Ethics PDF

GETHICS PHILOS - LOVE Eras of Philosophy Moral Reflection- reflective SOPHIA- WISDOM Ancient (pre-socratic) era - and critical inquiry to the Cosmocentric (nature mora...

GETHICS PHILOS - LOVE Eras of Philosophy Moral Reflection- reflective SOPHIA- WISDOM Ancient (pre-socratic) era - and critical inquiry to the Cosmocentric (nature moral dimensions of human Truth centred) existence Epistemology Medieval Era- dark ages Episteme- Knowledge Theocentric( god centered) Moral Actions- GOOD Logos Study Modern Era - actions are permissible Anthropocentric ( human Logic- Science and are of centered) Immoral Actions- correct reasoning Contemporary Era - BAD/EVIL actions; not Logos - study, word, reason Meaning permissible Hermeneutics - Origin word of ethics: Amoral Actions- NEITHER Interpretation of Text Greek ETHOS - GOOD/BAD in themselves Hermes - messenger god characteristic way of acting -NEUTRAL in relation to the CONTEXT Latin MOS MORIS - norm of morality Understanding stand custom or tradition Roman MORES - customs ACTS OF MAN - instinctive Reality -Involuntary Methaphysics Difference between ethics - amoral actions Meta - above, beyond and morality -man is not the master of his Physico - physical actions Ethics - study of moral Theodicy ≠ Theology conduct HUMAN ACTS- Action Theo- God -Ethical problems are more which are the result of Theodicy -reason alone general and theoretical conscious knowledge and are Theology- with faith & -Refers to the philosophical subjected to the control of the reason study of values and of what will constitutes good and bad Cosmology human conduct. MORAL DILEMMA - a Cosmos - Universe -Science of morality of situation in ethics where the Logos - Study human acts human person is to choose between two possible Values Morality- the conduct itself alternatives and the options Axios - worth, worthy -Moral Problems are specific become limited. -Refers to the degree which Aesthetics- beauty, beautiful an action conforms to a -A situation in which a - Work of arts standard or norm of human difficult choice has to be conduct. made between two courses of - Praxis of Ethics action, either of which entails Ethics- Human Acts. transgressing a moral principle  2. Imperfect Voluntariness moral goodness or evilness of THREE-FOLD ELEMENTS The person acts without the human acts. or CONSTITUENTS of full awareness of his action human acts. or without fully intending the 7 Kinds of Circumstances: 1. KNOWLEDGE act. 1. Who - Awareness or being - Present when there are 2. What conscious of one's actions some defects in the person's 3. Where including its possible knowledge or intention, or 4. With whom consequences when either both is partial. 5. How - Deliberate actions 6.When 3. Simple Voluntariness 7.Why 2. FREEDOM a. Positive: act requires the - The capacity to choose performance of CULTURE between alternative courses an activity * In its broadest sense, of action b. Negative: act requires an culture is cultivated behavior, - Freedom of the Will - for omission of an that is the totality of a St. Thomas Aquinas, this is activity or not performing the person's learned, accumulated the power which human act. experience which is socially beings have in determining transmitted, or more briefly, their actions according to the 4. Conditional behavior through social judgment of their reasons Voluntariness learning - Present in a person who is * A culture is a way of life of 3. VOLUNTARINESS forced by circumstances a group of people. -an act of consenting or beyond his control to perform * Culture consists of patterns, accepting a certain action an act which he would not do explicit and implicit, of and whether it is done under normal condition for behavior acquired and whole-heartedly, transmitted by symbols. half-heartedly, or DETERMINANTS of constituting the distinctive non-heartedly. MORALITY achievement of human 1. Object chosen groups, including their -This is a "good" toward embodiments in artifacts; the 4 Modes of Voluntariness: which the will deliberately essential core of culture directs itself. consists oi traditional ideas 1.Perfect Voluntariness and especially their attached - The person is fully aware 2. Intention values, culture systems may, and fully intends an act. The - movement of the will on the one hand, be person is fully convinced toward the end. considered as products of of his action including its - the purpose pursued in the action, on the other hand, as consequences. action. conditioning influences upon further action 3. Circumstances - They contribute to Material culture increasing or diminishing the - refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their -It is the theory that holds social practices are equally culture. that morality is relative to the admirable. - These include homes, norms of one's culture. That * It leads to mediocrity, neighborhoods, cities, is, whether an action is right moral indifference and end of schools, churches, or wrong depends on the moral progress. synagogues, temples, moral norms of the society in * It promotes social anarchy mosques, offices, factories which it is practiced. The because each culture claims and plants, tools, means of same action may be morally and stands for "a true production, goods and right in one society but be culture." products,, stores, and so forth morally wrong in another. *It weakens social responsibility as if humans Non-material culture --- Strengths --- cannot do anything to change - refers to the nonphysical * It recognizes cultural and culture. ideas that people have about human differences. * It leads to deterioration or their culture, including * It promotes respect and corruption of morall values, beliefs, values, rules, norms, tolerance to diversity or institutions and societies. morals, language, cultural sensitivity and * It rejects any interference organizations, and uniqueness. by one culture in the morality institutions. These beliefs, * It produces a peaceful and of another. then, determine how the harmonious society despite * It fails to determine other culture responds to its mass migration and ethicall theories that can religious topics, issues, and differences bring a good life. events. * It recognizes the natural When considering sociality, conformity and LAWRENCE non-material culture, interdependency among KOHLBERG'S sociologists refer to several peoples. Stages of Moral processes that a culture uses * It strengthens personal Development to shape its members' responsibility: each is fully Level 1 thoughts, feelings, and responsible for his own moral (PRE-CONVENTIONAL) behaviors. Four off the most actions and beliefs. Stage 1: Punishment and important of these are *It advocates true Obedience Orientation - obey symbols, language, multiculturalism and rules to avoid punishment values, and norms adjustments for changing Stage 2: Rewards and factors in society. Exchange- act in order to get CULTURAL * It accepts other ethical rewards and to have favors RELATIVISM theories that can bring a good returned a.k.a ETHICAL life. RELATIVISM * It allows one culture solve Level 2 -It is the understanding or its own morall problems and (CONVENTIONAL) belief that everyone should grow naturally in its morality. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal be judged only according to Relationships: living up to one's own respective culture Weaknesses roles and social expectations * Its fails to accept that not - avoidance of being disliked all beliefs and cultural or by others  principles that are relevant to Stage 4: Social Order the case. Maintenance: Follow laws, Should one principle be given rules, authority more weight than others? Justify. Level 3 What are the sources of the (POST CONVENTIONAL) principles you will use? From Stage 5: Rights and Social the constitution? culture? Contract: Protection of rights natural law? tradition? Bible? and common good Stage 6: Universal Ethical 4.List the Alternatives Principles and Propose and then briefly Conscience-internalized explain courses of action as principles of justice the response to the current moral situation. Scott Rae's 7-Step Moral Reasoning 5.Compare the Alternatives Model with the Virtues or * American Theologian and Principles Professor of Christian Ethics The initial list of suggested * Interests: Medical and courses of actions must then Business Ethics - application be evaluated from the of Christian ethics both to vantage point of the medicine and business. identified ethical values and principles. 1.Gather the Facts What do you know? What do 6.Consider the you need to know? Consequences Take the alternatives and 2.Determine the Ethical work out the positive and Issues negative consequences of Identify the competing each. interests or goods since they Estimate how beneficial each are the ones that create the positive and negative dilemma. consequences are - some Point out the major dilemma might have greater weight involved in the case. than others 3.Determine what Virtues 7.Make a decision or Principles have a bearing on the case Identify and briefly explain the ethical values and