Philosophy Eras and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the main argument of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?

  • Morality is absolute and universal.
  • Whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. (correct)
  • Morality is only determined by religious beliefs.
  • Morality is only relative to individual perspectives.

    • Which of the following is an example of material culture?

  • Ideas and traditions
  • Tools and means of production (correct)
  • Rules and norms
  • Beliefs and values

    • What is a consequence of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?

  • Strengthening moral norms
  • Encouraging moral progress
  • Promoting social responsibility
  • Leading to deterioration of moral values (correct)

    • What does non-material culture refer to?

    <p>Ideas, beliefs, values, and rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strength of the theory that holds morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?

    <p>Recognizing cultural and human differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a circumstance that contributes to increasing or diminishing the purpose pursued in an action?

    <p>Conditioning influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of holding that morality is relative to the moral norms of the society?

    <p>Moral indifference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of material culture?

    <p>Physical and tangible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cultural relativism also known as?

    <p>Ethical Relativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, what is the orientation of Stage 1?

    <p>Punishment and Obedience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a process that a culture uses to shape its members' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a society that adopts cultural relativism?

    <p>Acceptance of other cultures' moral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?

    <p>It allows for peaceful coexistence despite cultural differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Level 1 of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?

    <p>Pre-Conventional Morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of adopting cultural relativism, according to the text?

    <p>It allows one culture to solve its own moral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cultural relativism, according to the text?

    <p>It advocates true multiculturalism and adjustments for changing factors in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following words is derived from the Greek word 'ETHOS'?

    <p>Moris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter?

    <p>Metaphysics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of moral conduct, which is more general and theoretical in nature?

    <p>Ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human acts?

    <p>Involuntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the origin and nature of the universe?

    <p>Cosmology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the messenger god in Greek mythology?

    <p>Hermes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rational study of the existence and nature of God?

    <p>Theology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of knowledge and how it is acquired?

    <p>Epistemology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of morality in human acts?

    <p>Ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the worth or value of an action?

    <p>Axios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a moral dilemma?

    <p>A situation where a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the science of morality in human acts?

    <p>Ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the three-fold elements of human acts?

    <p>Knowledge, Freedom, and Values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for imperfect voluntariness?

    <p>The person acts without full awareness of their action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kinds of circumstances are there in human acts?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of beauty and taste?

    <p>Aesthetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships?

    <p>It fails to accept that not all beliefs and cultural or principles are relevant to the case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of moral development is characterized by the maintenance of social order and following laws and authority?

    <p>Stage 4: Social Order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Stage 5: Rights and Social Contracts?

    <p>Protection of individual rights and the common good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the American Theologian and Professor of Christian Ethics associated with the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?

    <p>Scott Rae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Step 2 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?

    <p>To determine the ethical issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Step 6 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?

    <p>To consider the consequences of each alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles and Conscience?

    <p>Internalized principles of justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Step 5 in the 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model?

    <p>To compare the alternatives with the virtues or principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philosophy and Ethics

    • Philosophy: love of wisdom (Sophia) and study of knowledge (Epistemology)
    • Eras of Philosophy:
      • Ancient (pre-socratic) era: cosmocentric (nature-centered)
      • Medieval Era: theocentric (god-centered)
      • Modern Era: anthropocentric (human-centered)
      • Contemporary Era: meaning and existence

    Ethics

    • Origin: Greek "Ethos" (characteristic way of acting) and Latin "Mos Moris" (custom or tradition)
    • Definition: study of moral conduct and moral dilemmas
    • Types of Voluntariness:
      • Imperfect Voluntariness: person acts without full awareness or intention
      • Simple Voluntariness: act requires performance of an activity and consideration of purpose

    Three-Fold Elements of Human Acts

    • Knowledge: awareness of one's actions and their consequences
    • Freedom: capacity to choose between alternative courses of action
    • Circumstances: contributing factors that increase or diminish moral responsibility

    Culture

    • Definition: physical and non-physical aspects of human society, including ideas, values, and norms
    • Material Culture: physical objects, resources, and spaces
    • Non-Material Culture: beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, and institutions

    Cultural Relativism

    • Definition: belief that morality is relative to one's culture
    • Strengths:
      • Recognizes cultural differences and promotes respect and tolerance
      • Produces a peaceful and harmonious society
    • Weaknesses:
      • Fails to determine moral norms and values
      • Leads to moral indifference and mediocrity

    Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

    • Level 1 (Pre-Conventional):
      • Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
      • Stage 2: Rewards and Exchange Orientation
    • Level 2 (Conventional):
      • Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships Orientation
      • Stage 4: Social Order Orientation
    • Level 3 (Post-Conventional):
      • Stage 5: Rights and Social Contract Orientation
      • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles and Conscience Orientation

    Scott Rae's 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model

    • Step 1: Gather the Facts
    • Step 2: Determine the Ethical Issues
    • Step 3: Identify the Competing Principles
    • Step 4: List the Alternatives
    • Step 5: Compare the Alternatives with the Virtues or Principles
    • Step 6: Consider the Consequences
    • Step 7: Make a Decision

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