GERON-MIDTERM-TRANSES.pdf

GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING MIDTERMS NCM335 \ FIRST SEMESTER \ MRS. AUDA F. RUSSEL, RN, MN, DScN CIT-U|BSN BIOLOGICAL TH...

GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING MIDTERMS NCM335 \ FIRST SEMESTER \ MRS. AUDA F. RUSSEL, RN, MN, DScN CIT-U|BSN BIOLOGICAL THEORY, PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY AND SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY BIOLOGICAL THEORY NON-STOCHASTIC THEORIES PROGRAMMED (HAYFLICK LIMIT) THEORY LEARNING OBJECTIVES o Define some terms Leonard Hayflick - developed the concept while at Wistar Institute o Learn the different types of Biological Theory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1965. o Differentiate Stochastic and non-stochastic theory o Cells can only reproduce themselves a limited number of time DEFINITION OF TERMS o Proposes that everyone has a “biologic clock” that starts ticking at concption Genomics is the study of the genome of deoxyribonucleic acid o This can manifest in a variety of ways, such as reduced (DNA), is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other immune function, slower wound healing, and increased organisms, providing a deeper understanding of the genetic basis risk of age-related conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. of life. IMMUNITY THEORY DNA - DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and The Immunity Theory, also known as Immune Surveillance reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. Theory, refers to the idea that the immune system plays a crucial Biological - used to describe processes and states that occur in role in protecting the body against cancer by identifying and the bodies and cells of living things. eliminating potentially cancerous cells. These cells include T cells, Biological Theory - Suggests that biological factors can influence B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, among others. how people think, feel, and behave, and can help explain individual EMERGING THEORIES OG AGING differences in personality, intelligence, and mental health. Neuroendocrine control (pacemaker) theory TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL THEORY Metabolic theory/ caloric restriction STOCHASTIC / STATISTICAL NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL THEORY Uses probability to predict a range possible outcome. Developed by Vladimir Dilman Example: weather forecasting, stock market analysis, and genetic This theory referred to as the aging clock theory and the mutation patterns pacemaker theory also known as probabilistic theory, acknowledges the role of Proposes that changes in hormone production result in organism chance and randomness in the outcomes of events. decline NON-STOCHASTIC Researches shown: also known as determine theory, assumes that every event has a 1. The female reproductive system is controlled by the specific cause and efect relationship. hypothalamus (releases hormone-estrogen) 2. During stress, the hypothalamus triggers the release of STOCHASTIC THEORIES cortisol from the adrenal glands. ERROR THEORY: LESLEY ORGEL (1953) 3. Melatonin (from pineal gland)- a regulator of biologic rhythms and powerful antioxidant. Declines sharply from just after Lesley Orgel (1953) - British chemist known for his study of the puberty origin of life. He is especially known for the Error Catastrophe ✓ Melatonin - is a hormone that regulates the sleep wake cycle Theory of Aging. ERROR CATASTROPHE THEORY: Error Theory these errors CALORIC RESTRICTION / METABOLIC THEORY can occur during DNA replication, transcription, or translation- This theory explained in unified theory of aging proposed by David decline in the accuracy of genetic information, resulting in cellular Sinclair in 2005. dysfunction and ultimately contributing to the aging process. As we age, our metabolism slows and the rate at which we break 1. Wear and tear theory where vital parts in our cells and tissues down food decreases by 10 percent each decade after age 20. wear out resulting in ageing. 2. Rate of living theory, supports the theory that the greater an PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY organism rate of oxygen basal, metabolism, the shorter its life span PSYCHOLOGIC THEORIES OF AGING 3. Cross-linkage theory according to which an accumulation of o Maslow’s Hierarchy of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing down o Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life bodily processes and thus result in ageing. o Jung’s Theory of Individualism 4. Free radical theory asserts that free radicals in the environment o Personality cause damage to cells, which eventually impairs their function o Self-Efficacy Theory RATE OF LIVING o Person-Environment Fit Theory Suggests that organisms have a limited lifespan because their cells MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS and tissues accumulate damage over time due to metabolic Hierarchy of Needs- motivate human behavior in a lifelong process activity. toward need fulfillment This theory proposes that the faster an organism’s metabolism, the Depicted as a pyramid; the ideal is to achieve self actualization, shorter its lifespan. having met all the lower-level needs successful It was first proposed by the Austrian scientist Max Rubner in 1908 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS Example: mouse- tortoise FREE RADICAL THEORY Mostly literal requirement for human survival If not met, the human body cannot function propose that aging is a process that occurs because of cell Metabolic needs-air, water, food and rest damage. When enough cells are damaged, overall funcitoning of Clothing, shelter-needed even animals the body is decreased Could classified as basic animal needs Free radical theory was first introduced by Dr. Gerschman in 1954, SAFETY NEEDS but was developed by Dr. Denham Harmann Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells and Once physical needs are met, safety needs take over cause oxidative stress, which is a process that can lead to aging Personal including emotional and disease. Health and well being Example: pollution, smoke cigarettes and radiation Financial, job security CONNECTIVE TISSUE / CROSS LINKAGE THEORY Safety of property against natural disaster, calamities, wars, etc… Law and order Proposed by Johan Bjorstein in 1942, also referred to as the SOCIAL NEEDS glycosylation theory of Aging These cross-links are chemical bonds that form between molecules Need to love and be loved and cause them to stick together, leading to various negative Need to feel sense of belonging and acceptance effects on the body’s tissues and functions. Small groups-clubs, office teams, college houses Cross-linking can also contribute to age-related diseases Large groups- political parties, sport teams, facebook such as skin aging, cataracts, Alzheimer’s disease, and ESTEEM NEEDS atherosclerosis. Self-esteem refers to the overall sense of worth and value that a WEAR AND TEAR THEORY person has for themselves. Introduced by German biologist Dr. August Weismann Esteem needs include the desire for recognition, status, and Body is like a machine, loses function when its parts wear out respect from others, as well as self-respect. As people age, their cells, tissues and organs are damaged by Sense of contribution, to feel self-valued, in profession or hobby internal or external stressors. SELF-ACTUALIZATION Good health maintenance practices will reduce the rate of wear and one’s potential, self-fulfillment, & personal growth. tear, resulting in longer and better body function. Cannot normally be reached until other lower order needs are met It represents the pinnacle of psychological development and fulfillment. Trans by Lalaine Sarra Cemine