LMEF 0534 Grammar in Use - Week 4 - Parts of Speech (PDF)

LMEF 0534 Grammar in Use WEEK 4 - Parts of Speech (part 1) Table of contents 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Verbs 4. Adverbs 5. Adjectives 6. Preposition NOUNS Nouns are words that give a name to people, places or things, though they can also refer to ideas and other abstract objects....

LMEF 0534 Grammar in Use WEEK 4 - Parts of Speech (part 1) Table of contents 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Verbs 4. Adverbs 5. Adjectives 6. Preposition NOUNS Nouns are words that give a name to people, places or things, though they can also refer to ideas and other abstract objects. Countable nouns Type of nouns Uncountable nouns Group nouns Proper nouns Countable Nouns 1. Singular count (Example: the teacher, that cat, a hotel) 2. Plural count (Example: sisters, a few books, those pens, four classes) Uncountable Nouns Often refer to: Substance food, water, wine, salt, sand, iron, cheese Human feelings & qualities anger, cruelty, happiness, honesty, pride Activities help, sleep, travel, work Abstract ideas beauty, death, fun, life Subject of study mathematics, physics, humanities, athletics Diseases flu, rabies, chicken pox Countable or uncountable? Making the uncountable, countable with… Quantifiers Two, three, a hundred of, millions of, some, a few, a couple of, ect. Classifiers General: bit, piece, item Special: a ______ of something Example: WATER drop of, pint of, glass of, spoonful of, ect. Group Nouns 1. Refer to a group of people, animals, places or things people team, crew, audience, family, public, government animals flock, herd, litter, pack, swarm, school places Europe, Malaysia, Northern hemisphere things batch, fleet, bundle, list, flight 2. Refer to things with TWO parts. Example: glasses, trousers, pyjamas, shorts, ect. Proper Nouns Refer to names of: People Muhammad Ali, Leonardo Da Vinci, Lee Zi Jia, Jennie Kim Places The United States of America, China, Sabah, Africa Organizations Petronas, IIUM, Oriental Kopi, Mixue, Pledis Entertainment Festivals Ramadhan, Deepavali, Christmas, Bon Odori, Ludi Harpastum Titles President Obama, Datuk Lee Chong Wei, Mr. Darcy, The Great Gatsby, Dead Poets Society EXERCISE PRONOUNS Pronouns are words (or phrases) you substitute for nouns when your reader or listener already knows which noun you’re referring to. Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Type of Reflexive pronouns pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Personal Pronouns Pronouns that change form based on their grammatical person (subject or object). Subject Object I Me You You He Him She Her It It We Us They Them Possessive Pronouns Pronouns that show ownership. Subject Object Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun I Me My Mine You You He Him She Her It It We Us They Them Reflexive Pronouns Pronouns that act as objects or indirect objects. Singular Plural Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Himself Herself Itself Reciprocal Pronouns Pronouns that are used when two or more people do the same thing. Each other - Jack and Jill helped each other up the hill. One another - We all sent one another Christmas gifts. Indefinite Pronouns Pronouns that does not refer to any particular person or thing. anybody | anyone | anything | everybody | everyone | everything nobody | no one | nothing | somebody | someone | something Relative Pronouns Pronouns that are used to introduce a relative clause. Subject Object Possessive Who Who/Whom Whose Which Which Whose That That EXERCISE VERBS Verbs are action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing. Main verbs Linking verbs Auxiliary verbs Type of verbs Modal verbs Compound verbs Phrasal / Multi-word verbs  Main Verbs Linking Verbs Main verbs have meanings Some main verbs are called related to actions, events and linking verbs (or copular verbs). states. These verbs are not followed by objects. Instead, they are Most verbs in English are main followed by phrases which give verbs extra information about the Example: subject. 1. We went home straight after the Example: show. 1. A face appeared at the window. 2. It snowed a lot that winter. It was Pauline. 3. Several different types of 2. He is a cousin of mine. volcano exist. 3. This coat feels good. Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary be is used to indicate the continuous and the passive voice: I’m waiting for Sally to come home. (continuous) Her car was stolen from outside her house. (passive) Auxiliary do is used in interrogative, negative and emphatic structures: Does she live locally? (interrogative) They didn’t know which house it was. (negative) Auxiliary have is used to indicate the perfect: I’ve lost my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? (present perfect) She had seen my car outside the shop. (past perfect) An auxiliary verb can only appear alone when a main verb (or a clause containing a main verb) is understood in the context: A. Does she play the clarinet? B. Yes, She does. (Yes, she plays the clarinet.) Modal Verbs Modal verbs have meanings connected with degrees of certainty and necessity: can | may | must | should | would | could | might | shall | will Semi-modal verbs have some meanings related to the main modal verbs. The semi-modal verbs are dare, need, ought to, used to. Compound Verbs Compound verbs are two words which combine to make one meaning. Key points: The first word is usually a noun, an adjective or a preposition, and the second Key points word is a verb. The words are sometimes written as one word and sometimes joined by hyphens. EXAMPLES: hand-wash (noun + verb) highlight (adjective + verb) overcome (preposition + verb) 1. Sorry, I was daydreaming. What did you say? 2. Do you have to hand-wash this sweater or can it go in the washing machine? 3. The airline upgraded me to business class. Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are verbs which consist of a verb and one or two particles or prepositions. Key points: Phrasal verbs have two parts: a main verb and an Key points adverb particle. Phrasal verbs often have meanings which we cannot easily guess from their individual parts. Phrasal verbs are often, but not always, less formal than a single word with the same meaning. Phrasal verbs: around | at | away | down | in | off | on | out | over | round | up Examples: 1. The book first came out in 1997. 2. The plane took off an hour late. 3. The lecture went on till 6.30. 4. It’s difficult to make out what she’s saying. 5. She put away her stuff immediately. EXERCISE