it happen? Why did it happen? To whom did it happen? What were its consequences?  Who Investigates History? Anthropologist (culture) Archaeologist (artefacts) Oral Historian (other than written or printed evidences)  Approaches in Studying History IDEALISM (describe history through ideas- meaning & interpretations) HISTORICISM (to describe history objectively) RELATIVISM (there’s no absolute truth and that all views of history are valid)  HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED History ( process of interpreting evidence or records from the past) vs. Past (everything that ever happened since the dawn of time) History (record of significant evidence that happened in the past) vs. Prehistory (period of human activity when there’s still no written record)  HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED History vs. The Other Disciplines (No discipline is an island. History can’t stand alone without the other social sciences) History (examined narrative account of past event), Historicity (authentication of characters in history), Historiography (writing of history) History (written by men – “his’) vs. Herstory (written by women- “her”)  Why Study History?  Tolearn about the past To understand the present Better Appreciation of our heritage To further widen our perspectives Develop our critical thinking skills Research skills Your study of the past will introduce you to many different types of evidence, such as: Maps Photographs Political cartoons Diary entries Memoirs Photographs Building the Berlin Wall Official records 13 In conclusion Choosing history allows you to acquire a combination of skills and insights that will broaden your understanding of the world Dublin after the 1916 rising develop you as a person prepare you for a future career enable you to participate fully in society. Baton charge in Dublin,1913 14 Sources of History  4 Basic Categories of Historical Sources 1. Documents (written or printed materials) 2. Numerical Records (any type numerical data) 3. Oral Statements (any form statement made orally)- speeches and oral testimonies, interviews 4. Relics (objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provide information about the past)  2 Categories of Historical Data 1. Primary Source (participant observer, direct witness to) - A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event.  Examples of Primary Resources 1. Eyewitness accounts 2. Personal Journals 3. Interviews 4. Surveys 5. Experiments 6. Historical Documents 7. Artifacts  Types of Primary Sources 1.Autobiography (account of a person’s life written by the person) 2.Memoirs (history or record composed from personal observation and experience)  Types of Primary Sources 3. Diaries (regularly kept record of the diarist’s activities and reflections) 4. Personal Letter (type of letter concerning personal matters sent from one person to another) 5. Correspondence (body of letters or communications)  Types of Primary Sources 6. Interviews (one-on-one conversation) 7. Survey (list of questions aimed at extracting specific date from a particular group of people) 8. Fieldwork/Field Research (collection of information outside a laboratory, library or workplace setting  Types of Primary Sources 9. Photographs and posters (illustrate past events as they happened and people as they were at a particular time) 10. Works of Arts and Literature (paintings, drawings, literature)  Types of Primary Sources 11. Speeches and Oral Histories (speech- form of communication in spoken language, made speaker before an audience for a given purpose. Oral Histories- collection and study of historical information with people having personal knowledge of past events  2 Categories of Historical Data 2. Secondary Source (obtained description from somebody else, indirect witness to) - A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.  Types of Secondary Sources 1. Bibliographies(annotated bibliography- organized list of sources, each of which is followed by “annotation”)- 2. Biographical works (description of a real person’s life)- talambuhay 3. Periodicals (newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals--- published periodically)  Types of Secondary Sources 3. Literature reviews and review articles  Literature Review (evaluative report of information found in the literature related to your selected area of study)  Review Article (summary of understanding on a topic/ surveys and summarizes previously published studies)  Explanation… LITERATURE REVIEW- pagsusuri at pagbubuod ng mga inaral mong mga pananaliksik or pag-aaral na may kinalaman sa iyong tapiko na pinag-aaralan REVIEW ARTICLE- pagbubuod ng mga nailathalang artikulo, or akademikong sulatin base saiyong iyong pagkakaintindi sa mga ito..  Types of Secondary Sources EXAMPLES: 1. Film Review (assessing/evaluating a film’s overall quality and to determine if it is worth recommending) 2. Book Review (a form of literary criticism in w/c a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit)  Differences between Primary and Secondary Sources PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Created at the time of an Created after event, event, or very soon after sometimes a long time after Created by someone who saw happened or heard an event themselves Often uses primary sources as Often one-of-a-kind, or rare examples Letters, diaries, photos and Expresses an opinion or an newspapers (can all be argument about a past event primary sources) History textbooks, historical movies and biographies (can all be secondary sources  TERTIARY SOURCES Provide third-hand information by reporting ideas and details from secondary sources. a. General References- dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, and atlases b. Crowd sources- Wikipedia, YouTube, message boards, social media sites (twitter & FB) c. Search Sites EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM: Examining Authenticity and Truthfulness “If you don’t know history, you don’t know anything. You are a leaf that doesn’t know it is part of a tree.” - Michael Crichton  CRITICISM: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM Historical Data has to be examined for its authenticity and truthfulness and such examination is done through criticism.  External and Internal Criticism  EXTERNAL CRITICISM  Refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher uses in a historical study (Fraenkel & Wallen, n.d.)  Guide Questions: 1. Does the language and writing style conform to the period in question and is typical of other work done by the author. 2. Did he report about things, events, or places that could not have been known during that period? 3. Has the original manuscript been altered either intentionally or unintentionally by copying? 4. Is the document an original draft or a copy? 5. If manuscript is undated or the author unknown, are there any clues internally as to its origin  INTERNAL CRITICISM Refers to the accuracy of the contents of a document. It has something to do with what the document says.  Guide Questions: 1. What was meant by the author by each word and statement? 2. How much credibility can the author’s statement be given? 3. What is the evidential value of its content? THIS IS A 3-HOUR TOPIC (2 SESSIONS) BUT YOU CAN ALSO READ THE MODULE IF YOU WANT TO, THERE ARE ALSO VIDEOS TO BE UPLOADED IN OUR FB SOCIAL LEARNING GROUP… *Kindly read this in our respective schedule or free time. Maximize your time! *This is my simplified discussion. There are explanations within the presentation MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD The journey of circumnavigation… Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez,LPT  Objectives: 1. Analyze the content, context and perspective of the document 2. Discuss Magellan-ELcano expedition and experience based on the journal 3. Explain the importance of Pigafetta’s account on the study of Philippine History  Good Day everyone! We are now heading on the highlights of our subject, we are now going to discuss the different primary sources that serve as the foundation or ultimate source of our national history. And for today’s discussion, this is a very important primary source because it changed a traditional belief during the ancient time and it paved an opportunity for those countries in power in Europe to explore and expand their territories and sphere of influence politically, socio-culturally and economically to other parts of the world.  Good Day everyone! This primary source justifies and tell how a particular voyage/expedition changed the traditional views of the church/world particularly the geography of the earth and how this voyage opened an opportunity for the European powers/colonizers to dominate the world in the 15th century to 16th century as the “mistresses of the sea/Mga Ginang ng Karagatan”. This voyage considered as one of the most remarkable and most indispensable achievement during the age of exploration/discovery. It opened the door or gates and possibility to the other parts of the world. We can see later on the importance or relevance of the document to the world and to the Philippines.  Good Day everyone! What are happening before their voyage?  Historical Context: AGE OF EXPLORATION (1492-1682)  EXPLANATION The Age of Exploration/Discovery (Panahon ng Pagtuklas/Paggalugad) began in 1400s & 1600s. The 15th and 16th centuries brought an era of worldwide exploration and expansion that resulted from the desire to gain new lands, power and wealth for the explorers and their countries. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. During this period, they discovered new routes to Asia: in India and much of the far east (Orient).  EXPLANATION What motivated the European to explore and discover beyond their regions???  Historical Context: Ang Panahon ng Eksplorasyon (1492-1682) ay panahon kung saan ang mga makakapangyarihang bansa sa Europa ay nagsagawa ng mga ilang ekspedisyon (paglalakbay sa dagat) na may magkakaibang ruta upang tumuklas ng mga bagong lupain dahil sa tatlong pangunahing mga rason: ito po ang tinatawag nating 3Gs (God, Gold, Glory) or sa Filipino ay 3Ks (Kaliwanagan, Kayamanan at Kapangyarihan). Ito ang kanilang mga pangunahing layunin, ang pagpapalaganap ng Roman Katolika, ang paghahanap ng mga ginto, hilaw na mga materyales at pampalasa dahil salat ang Europa sa ganito at higit sa kompetisyon sa pamamagitan ng bansang kanilang natutuklasan at nasasakop, ito’y simbolo ng kapangyarihan/katanyagan.  *Crusade: each of a series of medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. EXPLANATION European exploration and conquests of the 15th & 16th century was motivated by religion and prestige but the key reason was wealth. These are the 3Gs: God: To spread Christianity to the world and to for some reason to finish what the crusades failed Gold: Desire for Wealth. European nations wanted to reach the Spice Islands (Moluccas Island) faster and cheaper. European Nations wanted to become rich and powerful. They want to gain gold and silver. They want to find new, better and establish routes to Asia and look for new products such as porcelain, silk, perfumes, fabrics, carpets, and spices and other oriental (Asian) products but spices became the most expensive and in-demand commodity among Europeans and spices were very rare to find within Europe. Glory: To seek fame and fortune by expanding their control. More land = More Power  Historical Context: PORTUGAL VS. SPAIN  EXPLANATION At sa mga nagdaang panahon at patuloy na mga paglalakbay sa karagatan ay may dalawang bansang naging tanyag at nagpapaligsahan, ang Espanya at ang Portugal sa paghahanap ng kayamanan, mga lupaing sagana sa pampalasa at upang sakupin. Ang mga lupain na sagana sa mga pampalasa at ginto ay matatagpuan sa Asya or Orient bilang tawag nila noon, kaya naman nagkaroon mga iba’t ibang ruta ng paglalakabay ang makarating lamang sa mga lupaing ito.  EXPLANATION Portuguese were few years ahead of the Spaniards in the discovery of new trade routes. Inspired by Prince Henry (The Navigator), Portuguese navigators, sailed down the African Coast to reach the east. In 1487, led by Bartolome Dias, the Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope. A few years later, in 1498, Vasco Da Gam reached the Calicut, India by sailing eastward from the Cape. Portuguese really dominated the eastward sailing.  EXPLANATION Spain was challenged because of the achievements of the Portuguese. Spain paved way for great voyages also through Christopher Columbus, when he discovered the New World (America). Christopher Columbus was a Portuguese but he had failed to convince the king of Portugal that he could reach the East by Sailing westward that’s why he went the King of Spain and successfully got a support. Thus, he sailed for Spain and successfully discover the Americas (New World).  EXPLANATION After these remarkable voyages, Portugal became the keen rivals in colonizing new lands because of gold, spices and other merchandise found in the Orient (Asia). To avoid, wars and conflicts that may between the two, Pope Alexander VI, issued a Papal Bull known as Inter Caetera. Historical Context:  EXPLANATION Upang maiwasan ang gulo at agawan ng teritoryo sa pagitan ng 2 bansa ay nagbaba ng kautusan (Papal Bull) ang Santo Papa na si Pope Alexander VI noong Mayo 3, 1493 na tinatawag na Inter Caetera. Hinati ng Santo Papa ang mundo sa dalawang direksiyon sa pamamagitan ng imahinaryong linya na tinawag na Linya ng Demarkasiyon (Line of Demarcation). The demarcation line was drawn to identify Spanish and Portuguese spheres of Exploration and conquest. Ang Linya ng Demarkasiyon ang nagtatakda kung saan puwedeng tumuklas at sumakop ang dalawang bansa. Ang kanluran ay binigay sa Espanya at ang Silangan ay binigay naman sa Portugal (see the map) EXPLANATION The following year, the 2 countries agreed in the Treaty of Tordesillas to move the demarcation line about 1,100 miles west of Cape Verde Islands. The revise treaty allowed Portugal to claim what is now Brazil while Spain was given the rest of the Americas. Historical Context:  Explanation Ang Asya noon ay sagana sa mga pampalasa na siyang hinahanap ng mga Europeo upang pasarapin ang kanilang mga ulam at pang-preserve sa kanilang mga karne tuwing taglamig. Isa sa mga isla na mayaman sa pampalasa ay ang Moluccas (Spice Islands) na ngayo’y parte ng bansang Indonesia. Isa sa mga magagaling na manlalakbay ng Portugal na si Ferdinand Magellan ay may planong pumunta sa Mollucas muli gamit ang west-east route at kanya itong ipinaalam sa hari ng Portugal ngunit tinanggihan ito ng hari sa kadahilanang may isyung pinansiyal si Magellan noong nasa Morocco ito. Hindi rin pinayagan itong si Ferdinand Magellan dahil hindi naniniwala ang hari ng Portugal na kayang pumunta ng Moluccas gamit ang west- to-east route. Pinagtawanan lamang si Magellan dahil suntok sa buwan daw ang kanyang plano, how come na makakarating siya sa Silangan (Spice Islands) kung dadaan siya sa kanluran. Naniniwala kasi ang simbahan at ng ilang iskolar sa panahon na yan na ang mundo ay patag, na may hangganan ito sa kanluran at silangan. Historical Context:  Explanation Dahil sa pagkainis niya sa desisyon ng hari ng Portugal ay tinalikuran ni Magellan ang kanyang pagiging Portuguese at noong 1517 ay nagpunta sa Espanya upang ipagpatuloy ang kanyang plano. Tinake-advantage ng Espanya ito kaya naman nakakuha ng suporta si Magellan, isa na rito si Juan De Fonseca (division incharge of oversear expedition of Spain) kaya naman tinaggap ang planong ito ng hari ng Espanya na is King Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Si Ferdinand Magellan ang ginawang Kapitan-Heneral ng ekspedisyong papuntang Moluccas na may rutang west-to- east. Naglakbay si Magellan para sa Espanya at para hindi sa kanyang bansang sinilangan na Portuagal.  ABOUT THE AUTHOR An Italian noble who studied geography, astronomy and cartography and worked in the ships on his younger years. Presenting his credentials to Ferdinand Magellan, he was approved to be part of the expedition. He was among the 18 survivors of the expedition. He submitted his self-written account (Detailed Journal of Magellan-Elcano Expedition) about what happened to them during their journey to his Majesty King Carlos V of Spain before returning to Italy. Take Note: His account is the longest and most comprehensive among primary sources about ANTONIO PIGAFETTA (1491-1534) the expedition. Before we delve their journey…. ABOUT THE BOOK This detailed journal written by Pigafetta narrated clearly how they fearlessly survived the challenges of the expedition. The accounts include maps, glossaries of native words and geographic information and descriptions of the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) of the places they visited. The journal also presented the political, social, economic and cultural conditions of Islands in the Visayan region like Samar, Leyte and Cebu. The Document: Journal of Magellan’s Voyage (1519-1522) Original detailed journal was lost or did not survive time. What was handed down to us are copies of the manuscript that were never printed in his lifetime. Wrote four manuscripts (one in Italian and three in French) One of the French manuscripts found in Yale University  _ Manuscript are complete and handsomely produced detailed with maps and sketches _It is a primary source of the pre- Spanish lifestyle in those group of islands Before we delve their journey…. ABOUT THE BOOK Pigafetta’s travelogue/journal of the expedition contributed immensely to the enrichment of the Philippine Historiography. His journal provided not just their experiences during their adventure but it provided us a glimpse of the political, social and economic conditions of Visayan Islands during the 16th Century (Pre-colonial society). He described vividly the physical appearance, social life, religious beliefs, and cultural practices of the people they encountered in the Islands of Samar, Leyte, and Cebu. His accounts also contains data about the economic, activities of the local folks and the goods they offered for trade.  MAGELLAN’S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST 5 Ships (Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio, Victoria w/ 250 men) Purpose of Expedition (1518-1521) a. circumnavigate the earth (west to east) b. Find for gold and spices (Moluccas island) Important People in the expedition: a. Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet chaplain, priest who lead the first the mass in the Philippines) b. Antonio Pigafetta (Chronicler/ reporter of the expedition) c. Enrique of Malacca (interpreter – A malay descent, slave of Magellan) MAGELLAN’S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST  Explanation… Pinayagan ang plano ni Ferdinand Magellan ng hari ng Espanya kaya naman binigyan siya ng 5 barko na naglalaman ng 250/270 na katao na may pangunahing layunin na ikutin ang mundo (Circumnavigate) sa pamamagitan ng rutang west- to-east at upang makapunta sa isla na mayaman sa pampalasa (Moluccas/Spice Island) sa ngalan ng Espanya. Umalis sila sa pantalan ng San Lucar de Barrameda ,Seville, Spain noong September 20, 1519 at dito na nga nagsimiula ang kanilang mahaba- habang paglalakbay sa malawak na karagatan.  SEE THE MAP FOR GUIDANCE….. Before in the Philippines… Binagtas nila ang napakahabang karagatan ng Atlantika sa gilid ng kontinente ng South America at nasalubong nila ang isang malakas na bagyo at nasira and pinakamaliit na barko ang Santiago. Pagkaraan ng ilang buwan, narating nila ang Timog ng South America (August ,1520) at nadaan nila ang isang kipot na ngayo’y matatagpuan sa bansang Argentina at pinangalanang Strait of All Saints na ngayo’y kilala bilang Kipot ni Magellan (Strait of Magellan). MAGELLAN’S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST  Before in the Philippines… Magellan sent San Antonio to explore the south east opening of the Strait. Trinidad entered the southwest. Secretly San Antonio, piloted by Esteban Gomez, deserted (tumakas) on the night of November 20 and sailed back to Spain. There are only 3 ships left (Trinidad, Concepcion, Victoria). The fleet reached the Southern Sea, which named Ocean Pacific (Mar Pacifico- “sea of peace”) because it was calm. Unfortunately, Magellan had underestimated the ocean’s size, he thought it was just a small sea. In the next 5 months, the ship was running out of supplies. Instead of biscuits, the men ate sawdust. They also started to eat leather rope guards and even rats. Many got sick with scurvy (a gum disease). A number of his mean died.  Before in the Philippines… Hindi nawalan ng pag-asa ang mga natitirang kasamahan ni Magellan at ipinagpatuloy nila ang paglalakbay sa Pacific Ocean at hanggang narating nila ang Islas Ladrones (Island of Thieves) noong March 6, 1521, Isla ng magnanakaw dahil ilan sa mga native Chamorros (mga nakatira sa isla) ay pinagnanakaw ang mga malilit na bangka sa mga barko. Ngunit pinangalanan din nila ang isla ng Marianas (in honor of Maria Ana of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain) paglisan nila dito. Ito ay kasalukuyang nasa bansang Guam Makalipas ang 10 araw ay nakarating na sila sa Pilipinas. Voyage to the Philippines…  VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES March 16, 1521 (Samar- Islas de San Lazaro) March 17, 1521 (Leyte Gulf- Island of Homonhon/Humunu) March 28, 1521 (Mazaua- w/c could be Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan) Kasi Kasi (blood compact between Rajah Kolambu and Magellan- March 29) March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)- the first mass was held on Mazzua’s shore with Reverend Fr. Pedro de Valderama  Natitirang barko: Trinidad, Concepcion at Victoria Explanation… Madaling araw ng March 16, 1521 natanaw nila ang isla ng Samar at pinangalanan nila itong Islas de San Lazaro dahil araw iyon ng Santong si San Lazaro at nanatili sila hanggang gabi ng March 16 sa Suluan Island. March 17, dumaong ang tatlong barko sa isla ng Humunu (Homonhon) at nagtayo ng tent para sa kasamahang may sakit. March 18, may nakasalubong sila na 9 natives mula sa karatig isla ng Suluan at binigyan ni Magellan sila ng ilang gamit at bilang kapalit binigyan din nila si Magellan ng saging, isda, niyog at tuba (palm wine).  Explanation… Makalipas ang 10 araw, March 28 (Holy Thursday) dumaong sila sa isla ng Mazaua (na isang debate pa rin kung ito ba ay Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan). At dito nakilala ni Magellan si Rajah Kolambu (pinuno ng Isla). Binigyan ni Rajah si Magellan ng tatlong porselana (pottery) ng bigas at bilang kapalit si Magellan ay nagbigay ng red cap, a red and yellow robe. Nagpakitang gilas ang kampo ni Magellan sa pamamagitan ng kunya-kunyareng labanan (mock-fight) at namangha itong Rajah sa kanilang galing kaya naman tinanggap niya si Magellan bilang isang bagong kaibigan sa pamamagitan ng isang kasi-kasi o sanduguan (blood compact) na may seremonya noong March 29 (Good Friday)  Explanation… Dalawang araw ang makalipas, March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday), naganap ang unang misa sa Pilipinas na isinagawa ni Padre Pedro de Valderrama sa isla ng Mazaua at kagabihan ay ipinatayo anf isang malaking krus na gawa sa kahoy isang bundok at pinangalanan ang ating bansa ng Islas de San Lazaro. Take note: Hanggang ngayon ay isang malaking debate pa rin sa ating kasaysayan kung saan ba talaga ang Isla ng Mazaua , kung ito ba ay sa Limasawa sa Leyte or sa Masao sa Butuan. Ngunit, ayon sa RA No. 2733, ito ay nangyari sa Limasawa.  VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES April 7, 1521 - landed on Sugbu (now Cebu) and blood compact was done again between Rajah Humabon (Cebuano Chieftain) and Magellan symbolizing trust and friendship April 14, 1521 (mass on the shore of Cebu) *Magellan planted a huge wooden cross and gave Juana (wife of Humabon) an image of the Child Jesus Christ (St.Nino) *800 Filipinos were baptized Magellan planted a cross to signify this important event about the propagation of the Roman Catholic faith in what is now Cebu, in central Philippines.  Explanation… Nanatili pa sila Magellan sa Mazaua ng 7 araw at noong April 07, 1521 kasama si Rajah Kolambu dumaong sila sa isla ng Sugbu (Cebu) at sa kaparehas na araw ay nakipagsanduguan ulit si Magellan sa pinuno ng Sugbu si Rajah Humabon bilang tanda ng kanilang pagkakaibigan at pagtitiwala. April 14, nagkaroon isang misa ulit sa dalampasigan ng Isla at walong daang Pilipino ang nabinyagan. Pagkatapos ng misa ay nagpatayo ulit si Magellan ng isang malaking kahoy na krus at binigyan niya ang asawa ni Humabon na si Juana ng imahe ng batang Hesukristo (St. Nino). Ang pagbibinyag sa mga Pilipino ay tanda ng pagtanggap natin sa Roman Katolika na siyang ginagamit upang mapadali nila tayong masakop. VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES For 32 years, the Sinulog Festival is a traditional celebration in Cebu City held every third Sunday of January to honor the Santo Niño (Child Jesus). Basically, the festival is done by a dance ritual, in which it tells the story of the Filipino people's pagan past and their acceptance of Christianity  VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES BATTLE IN MACTAN *Lapulapu (chieftain of Mactan) who refused to accept the new political system and pay tribute *April 27, 1521 (Mactan was invaded by Magellan) * It was a scandalous defeat for the Spaniards  Explanation… Pagkalipas ng ilang araw, pinuntahan nila ang isla ng Mactan at isa sa mga Datu ng Mactan na si Datu Zula ay tinanggap si Magellan ngunit ang isa pang Datu ng Mactan na si Lapu-Lapu (Cali Pulacu) ay tinanggihan si Magellan dahil sa dalawang rason ang pagtanggap ng bagong sistemang pulitikal at ang pagbabayad ng tributo (buwis) sa Espanya. Sa inis ni Magellan, noong April 27, 1521 ay sinugod niya ang Mactan. Hindi niya kinilala ang galing ni Lapu-Lapu at mga kasamahan nito sa pakikidigma. Natamaan ang kanang paa ni Magellan ng palasong may lason (poisoned arrow)at natamaan ang kanyang mukha ng sibat na gawa sa kawayan na naging dahilan ng kanyang paghina at saka siya tinaga- taga ni Lapu-Lapu at mga ibang Pilipino at naging mitya ng kanyang kamatayan.  CONFLICT OF INTEREST??? Sinasabi ng ilan na si Lapulapu ang pumatay kay Magellan. Ngunit, kung inyong tinitignan sa detalyeng ikinuwento ni Pigafetta sa kanyang journal, walang nabanggit doon na si Lapulapu ang nakapatay o nakataga kay Magellan bagkus mga tao ni Lapulapu. Walang ispisipikong pangyayari doon na direktang nagsasabi na si Lapulapu ang pumatay kay Magellan. Ito ay sinusuportahan ng mga ilang historyador, dahil sa sinaunang pamayanang Pilipino, hindi naman talaga mismo ang isang datu/rajah na nandoon upang makipaglaban kundi ang hukbong sandatahan sa isang barangay.  CONFLICT OF INTEREST??? Idagdag pa natin ang sabi ng ilang mga historydor base sa kanilang mga masususing pananaliksik, sa panahon na yan ay nasa may edad na si Cali Pulacu (Accrd. Carlos Calao, a 17th chinese-spanish poet, this is the real name of Lapulapu) at malayo na ang kanyang edad bilang makibahagi sa isang pakikidigma. Naging prominenteng tauhan si Lapulapu sa akda ni Pigafetta dahil siya lang ang tanging Datu na hindi tumanggap sa alok ng isang dayuhan dahil sa kapalit ng matatamis nilang mga salita tayo ay sasakupin at lilinlangin sa bandang huli. Hindi malaking katanungan ang pagiging bayani ni Lapulapu, ngunit para sa ilan ang paniniwala na siya mismo ang pumatay kay Magellan ay isa pa rin pangyayari na kailangang bigyan ng ibayong paglilinaw.  Explanation… Ang mga ibang kasamahan ni Magellan ay umatras at iniwan siya. Ang labanan sa Mactan (Battle of Mactan) ay isang malaking kahihiyan sa Espanya lalo na sa Portugal na kanilang katunggali dahil hindi nila napatunayan ang kanilang galing sa pakikidigma at natalo lamang sila ng isang Datu sa Pilipinas. Ang mga natitirang Espanyol ay bigo na masakop ang Pilipinas kaya naman dali-dali silang umalis dahil baka sugurin pa sila ng ilang mga Pilipino at patayin ngunit naabutan sila at sinunog ang barkong Concepcion kaya naman ang mga Barkong Trinidad at Victoria na lamang ang makakapagpatuloy sa Mollucas. At hindi nga sila nabigo, noong November 8, 1521 narating nila ang Tidore, isang isla ng Moluccas at nakuha na nga nila ang kanilang layunin na makakakuha ng mga pampalasa.  Explanation… Ang barkong Trinidad na pinangunahan ni Gomez de Espinosa ay pinili ang rutang patungo sa Pacific Ocean (Muntanga siya) papuntang Panama hanggang makaabot sa Panama ngunit hindi ito nakarating sa Espanya. Ang barkong Victoria namang pinamumunuan ni Juan Sebastian del Cano (Sebastian El Cano) ay ginamit ang mas maliit na ruta pabalik ng Espanya (via Cape of Good Hope- Indian Ocean), ang planong ruta ng ekspedisyon. Noong September 06, 1522 nakabalik ang kampo ni El Cano sa San Lucar, Spain na mayroong 18 survivors.  Explanation… Tumagal ang ekspedisyon ng 2 taon, 11 buwan at 16 araw (September 20, 1519- September 06, 1522). Naigawad kay El Cano at kanyang mga kasamahan ang First Circumnavigator of the World bilang gantimpala sa kanilang naging paglalakbay. TANONG NG IBA: Bakit hindi kay Magellan naigawad ang gantimpala? Kay ElCano ginawad at kanyang mga kasamahan dahil sila ang nakabalik sa Espanya ng buhay dahil si Magellan ay namatay sa Battle of Mactan sa Pilipinas. Ngunit sa ilang mga libro, ang First Circumavigation of the World ay tinawag na Magellan’s Voyage bilang pagkilala sa kanyang naging pamumuno sa ekspedisyon at naging kontribusyon ng kanyang mga kasamahan.  CONFLICT OF INTEREST??? Sabi ng ilan mga historyador na naman, hindi daw talaga mga taga Europeo ang unang nakaikot ng mundo bagkus ay isang Asyano mula sa isang lahing Malay. In unwritten history, it was really an Asian who first circumnavigated the world ahead of the Europeans (El cano and company). He is no other than Enrique of Mallaca, who was the slave and interpreter for Magellan who joined the expedition also. Enrique was from Mallaca, he was able to join the voyage of the Portuguese after he was taken by Magellan to be his aide, cruising across the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean and reached Portugal.  CONFLICT OF INTEREST??? When he became part of the Magellan’s expedition, he was able to sail from Spain via Atlantic Ocean, reached the tip of South America and across the Pacific Ocean then Finally returned to Asia, particularly the Philippines. Technically speaking, he was the first circumnavigator of the world and not El Cano and his company. But since the formal recognition was given to El Cano and company, they are being recognized until now by the world.  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VOYAGE It confirmed that the earth is round and that it is really possible to sail around the world. *Magellan’s Voyage marked the first circumnavigation of the earth but due to his death the recognition was given to Sebastian Elcano Magellan’s expedition paved the way for Spain’s expansion to the Orient (GOD, GOLD, GLORY)  Explanation… Pigafetta’s chronicle contributed immensely to European Historiography as is preserved and popularized the achievements of the Magellan-El Cano Expedition. If Pigafetta did not survive the journey, we would have very little knowledge of Magellan’s numerous contributions in the fields of geography, navigation, history, and other related areas. First, credit must be given to the Magellan expedition for proving that earth is not flat but an oblate sphere. Moreover, they demolished the myth that there is boiling water at the Equator but none (they passed the equator in the Pacific). Second, Magellan and his men completed the first circumnavigation of the world (pag-ikot sa mundo).  Explanation… Third, they confirmed that the Portuguese route is not the only way to the Spice Islands. They proved the theory that one can go to the east by sailing west (west-to-east route). Fourth, they brought to the attention of the Europeans that on the other side of the American continent exists a large body of water which they named Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico). All these discoveries altered the European map of the world and resulted in the inclusion of new territories in their world view. Furthermore, the journal written by Pigafetta, highly increased the interest of the European to go back to the Orient(Asia) since Pigafetta vividly described it as place of many resources especially the Philippines.  ADD-ON INFOs…. Who are the FILIPINOS BEFORE? - based on the Pigafetta’s Journal  Economics Practice of Barter Presence of a weighing scale Golds as a main object of barter  Religion Rituals headed by females Idols made of woods praying with both hands raised to the sky They surrender everything to Aba (God-like)  Culture Practices during a wake of a noble man Entertaining visitors (hospitality) Manner of drinking as sign of friendship Making of wine (tuba) Social Head gear Gold Ornaments Tattoos all over the body (bravery) Nakedness China Porcelain (manifestation of trading system with Chinese People through Barter system)  Politics Ruler per community Presence of Advisers (lupon ng mga matatanda) Practice of paying Tribute (buwis) Hostage for sure payment/ assurance Right to punish disobedience Trial-by- ordeal (public, harsh punishment, mata-sa-mata, ngipin-sa- ngipin)- Justice System headed by the Datu and with the help of the council of elders Barangay as their unit of government headed by a Raja or Datu with 30-100 families Geography Philippines as an Archipelago (composed of many islands surrounded by different body of waters) Products: Coconut & Palm, Nutmeg, Reeds, Rice, Fish, Pig (usually for ritual offering), Dogs/cats  RELEVANCE/IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCUMENT Napatunayan na ang Pilipinas bago pa man dumating ang mga mananakop ay isang ng sibilisadong komunidad na may sa sariling sistema ng pamamahala (pulitikal) at pamumuhay (sosyal, ekonomiya, at kultura at paniniwala). Pinakita sa dokumento ang pagtanggap at pagyakap ng mga ninuno nating Pilipino sa Kristiyanismo na hanggang ngayon ay isa sa pinakamalaking relihiyon sa ating bansa. Ang mga Pilipino noon ay may natatanging kultura at ilan sa mga ito ay buhay na buhay pa rin. Ang nakapalibot na katubigan ang isa mga dahilan kung bakit umusbong at nagpatuloy ang pamumuhay ng ating mga ninuno (sibilisasyon) Ang mga Pilipino noon ay nakikipagkalakalan na sa kanyang mga karatig-pook tulad ng China sa pamamagitan ng barter  Explanation… As what presented on the Add-ons info, the account of Antonio Pigafetta also enriched the Philippine Historiography because it contains the important details about the conditions of the Visayan Islands in the 16th Century (can be source of Pre-colonial life of the Filipinos). Some of the prominent leaders during that time, their economic activities, social and cultural practices, and religious beliefs were identified. Moreover, local textbook writers use his book as their source of historical information about the beginning of Christianity in the Philippines.  Explanation… The accounts of the first mass in the Philippines, the conversion of Rajah Humabon and his wife, and the story of the image of the St. Nino were mostly taken from Pigafetta’s book. Finally, Pigafetta has numerous accounts about the reaction of the Filipinos when they met the Spaniards. Some Filipinos were easily befriended by the Spaniards while others refused to interact and trade with them.  Explanation… Lapulapu is the most prominent Filipino Character in Pigafetta’s narrative. He was the First Filipino who lead the resistance movement against Spanish rule and successfully thwarted the first attempt of the Spaniards to take control of the Philippines.  CONFLICT OF INTEREST? For the westerners, Magellan was a voyager but for us from the east, he was an invader! I thinks it’s our time to give back …….  Juan de Plasencia: Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalos de Filipinas CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez, LPT  WHAT TO EXPECT? Examine the context and perspective of the document Explain the relationship among the members of a barangay Discuss the religious and spiritual practices and beliefs of early Filipinos Determine the significance of the document to Philippine History 10 4  BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR? ✣ Born to the illustrious family of Portocarreros in Plasensia in the region of Extremadura, Spain in the early 16th century. He was one of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of a Spanish schooner. ✣ Juan de Plasencia grew up during the period known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age when arts and literature flourished in many parts of Spain, among them his native Extremadura. ✣ Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena. Was his real name. 10 5  ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES ✣ Fray Juan de Plasencia came together with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines. ✣ Arrived at a port in Cavite, a few kilometers south of Manila on the 2nd of July 1578. ✣ Aside from the Customs of the Tagalogs, he wrote also the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagala- first printed book in the Philippines 10 6  ABOUT THE TEXT? ✣ Title: Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs) ✣Currently kept in Archivo General de Indias in Seville,Spain ✣References: OFM ARCHIVES – PHILIPPINES by: Fr. Jose "Long" D. Gutay, OFM (http://ofmphilarchives.tripod.com/id8.html) The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 Volume VII, 1588–1591 (Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson with historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne) 10 7 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT? 10 8  Government ✣ The unit of government is called Barangay ruled by a chieftain, and consist of 3 0 to 100 families together with their relatives and slaves. 1 0  Social Family, relatives, elders of the Datu Ruling Class Stratification Datu/ Rajah System Common Class/Freemen Maharlika/Timawa Slaves /Dependents ALIPIN: Namamahay/Saguiguilid  DATU chief, captain of wars, whom governed, obeyed and reverenced  The Datu exercised all the powers of the government  He is control over the disposition of the Barangay’s real property HOW TO BECOME DATU:  By inheritance By Marriage  Through intelligence, wealth, strength and bravery. 1 1  Inheritance ✣ The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father’s position; if the 1st son dies, the 2 nd son succeeds their father; in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain. 1 1  MAHARLIKA Free-born, they do not pay taxes.  Common People  TIMAGUA/TIMAWA  Common People  Working Class Engaged in Agriculture  ALIPIN/DEPENDENTS  Namamahay- has land and property rights Sagigilid/Saguiguilid/ Saguiguilir- no land and property rights and full time slave TRIVIA: Slaves (Visayan) Tumataban- worked for his master when summoned to do so Tumarampuk- worked one day for his master Ayuey- worked three days for his master  Slaves ✣ A person becom es slave by: (1) by captivity in war, (2) by reason of debt, (3) by inheritance, (4) by purchase, and (5) by committing a crime. ✣ Slaves can be emancipated through: (1) by forgiveness, (2) by paying debt, (3) by condonation, and (4) by bravery (where a slave can possibly b e c o m e a Datu) or by marriage  Administration of Justice ✣ T h e chieftain’s executive function includes implementing laws, ensuring order and giving protection to his subject. ✣ Disputes between individuals were settled by a court made up of the chieftain and council of elders. 1 2  TRIAL BY ORDEAL Right to punish disobedience Trial by suffering in public as their judicial process Trial by combat 12 1  TRIAL BY ORDEAL Each suspect has witnesses to defend their side. To prove the honesty and sincerity of the of witnesses, the witnesses took an oath to this effect: “Kainin na lang ako ng buwaya kung ako’y nagsisinungaling” “Nawa’y tamaan na lang ako ng kidlat kung hindi ako nagsasabi ng katotohan. Kahit magalit man sa akin ang kalangitan, araw at buwan kung ako’y nagsisinungaling.” Kahit mamatay na ako ngayon, kung ako’y nagsisinungaling. 12 2  The Barangay had both oral and written laws  Umalohokan- announcer especially on written laws  How Laws were made? If a Datu wants to enact /make a law and/or want to stop/prevent a law , he must call the council of elders for their approval since they knows what’s best for the society, they are most experienced and well off. If there are new laws, the Umalohokan who is the public announcer was summoned and ordered to go around the barangay to announce the new rules and regulations in the society 12 4  Subjects of their Customary Laws Inheritance(mana), divorce, usury (lending/interest), partnership, crime and punishment, property rights, family relations, adoption, and loans Major Crimes: rape, incest(pakikipagrelasyon sa magkapamilya or magkamag-anak), murder, withcraft (gamod), insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts (disrespect/violation of religious beliefs and practices) & Larceny (pagnanakaw)- punished by death and heavy fine Minor Crimes: Adultery (pangangabit), cheating, petty theft, perjury (dishonesty), disturbance of peace at night, destroying documents owned by a chief- punished by exposure or ant bullets, small fine, beating, cutting fingers, swimming for a number of hours. 12 5  ✣ Made of Houses wood, bamboo, and nipa palm. 1 2 Mode of Dressing Male  Headgear is called Putong (symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had killed)  (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves called kanggan.  (Lower) bahag 1 2 Mode of Dressing Female (Upper) Baro or Camisa (Lower) Saya 1 2  TRIVIA: Bul-ol represents a spirit which the people revere in Cordillera Regions Or naments o A decorative object or detail that adds quality or distinction to a person, place or thing. o It represents your socio-economic status in the society TRIVIA: Visayans were the most tattoed among ancient Filipinos. When the Spaniards came, they called the former as pintados. Tattooing is not for enhancing beauty only but also signifies war medals. The more tattoos a man had, the more he was looked up to in the society. 1 2 Marriage Customs ✣ Men were in general, monogamous ; while their wives are called Asawa. ✣ Courtship begins with Paninilbihan : *the man serve the girl’s parents for months or years such as chopped wood, fetched water, and did chores required of him *In this situation, the man was not supposedly to talk with the lady, only their eyes met to show love * If the man satisfied the parents, they will give their consent to the marriage  Prior to marriage the m a n requires to give a dowry: (1) Bigay- kaya ( the man will give a piece o f land or gold, and Panghihimuyat (a gift for the brides dependents or slaves) ; (2) parents); (3) Bigay-suso (for brides wet nurse) Himaraw (another sum of money) 13 0 Marriage Customs ✣ Marriage between couples belonging to defferent social classes were not common ✣ Several grounds (dahilan) of divorce (paghihiwalay) are: (1) Adultery , (2) Abandonment (3) Cruelty , and (4) Insanity TRIVIA: Pamumulungan/Pamamalae- A courtship (pamamanhikan) right before marriage  Muslims: Panalanguni (betrothal/engagement), pedsungad (settlement of dowry), pegkawing (wedding festival/Ceremony)  Bigay-kaya/dowry consists of land, gold, or dependents 13 1   Morotal (pagluluksa sa namatay na babae)  Maglahi (pagluluksa sa namatay na lalake) BURIAL  Laraw (pagluluksa sa namatay na datu)  Pasiyam (ninth day of death was celebrated) Belief in life after death The dead relative was placed in a wooden coffin (kabaong) and buried under the house, complete with gold, cloth and other valuable things Manunggul Jar BURIAL  Religious Belief ✣They worship many gods and goddesses: (1)Bathala/Bathalang Maykapal, su p r e m e being; the creator (2)Idianale & Lacapati god of agriculture; husbandry (3)Sidarapa/Sidapa, god of death; (4) Agni, god of fire; (5)Balangaw,god of rainbow TRIVIA: (6) Mandarangan, god of war; (7) Lalahon, god of harvest; and Bathala (Tagalog) (8) Siginarugan, god of hell. Abba (Cebuano) Laon (9) Dian Masalanta, patron of lovers and (Bisaya) generations (10)Buaya (water-lizards), they paid reverence/devotion ✣ Also believe in sacred animals, trees and many more which believed to be holy and place of unseen spirits (animism) 13 4  Religious Belief  Believed in the immortality of the soul and life after death  Disease or illness was cause by the environmental spirits and the soul-spirits of the dead relatives  The Filipinos adored the sun, moon, animals, birds for they are objects of nature to be respected The Filipinos adored idols called Anito (Tagalog) and Diwata (Visayan). Offerings are officiated by ritual leaders , Babaylana/Babaylan (Tagalogs) at Katalona/Katalonan (Visayans). 13 5  Superstitious Beliefs ✣Believe in Aswang, Dwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, Patyanak/Tiyanak. ✣They also believe in magical power of amulet and charms such as anting-anting, kulam and gayuma or love potion. 13 6  PRIEST AND PRIESTESS Of Good and the Devil They are those rituals leaders and those who have unique and unusual power or magic : *Catalonan *Mangangauay *Manyisalat *Mancocolam *Hocloban *Silagan *Magtatanggal *Osuang *Mangagayoma *Sonat *Pangatahojan *Bayoguin 13 7  CATOLONAN was either a man or a woman, (also spelled Catalonan, Catalona, Catulunan in Kapampangan) is a priest in the indigenous religions of the Tagalog and Kapampangan people. Spanish friars and missionaries also called them anitero (male) and anitera (female). They guarded the dambana, along with religious practices, of a community called barangay a ritual leader na mayroong mataas na ranggo at katayuan sa lipunan) MANGAGAUAY —also know as goddess of disease —also spelled mangagaway, witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick. These priests even induced maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength and efficacy of the witchcraft, are capable of causing death. In this way, if they wished to kill at once they did so; or they could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist a live serpent, which was believed to be the devil, or at least his substance.  MANYISALAT —which is the same as mangagauay. These priests had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives, and in fact could prevent them from having intercourse with the latter. If the woman, constrained by these means, were abandoned, it would bring sickness upon her; and on account of the desertion she would discharge blood and matter.  MANCOCOLAM  —A “witch” Mankukulam is a person employing or using “Kulam” -a form of folk magic practised in the Philippines.  It puts emphasis on the innate power of the self and a secret knowledge of Magica Baja or low magic. Earth (soil), fire, herbs, spices, candles, oils and kitchen wares and utensils are often used for rituals, charms, spells and potions.  Emit fire from himself at night once a month  HOCLOBAN Another kind of witch, of greater efficacy than the mangagauay. She could change herself into any form she desired. She could kill someone by simply raising her hand and Could heal without any difficulty as she wished. Her name literally means “crone” or “hag”- a witch, especially one in the form of an ugly old woman.  SILAGAN The Silagan is a creature that tears human flesh through the anus and eats up the internal organs especially those who clothed in white. The Silagan has sharp claws which they use to tear open a human flesh. They prefer to tear up from the anus where they would proceed to eat the liver. The Silagans hate a person who are dressed in white and usually takes out those who are wearing white as their victims.  MAGTATANGGAL Cuento-cuento lamang sa kapuluan, subalit pinagtitibay ng mga taga-Catanduanes na nakakita na sila ng mga magtatangal (manananggal ang tawag ngayon) na pugot ang ulo at wala ang sikmura (stomago, intestines) at kalahati ng katawan. Lumalakad daw gabi-gabi, dala- dala ang kanyang ulo, at pagsikat ng araw, bumabalik sa katawan at nabubuo uli.  OSUANG Same with Tiktik/Wakwak/Aswang They have seen him fly, he murdered and ate human flesh Equivalent to Sorcerer  MANGAGAYOMA —They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood, which would infuse the heart with love. Thus did they deceive the people, although sometimes, through the intervention of the devil, they gained their ends. —Today the Gayuma is known as a Filipino love spell to help the love lives of those with lonely or broken hearts.  SONAT which is equivalent to ”preacher.” – ritual priest It was his duty to help one to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul (alam kung maisasalba pa ang buhay or kailan ito mamatay)  PANGATAHOJAN —was a soothsayer, and predicted the future. —Same as Manghuhula who can predict the future.  BAYOGUIN Signifies “cotquean”- lalaking aktibo or ginagawa ang mga gawaing pambabae. are priest dressed in female garb. Almost all are impotent for the reproductive act, and thus they marry other males and sleep with them as man and wife and have erotic and sensual knowledge Philippine mythical creatures  MULTO The Tagalog word for ghost, comes from the Spanish word muerto, which means "dead". Superstitious Filipinos believe that some kind of multo, often a spirit of their former kin, regularly visits them.  SARANGAY is a creature resembling a bull with a huge muscular body and a jewel attached to its ears.  SIYOKOY Are mermen, sea creatures that have a human form and scaled bodies. The Siyokoy is the male counterpart of the Sirena. The lower extremities of a Philippine merman can either be a fish tail or scaled legs and webbed feet. They could also have long, green tentacles. They drown mortals who trespass into their territory. Siyokoy have gill slits, are colored brown or green, and have scaly skin, comparable to that of a fish.  Also called as TAMAWO tamao are mythogical creatures believed to be handsome, having very fair to white skin with fangs and claws of gold. The tamawo were known by their different names: the bumalabag, a male fairy who viewed and visited places; the manupongtupong, a male fairy who dresses like an ordinary man; the manla- awla-aw who looked out from behind an anthill; manilag-nilag, a female fairy who attended social gatherings and festivities; and the manbukay, a female fairy who dwelt in shallow wells. Diwatang Lalake  TIKBALANG Also called tigbalang (demon horse) is a half-man and half-horse creature. It has a horse's head, the body of a human but with the feet of the horse. It travels at night to rape female mortals. The raped women will then give birth to more tikbalang. They are also believed to cause travelers to lose their way particularly in mountainous or forest areas like Kapre.Tikbalang are very playful with people, and they usually make a person imagine things that aren't real. Sometimes a tikbalang will drive a person crazy. It is said that a person can render the Tikbalang’s tricks futile somehow by wearing their shirt inside out. One can avoid the tikbalang all together by just keeping quiet or by asking politely to pass it by. Legends say that when rain falls while the sun is shining, a pair of tikbalang are being wed.  TIYANAK Are the babies who died before receiving baptism rites. After death, they go to a place known as Limbo, a chamber of Hell which unbaptized dead people fall into, and are transformed into evil spirits. These phantasms return into the mortal realm in the form of goblins to eat living victims. The tiyanak can also be the offspring of a woman and a demon. It can also be an aborted fetus which comes back to take revenge on its mother. Most Tiyanaks are said to live in forests. If they see a human, they transform into what looks like a normal baby. When the person notices the Tiyanak and comes near to take a look at it, the Tiyanak changes back to its true form and eats its prey.  Economic Life Agriculture in the plane lands: planting of rice, corn, banana, coconut, sugar canes and other kinds of vegetable and fruits. Hunting in high lands. Fishing in river banks and sea. Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering. Domestic trade of different barangays by boat. Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, Japan, Cambodia, Java, and Thailand through barter system (exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money) TRIVIA: Piloncitos or Bulawan (considered as first monetary system of the country). The inconvenience of barter later led to the use of some objects as a medium of exchange like Piloncitos, it was made up of Gold. 15 7 15 8  Language and System of Writing ✣ Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Magindanaw and Samarnon this languages is originated from the Malayo- Polenisian language. ✣ System of writing: the alphabets consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayin. ✣ They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick as pencil. ✣ They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a tree or bamboo tubes. 15 9 Baybayin is an old writing system that was used in the Philippines. 16 1  RELEVANCE/IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCUMENT  Ang dokumentong ay nagbibigay katunayan na ang Pilipinas bago pa man dumating ang mga mananakop ay mayroon na tayong sariling sistema ng pamamahala, pamumuhay at mayaman na kultura. Pinapasinungalingan nito ang paniniwala ng mga Kastila na ang Pilipinas bago sila dumating ay hindi sibilisado at walang kulturang nananalaytay sa ating mga sinaunang ninuno.  Maaring itong gamitin sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan lalo na kapag Pre-Colonial Philippines ang pokus o interes kaya nga natin ito pinag-aaralan. Maaring din itong gamitin sa Larangan ng Political Science dahil laman nito ang pinakaunang straktura ng pulitika sa Pilipinas and legal na sistema na ginagamit noon. TAKE NOTE: Filipinos were already civilized and maintained an organized lifestyle that was on par or better than that of the people from other countries in South East Asia. 16 2 LONG QUIZ & PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION: POINTERS TO REVIEW TOPICS POINTS INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: Meaning, Significance And Relevant Concepts S UNDERSTANDING SOURCES: Primary and Secondary Sources and Examples, Internal & External Criticism E VOYAGE OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN: The Account C and Relevance R CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS: The Account and Relevance E T Type of Test: MAKITAN TO!!! MIDTERM KARTILYA OF THE KATIPUNAN Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez, LPT  TRIVIA REVIEW?  NATIONALISM- a strong feeling among populace that they belong to the same race. It’s the feeling of oneness among us. The strong feeling of love and loyalty in our country.  FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM  Spread of Liberalism  Sentiment against the principales  Racial prejudices  Cultural changes  Secularization controversy  Cavite Mutiny of 1872  THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM SPREAD OF LIBERALISM  Revolve around on the idea of liberty and equality  Freethinking, Anti-clerical and humanitarian movement (Masonic of Ideas)  Greatly facilitated with the Opening of Suez Canal  THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM SENTIMENT AGAINST THE PRINCIPALES  Dissatisfaction against the Principales  Principales- political and social aristocrats during the Spanish Era  THE FACTORS AFFECTING YJR RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM  RACIAL PREJUDICE  Discrimination among the Filipinos  Filipino natives as “inferior race” Social Classes Under Spanish Regime  THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM  CULTURAL CHANGES  Rise of the Ilustrados (enlightened ones)  Reform Movements  THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM  SECULARIZATION CONTROVERSY  Filipinization of Church  Discrimination against Filipino Priests Fr. Pedro Pelaez-  THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM  CAVITE MUTINY  Causes: discarded liberal measures imposed by Gov.Gen De la Torre  200 Filipino Soldiers and dock workers rebelled against their Spanish Workers  ILUSTRADOS  The enlightened ones  Considered as the middle class in the society that has the opportunity to acquire good education during the Spanish period  Graciano Lopez Jaena  Marcelo H. Del Pilar  Dr. Jose P. Rizal  Mariano Ponce  Antonio Luna  Propaganda Movement A unified nationalist movement for reform initiated by ilustrados. Peaceful assimilation Equality Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes Secularization of Parishes Expulsion of the friars Human Rights of the Filipinos  LA SOLIDARIDAD  Solidarity  A purely Filipino organization established in Barcelona, Spain (Dec. 31, 1888) An official organ of the organization was founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena and named as La Solidaridad (Feb. 15, 1889) to make known in the Philippines to its objective and encourage Filipinos to support them Contributors: Editors: Graciano Lopez Jaena (First editor, orator, penname- Diego Laura), Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Second editor, lawyer, Penname- Plaridel, Siling Labuyo,Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Pupdo) Writers: Dr. Jose P. Rizal (greatest reformist, Penname- Laong Laan, Dimasalang), Mariano Ponce (Penname- Naning, Kalipulako, Tigbalang), Antonio Luna (Penname- Taga-ilog), Foreign Writers- Ferdinand Blumentritt and Morayta  MASONRY Freemasonry- consisted of fraternal lodges Masonry’s ideas- freethinking, anticlerical, and humanitarian Reason of joining- to ask for financial assistance Revolucion- first Filipino Masonic Lodge (Barcelona) established by Jaena Lodge Nilad- first masonic lodge in Manila (1892)  LA LIGA FILIPINA  The Philippine League  Founded by Rizal on the night of July 3, 1892 at the residence of Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila  It was a socio-civic organization (contemporary times)  Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One like all)  Philippine Version of La Solidaridad in Spain GOALS:  Unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body  Protection in cases of want and neccesity  Defense against violence and injustice  Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, commerce  Study and implementation of reforms  Important People in the Founding Of La Liga Filipina  Ambrocio Salvador (President)  Deodato Arellano (Secretary)  Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer)  Agustin dela Rosa (Fiscal)  Others: Pedro Serrano Laktaw(Panday Pira), Domingo Franco(Felipe Leal), Jose A. Ramos(Socorro), Moises Salvador(Araw), Faustino Villaruel(Araw), Numeriano Adriano(Ipil), Apolinario Mabini(Katabay), Andres Bonifacio(May Pag-asa)  The KATIPUNAN  Right after Rizal’s deportation in Dapitan, night of July 07, 1896 Bonifacio and friends secretly met at Deodato Arellano’s house in Tondo, Manila and decided to form a secret revolutionary society called as Kataastaasan Kaglaang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) For national independence through armed revolution  Aims of the Katipunan OBJECTIVES: Political- Separation from Spain Moral- Good Morals, good hygiene Civic- Help and defence of the poor and the oppressed.  To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation  To fight for Philippine independence from Spain. The Katipunan prepared the country for an armed revolution to regain the country’s lost freedom.  Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) for the whole country Consisted of a president, a fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller. Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) for every province. Sangguniang Balangay (Popular/Municipal Council) for every town. Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council) It decided cases involving treachery among the members and quarrels between them.  Secret initiation of the Katipunan A candidate for membership was first blindfolded and entered a secret room. In the room there was a table with a lamp, a skull, and a bolo. The blindfold was removed from his eyes. He was given a test on the history of the Philippines to show that he knew the Spaniards had oppressed the Filipinos. He had to pass other tests on his patriotism, courage and sincerity. RECRUITMENT METHOD RECRUITMENT METHOD Membership in the Katipunan First Grade: Katipun (associate) Their password was “Anak ng They wore black mask. Bayan (Sons of the People).” Second Grade: Kawal (Soldier) Their passwords was They wore green mask. “GOM-BUR-ZA.” Third Grade: Bayani (Patriot) They wore red mask. Their password was “Rizal.” EXPLANATION Katipunan Flags The katipuneros Andres Bonifacio The Great Plebeian Founder of the Katipunan Born in Tondo on November 30, 1863, the first child of poor parents. Named after St. Andrew the patron saint of Manila. He had three brothers and two sisters: – Ciriaco – Procopio – Espiridiona – Troadio – Maxima Emilio Jacinto Brains of the Katipunan Born in Trozo (Tondo), Manila on December 15, 1875. His father died shortly after he was born so he was adopted by his uncle Don Jose Dizon  FIRST ELECTION Deodato Arellano President Jose Rizal Honorary President Andres Bonifacio Comptroller/Auditor Ladislao Diwa Fiscal Teodoro Plata Secretary Valentin Diaz Treasurer SECOND ELECTION (1893)  FINALS SET OF OFFICERS Supremo – Andres Bonifacio Secretary of State – Emilio Jacinto Secretary of War – Teodoro Plata Secretary of Justice – Briccio Pantas Secretary of Interior – Aguedo del Rosario Secretary of Finance – Enrique Pacheco  Every member of the Katipunan adopted a symbolic name: –Andres Bonifacio – May Pagasa –Emilio Jacinto – Pingkian –Artemio Ricarte – Vibora –Emilio Aguinaldo – Magdalo Qualifications for Female Members Wife of a Katipunero Daughter of a Katipunero Sister of a Katipunero Any close relative of a Katipunero The women guarded the secret papers and documents of the secret society. They were also helping the society by recruiting members. Prominent Katipuneras Gregoria de Jesus – Second wife of Bonifacio and was called Lakambini of the Katipunan.  Sisters of Rizal Josefa Rizal Trinidad Rizal Josefa Rizal founded the Women’s Chapter in the Katipunan in July 1893 and she was elected the President of the said Chapter. The name of the Women’s Chapter in the Katipunan was called La Semilla. Melchora Ramos y Aquino Tandang Sora (January 6, 1812 – March 2, 1919) Mother of the Katipunan She fed the Katipuneros and nursed the wounded patriots Later she was arrested by the Spanish authorities and was exiled in Marianas.  Kalayaan Official Organ/Newspaper of the KKK Realizing the value of the printed word, Bonifacio and his friends established a printing press and an organ of for the society. Literature of the Katipunan Emilio Jacinto – youngest and greatest writer of the Katipunan He wrote the following: – A la Patria – his poetical masterpiece – Liwanag at Dilim – a series of essays on human rights, liberty, equality of men, labor, and love of country. – Kartilya ng Katipunan – contains the teachings of the KKK.  Decalogue (Ten Commandments of Katipunan) Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or 10 commandments titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Duties to be Observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay down the guidelines for good citizenship. He also wrote a patriotic poem Pag- ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love for Country) Dekalogo ng Katipunan  Difference between Propaganda Movement and Katipunan KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN Presentation Outline: Background of the Contribution and Author Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Historical Grand Narrative of Background Philippine History of the Document Content Presentation and Analysis of the Learning Important Historical Experiences Information found in the Document  Background of the Author: Known as the “Brains of the Katipunan” (Agoncillo, 1993) According to Bonifacio he is the “eye and soul” of the Katipunan According to Isabelo de los Reyes, he was Andres Bonifacio’s counsellor. If Bonifacio was the soul of the Katipunan, Jacinto was the intelligence and enthusiasm directing it. EMILIO D. JACINTO  Background of the Author  Historians compliment to him : “the Brains of the Katipunan”  According to Ricarte : He “Moises of the Filipino people”  E. de los Santos labeled him “the soul of the Revolution and the eyes of the Katipunan” Historical Background of the Document: The KARTILYA is the best- known of all Katipunan texts, manifesting the KKK’s principles and teachings; it was printed as a small pamphlet for new members. It’s the only document at any length set in print by Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to be still extant. https://xiaochua.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/06-opisyal- na-aral-na-ginamit-sa-katipunan-ang-kartilya.jpg The Kartilya ng Katipunan 1. “Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag.” LIVE WITH A PURPOSE/SPENDING LIFE FOR A CAUSE 2. “Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipitas sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.” GENUINE KINDNESS  The Kartilya ng Katipunan 3. “Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawanggawa, ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.” HOLINESS:RIGHT THOUGHTS & RIGHT ACTIONS/LOVE YOUR NEIGBHOR 4. “Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. ” EQUALITY  The Kartilya ng Katipunan 5. “Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipitas sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipitas sa sarili sa puri. ” HONOR AND REPUTATION 6. “Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. ” WORD OF HONOR  The Kartilya ng Katipunan 7. “Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaanna’y di na muli pang magdadaan.” TIME IS GOLD/TIME MANAGEMENT 8. “Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi. ” DEFEND THE OPPRESSED AND FIGHT THE OPRESSOR 9. “Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. ” Be wise in words and speeches The Kartilya ng Katipunan 10. “Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din. ” BE A GOOD FATHER/MAN 11. “Ang babai ay huwag mong tignan ng isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan. ” RESPECT/VALUE WOMEN The Kartilya ng Katipunan 12. “Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba. ” GOLDEN RULE 13. “Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking-gubat at walang nababatid kundi angsarilingwika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunongmagdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan. ” THE TRUE WORTH OF MAN- A MAN WITH INTEGRITY The Kartilya ng Katipunan 14. “Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaaba- abang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangag kaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanais sa kakasunod nito.” Do all the above teachings wholeheartedly Content Presentation and Analysis of Important Historical Information in the Document THE TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN These teachings are more ethical than political in orientation Jacinto believed that with the spread of these teachings and the consequent “rise of the sun of liberty on the sorrowful archipelago where it spread its sweet rays on the united brethen” all the blood, toil, sweat and tears will be highly compensated. Content Presentation and Analysis of Important Historical Information in the Document ANALYSIS The Kartilya was the moral and intellectual foundation used to guide the actions of Katipuneros. Upon joining the Katipunan, members were required to read the Kartilya and adhere to its code of conduct. Changing the way people thought and acted was paramount to the early Katipuñeros; they understand that was the only way to truly change the Philippines for the better. Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Great Narrative of Philippine History At the time when the government is plagued with ethical issues, the Kartilya can be used as reference for government officials to realize the value of true public service by living up to the tenets of the Kartilya. As we mold the intellect, we should also cultivate moral values for our students to become good and responsible citizens. The youth remains a powerful sector in effecting change to society. When their energies and potentials together with appropriate values are channelled to worthy endeavors, they become potent change- makers. Learning Experiences Better appreciation of Emilio Jacinto as a man, a revolutionist, a hero and a Filipino. Thorough understanding of his legacy which became instrumental in asserting freedom from the Spanish colonizers through the Katipunan. Moral character is much more important than one’s achievements. Leaders should set moral standards for their subordinates. The forerunners of reform movements were educated people. Education is indeed the key for change. Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence Acta de la Proclamacíon de independenci a del Pueblo Filipino June 12, 1898  WHAT IS EXPECTED: DISCUSS THE CONTEXT AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE DOCUMENT EXPLAIN HOW THE PHILIPPINES ACHIEVED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM SPANISH COLONIAL RULE EXAMINE THE STATE OF INDEPENDENCE TODAY  HISTORICAL CONTEXT  The Biak-na-Bato Republic The Dictatorial form of Government (which the Act of Proclamation of Independence was stated) The Revolutionary Government The First Republic Establishment of Biak-Na-Bato to gain independence and sovereign:  Purpose: To Liberate Philippines from Yoke of Spanish dominion. i. Liberation from: abuses and unjust execution of Rizal for opposing the friars Machiavellian ends ii. Religious corporation abuses such as execution of GOMBURZA iii. Oppressions Battle of Manila 1898 (May) Battle of Manila Bay Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines and helped Americans defeat the Spaniards Spaniards were defeated Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite (unofficially allied with the USA) 1 May 1898 Spanish-American War 1898 (April) Outbreak of Spanish- American War result of U.S. intervention in Cuban War of Independence U.S. attacked Spain’s Pacific Possession which led to the involvement in the Philippine Revolution Commodore George Dewey aboard the U.S.S. Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay and led the Asiatic 1898, April-August Squadron of the U.S. Navy Battle of Manila 1898 (May) Battle of Manila Bay Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines and helped Americans defeat the Spaniards Spaniards were defeated Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite (unofficially allied with the USA) 1 May 1898 Conferring to Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty DICTATORIAL GOVERMENT Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence Documents on the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence, the Malolos Constitution and First NATIONAL Historical Institute in 1997 Philippine Republic About the Author  Studied Law Became a at the member of the University of La Liga Sto. Tomas Filipina, Cuerpo de Earned his Compromisari degree in os and La Born: Dec. 1865 Propaganda 17, 1830 in (35 years Binan, old) Laguna Died: Dec. 4, Parents: 1903 (72 Gregorio years old) Enriquez Cause of Bautista Death: A fatal Silvestra fall from a Altamira horse-drawn carriage Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista  Solicited funds to finance a campaign for reforms in the Philippines  Became a member of the La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La Propaganda  Arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago by the Spaniards  Cause: He was suspected of being involved in the Philippine Revolution  Result: He managed to defend himself and was eventually released. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista  Became the first adviser to President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898  Contrary to common belief, it was Bautista, and not Aguinaldo, who waved the Philippine flag before the jubilant crowd.  July 14, 1899 - he was elected to the position of president in the Revolutionary Congress in Tarlac.  Then was later appointed judge of the Court of First Instance of Pangasinan.  Historical Background of the Document Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Act on the Declaration of independence There was still fighting between the Filipinos and Spaniards in various places and the Act was written to encourage, motivate more Filipino people to fight against the Spaniards. Content Analysis Series of Events that lead to the Declaration of Act of Independence Series of events that led to revolution and eventually to the signing of the Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence A. Lost of independence and sovereign: i. Ferdinand Magellan landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said island by means of a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle that took place in said shores to which battle he was provokes by Chief Kalipulako of Mactan.  ii. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed on the Island of Bohol by entering into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, and later went to Manila, winning the friendship of Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, and later taking possession of the city and the whole archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II iii. International law does not recognize such vicious acquisition of private property. INEQUALITY BETWEEN THE SPANISH AND FILIPINOS 1. Arbitrary arrests and abuses of the civil guards 2. Trial without hearing 3. unjust deportations of Illustrious Filipinos. 4. People are tired of bearing the ominous joke of Spanish domination What kind of society do they have in 1898? Context Analysis The Philippine Flag And waived the first Philippine Flag The Philippine Flag The white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous society of the “Katipunan”. The Philippine Flag The three stars, signifying the three principal islands of this Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao and Panay where this revolutionary movement started. The sun, representing the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country (sacrifices of the Filipinos for they believed that there’s hope for us) The eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and Batangas. And the colors of Blue, Red and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this great nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us. The Philippine Flag The first Philippine flag was sewn by Dona Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad in Hong Kong. It was first flown in battle on May 28, 1898. Formally unfurled during the declaration of Philippine Independence. The Philippine FlagMusic composed by Julian Felipe. Did not use lyrics during the declaration of Philippine Independence in June 12, 1898. Lyrics was from Jose Palma from his poem Filipinas in 1898. Final Filipino lyrics was revised in 1960s.  Dambanang Aguinaldo  Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite  June 12, 1898  Solemnize and proclaim Philippine Independence.  Importance and Relevance of the Document 1. Most significant achievement of Aguinaldo’s Dictatorial Government 2. The Philippine was proclaimed independent after decades of being a colony. 3. The Philippine earned its own identity. Affirmation of the following: 1. Violence of the Spaniards towards Filipinos. 2. Struggles of the Filipinos for independence 3. Dictatorial government under Aguinaldo. a. It was a major step in creating the Filipino Identity. b. The very first and solid proof of the struggle of the Filipinos for independence. c. It serves as a culmination of our existence as a nation and a state. d. It marks the start and beginning where Filipinos had these constitutional rights.  Take note: Kaya hindi pa tayo lumaya! Ngayon, MAY KALAYAAN BA TALAGA ANG PILIPINAS?   Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez  Objectives of the presentation: Analyze artworks as sources of historical data Examine the perspectives of these artworks Create your artwork that will describe the country’s current socio-economic or socio-political conditions  Introduction: Artworks such as drawings, illustrations and photographs could be sources of history, they play a large part in the study of our country’s past. Each of them reflects our country’s social conditions describing historical realities. One of those artworks that is helpful in understanding our country’s past are those “editorial cartoons” made as sources of political expression or propaganda in the era where they existed. ESSENCE OF Editorial/Political cartoons Mirror of society’s It shows the realities in the social condition society Using cartoons to express their feelings are could be an instrument/mechanism to People make cartoons to make the government respond express their to their situation, improving dissatisfaction/sentiments their services to the people from the government A weapon in the An act of struggle for social protest reform Philippine Cartoons: POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA 1900-1941 Author/Creator: Alfred McCoy  Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era  Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era THE MAN BEHIND THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS “Historian of the Southeast Asia” Born June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA McCoy graduated from the Kent School in 1964. He earned his BA in European Studies from Columbia College in 1968. He earned his M.A. Asian Studies in University of California at Berkeley in 1969. He earned his PhD in Southeast Asian history from Yale University in 1977. McCoy served on the faculty of the University of New South Wales for eleven years. In 1989, he joined University of Wisconsin- Madison. ALFRED McCOY  Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era THE MAN BEHIND THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS Used the Philippine political caricatures to understand the social and political context of the Philippines during the American period. Worked with Alfredo Roces, his co-Author of Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era In 2001, the Association for Asian Studies awarded McCoy the Grant Goodman Prize for his career contributions to the study of the Philippines. In October 2012, Yale University's Graduate School Alumni Association awarded McCoy the Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal.  Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era THE MAN BEHIND THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS Alfredo Reyes Roces (29 Apr 1923) a painter, an essayist, and versatile artist. holds a prominent place in the history of Philippine art. He is a painter who started with a figurative style but soon began to amalgamate Expressionism, Fauvism and Impressionism in his paintings.  Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era About the document POLITICAL CARTOONS: Concept & Content  Socio-cultural concerns - changing morals of the youth - Changing tastes and attitudes  Manila: discomforts/dissatisfaction and decadence floods, police corruption lending scandals (PNB) public hospital system American sports  Political and Economic Sentiments  Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era THE NEWSPAPERS IN THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS Founded in 1915 by Discussed questions the Father of Cebuano of tenancy (rental) letters Vicente Sotto, urban poverty, and one of the militant and poltical issues. aggressive advocates Where Fernando of immediate Amorsolo began independence. his career as the A weekly newspaper “angriest of and published in Manila’s political English and Spanish. cartoonists”- why?- A forum for its very vulgar in expressing publishers for political his sentiments in American Government through crusades(movement). cartoons.  Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era THE NEWSPAPERS IN THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS THE PHILIPPINES FREE PRESS Founded in 1906 by Appeared more Judge W.A. Kincaid personal than national but was taken over by and not tied to a McCullough Dick particular political due to bankruptcy party. Published in both Advocated integrity, Spanish and English dem