Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main argument of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
What is the main argument of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
- Morality is absolute and universal.
- Whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. (correct)
- Morality is only determined by religious beliefs.
- Morality is only relative to individual perspectives.
Which of the following is an example of material culture?
Which of the following is an example of material culture?
- Ideas and traditions
- Tools and means of production (correct)
- Rules and norms
- Beliefs and values
What is a consequence of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
What is a consequence of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
- Strengthening moral norms
- Encouraging moral progress
- Promoting social responsibility
- Leading to deterioration of moral values (correct)
What does non-material culture refer to?
What does non-material culture refer to?
What is a strength of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
What is a strength of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
What is an example of a circumstance that contributes to increasing or diminishing the purpose pursued in an action?
What is an example of a circumstance that contributes to increasing or diminishing the purpose pursued in an action?
What can be a consequence of holding that morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
What can be a consequence of holding that morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?
What is a characteristic of material culture?
What is a characteristic of material culture?
What is cultural relativism also known as?
What is cultural relativism also known as?
According to Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, what is the orientation of Stage 1?
According to Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, what is the orientation of Stage 1?
Which of the following is NOT a process that a culture uses to shape its members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
Which of the following is NOT a process that a culture uses to shape its members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
What is a characteristic of a society that adopts cultural relativism?
What is a characteristic of a society that adopts cultural relativism?
What is the advantage of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?
What is the advantage of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?
What is the focus of Level 1 of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?
What is the focus of Level 1 of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?
What is the benefit of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?
What is the benefit of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?
What is a characteristic of cultural relativism, according to the text?
What is a characteristic of cultural relativism, according to the text?
Which of the following words is derived from the Greek word 'ETHOS'?
Which of the following words is derived from the Greek word 'ETHOS'?
What is the term for the study of the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter?
What is the term for the study of the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter?
What is the term for the study of moral conduct, which is more general and theoretical in nature?
What is the term for the study of moral conduct, which is more general and theoretical in nature?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human acts?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human acts?
What is the term for the study of the origin and nature of the universe?
What is the term for the study of the origin and nature of the universe?
Which of the following is the messenger god in Greek mythology?
Which of the following is the messenger god in Greek mythology?
What is the term for the rational study of the existence and nature of God?
What is the term for the rational study of the existence and nature of God?
What is the term for the study of knowledge and how it is acquired?
What is the term for the study of knowledge and how it is acquired?
What is the term for the study of morality in human acts?
What is the term for the study of morality in human acts?
What is the term for the worth or value of an action?
What is the term for the worth or value of an action?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is a moral dilemma?
What is the term for the science of morality in human acts?
What is the term for the science of morality in human acts?
What is the term for the three-fold elements of human acts?
What is the term for the three-fold elements of human acts?
What is the term for imperfect voluntariness?
What is the term for imperfect voluntariness?
How many kinds of circumstances are there in human acts?
How many kinds of circumstances are there in human acts?
What is the term for the study of beauty and taste?
What is the term for the study of beauty and taste?
What is the main limitation of Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships?
What is the main limitation of Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships?
Which stage of moral development is characterized by the maintenance of social order and following laws and authority?
Which stage of moral development is characterized by the maintenance of social order and following laws and authority?
What is the primary focus of Stage 5: Rights and Social Contracts?
What is the primary focus of Stage 5: Rights and Social Contracts?
Who is the American Theologian and Professor of Christian Ethics associated with the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
Who is the American Theologian and Professor of Christian Ethics associated with the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
What is the purpose of Step 2 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
What is the purpose of Step 2 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
What is the primary goal of Step 6 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
What is the primary goal of Step 6 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
What is the primary focus of Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles and Conscience?
What is the primary focus of Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles and Conscience?
What is the primary goal of Step 5 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
What is the primary goal of Step 5 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?
Study Notes
Philosophy and Ethics
- Philosophy: love of wisdom (Sophia) and study of knowledge (Epistemology)
- Eras of Philosophy:
- Ancient (pre-socratic) era: cosmocentric (nature-centered)
- Medieval Era: theocentric (god-centered)
- Modern Era: anthropocentric (human-centered)
- Contemporary Era: meaning and existence
Ethics
- Origin: Greek "Ethos" (characteristic way of acting) and Latin "Mos Moris" (custom or tradition)
- Definition: study of moral conduct and moral dilemmas
- Types of Voluntariness:
- Imperfect Voluntariness: person acts without full awareness or intention
- Simple Voluntariness: act requires performance of an activity and consideration of purpose
Three-Fold Elements of Human Acts
- Knowledge: awareness of one's actions and their consequences
- Freedom: capacity to choose between alternative courses of action
- Circumstances: contributing factors that increase or diminish moral responsibility
Culture
- Definition: physical and non-physical aspects of human society, including ideas, values, and norms
- Material Culture: physical objects, resources, and spaces
- Non-Material Culture: beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, and institutions
Cultural Relativism
- Definition: belief that morality is relative to one's culture
- Strengths:
- Recognizes cultural differences and promotes respect and tolerance
- Produces a peaceful and harmonious society
- Weaknesses:
- Fails to determine moral norms and values
- Leads to moral indifference and mediocrity
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
- Level 1 (Pre-Conventional):
- Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2: Rewards and Exchange Orientation
- Level 2 (Conventional):
- Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships Orientation
- Stage 4: Social Order Orientation
- Level 3 (Post-Conventional):
- Stage 5: Rights and Social Contract Orientation
- Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles and Conscience Orientation
Scott Rae's 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model
- Step 1: Gather the Facts
- Step 2: Determine the Ethical Issues
- Step 3: Identify the Competing Principles
- Step 4: List the Alternatives
- Step 5: Compare the Alternatives with the Virtues or Principles
- Step 6: Consider the Consequences
- Step 7: Make a Decision
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Description
Explore the different eras of philosophy, including ancient and medieval periods, and delve into key concepts such as truth, epistemology, and moral reflection.
