Biology for Engineers PDF Notes

Biology for Engineers 24EN1113 ( I/II Sem) – 2 credits Unit 1- Biomimetics Biomimetics: Biology for Engineers, Body Fluid: Blood- Mechanics of heart, Blood pressure, Life molecules: Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids, Biomimetics: Bio-processes -engine...

Biology for Engineers 24EN1113 ( I/II Sem) – 2 credits Unit 1- Biomimetics Biomimetics: Biology for Engineers, Body Fluid: Blood- Mechanics of heart, Blood pressure, Life molecules: Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids, Biomimetics: Bio-processes -engineering analogies ( 6 Hrs) Class 3: Life molecules: Water, Carbohydrates  Biological molecules 1 BIOMOLECULES Molecules that make up living things Water -Structure and properties  Anomalous properties of water High specific heat (Heat capacity)-water takes longer to heat up and to cool down Large thermal buffer capacity High heat of vaporization High boiling point High surface tension High specific heat and heat of vaporization helps in the dissipation of large amounts of heat produced Surface Tension  Types of Biological Molecules Water Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Organic Compounds Most Biomolecules are organic They are based on Carbon and include hydrogen Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids Also includes vitamins  Macromolecules Large biomolecules Many of these are polymers. Polymers: long molecules built by linking together small, similar subunits (monomers)  Building up polymers Condensation polymerization (dehydration synthesis) removes an OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule. ATP  Polymerization Water is formed and ATP is required Water (H2O) Monomers Polymer ATP ADP+pi energy  Breaking down polymers Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond by adding OH and H from a water molecule Hydrolysis Water is required Water (H2O) Polymer Monomers Types of Biomolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Carbohydrate means “hydrated” carbon Composing elements C, H, O Hydrogen and Oxygen are in a ratio of 2:1 Can be simple monomers like glucose Can be complex polymers like cellulose  Groups of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates sugars Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides (monomers) ( Dimers) (polymers) 18 19 Biological molecules 20 Monosaccharides C6H12O6 Fructose Galactose Glucose  Importance: Energy source: used as a reactant in respiration Monomer Unit: used to form: Dimers (disaccharides) and Polymers (polysaccharides) Disaccharides Lactose: glucose + galactose Maltose: glucose + glucose Sucrose: glucose + fructose  Importance: Energy storage: sucrose is a store of energy in sugarcane and sugar beets Energy transport: carbohydrate is transported in plants as sucrose Polysaccharides 26  Biological molecules 27 Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polymers of glucose. They differ in the type of glucose present and the bonds which link the glucose monomers together. 28 Structural Carbohydrates Chitin – arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell wall modified form of cellulose Structural Carbohydrates Chitin – arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell wall modified form of cellulose