40 Questions
What is the main argument of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
Whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced.
Which of the following is an example of material culture?
Tools and means of production
What is a consequence of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
Leading to deterioration of moral values
What does non-material culture refer to?
Ideas, beliefs, values, and rules
What is a strength of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
Recognizing cultural and human differences
What is an example of a circumstance that contributes to increasing or diminishing the purpose pursued in an action?
Conditioning influences
What can be a consequence of holding that morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
Moral indifference
What is a characteristic of material culture?
Physical and tangible
What is cultural relativism also known as?
Ethical Relativism
According to Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, what is the orientation of Stage 1?
Punishment and Obedience
Which of the following is NOT a process that a culture uses to shape its members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
Genetics
What is a characteristic of a society that adopts cultural relativism?
Acceptance of other cultures' moral problems
What is the advantage of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?
It allows for peaceful coexistence despite cultural differences
What is the focus of Level 1 of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?
Pre-Conventional Morality
What is the benefit of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?
It allows one culture to solve its own moral problems
What is a characteristic of cultural relativism, according to the text?
It advocates true multiculturalism and adjustments for changing factors in society
Which of the following words is derived from the Greek word 'ETHOS'?
Moris
What is the term for the study of the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter?
Metaphysics
What is the term for the study of moral conduct, which is more general and theoretical in nature?
Ethics
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human acts?
Involuntary
What is the term for the study of the origin and nature of the universe?
Cosmology
Which of the following is the messenger god in Greek mythology?
Hermes
What is the term for the rational study of the existence and nature of God?
Theology
What is the term for the study of knowledge and how it is acquired?
Epistemology
What is the term for the study of morality in human acts?
Ethics
What is the term for the worth or value of an action?
Axios
What is a moral dilemma?
A situation where a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action
What is the term for the science of morality in human acts?
Ethics
What is the term for the three-fold elements of human acts?
Knowledge, Freedom, and Values
What is the term for imperfect voluntariness?
The person acts without full awareness of their action
How many kinds of circumstances are there in human acts?
7
What is the term for the study of beauty and taste?
Aesthetics
What is the main limitation of Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships?
It fails to accept that not all beliefs and cultural or principles are relevant to the case.
Which stage of moral development is characterized by the maintenance of social order and following laws and authority?
Stage 4: Social Order
What is the primary focus of Stage 5: Rights and Social Contracts?
Protection of individual rights and the common good
Who is the American Theologian and Professor of Christian Ethics associated with the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
Scott Rae
What is the purpose of Step 2 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
To determine the ethical issues
What is the primary goal of Step 6 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
To consider the consequences of each alternative
What is the primary focus of Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles and Conscience?
Internalized principles of justice
What is the primary goal of Step 5 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
To compare the alternatives with the virtues or principles
Study Notes
Philosophy and Ethics
- Philosophy: love of wisdom (Sophia) and study of knowledge (Epistemology)
-
Eras of Philosophy:
- Ancient (pre-socratic) era: cosmocentric (nature-centered)
- Medieval Era: theocentric (god-centered)
- Modern Era: anthropocentric (human-centered)
- Contemporary Era: meaning and existence
Ethics
- Origin: Greek "Ethos" (characteristic way of acting) and Latin "Mos Moris" (custom or tradition)
- Definition: study of moral conduct and moral dilemmas
-
Types of Voluntariness:
- Imperfect Voluntariness: person acts without full awareness or intention
- Simple Voluntariness: act requires performance of an activity and consideration of purpose
Three-Fold Elements of Human Acts
- Knowledge: awareness of one's actions and their consequences
- Freedom: capacity to choose between alternative courses of action
- Circumstances: contributing factors that increase or diminish moral responsibility
Culture
- Definition: physical and non-physical aspects of human society, including ideas, values, and norms
- Material Culture: physical objects, resources, and spaces
- Non-Material Culture: beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, and institutions
Cultural Relativism
- Definition: belief that morality is relative to one's culture
-
Strengths:
- Recognizes cultural differences and promotes respect and tolerance
- Produces a peaceful and harmonious society
-
Weaknesses:
- Fails to determine moral norms and values
- Leads to moral indifference and mediocrity
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
-
Level 1 (Pre-Conventional):
- Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Rewards and Exchange Orientation
-
Level 2 (Conventional):
- Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships Orientation
- Stage 4: Social Order Orientation
-
Level 3 (Post-Conventional):
- Stage 5: Rights and Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles and Conscience Orientation
Scott Rae's 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model
- Step 1: Gather the Facts
- Step 2: Determine the Ethical Issues
- Step 3: Identify the Competing Principles
- Step 4: List the Alternatives
- Step 5: Compare the Alternatives with the Virtues or Principles
- Step 6: Consider the Consequences
- Step 7: Make a Decision
Explore the different eras of philosophy, including ancient and medieval periods, and delve into key concepts such as truth, epistemology, and moral reflection.
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