GEOL 40310 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Lecture D4 - PDF

Geol 40310 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Lecture D4: Review and Wrap-up Autumn 2023 1 1 GEOL 40310: Fossil Fuels, and CCS Upstream: exploration, production (Tom Manzocchi) Carbon sequestration (Tom Manzocchi) Downstream: Refining (Ravi Thampi) Carbon Capture (Damian Mooney) 2...

Geol 40310 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Lecture D4: Review and Wrap-up Autumn 2023 1 1 GEOL 40310: Fossil Fuels, and CCS Upstream: exploration, production (Tom Manzocchi) Carbon sequestration (Tom Manzocchi) Downstream: Refining (Ravi Thampi) Carbon Capture (Damian Mooney) 2 2 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 1 Historical and Projected Global Energy Consumption EJ IEA Scenarios Net Zero by 2050, IEA July 2021 BP Scenarios Energy Outlook 2020 edition. BP, September 2020 3 3 The Carbon Cycle Kroeger et al. (2011) • • • • Carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, the oceans and rocks. The surficial cycle transfers carbon (CO2) between soil, vegetation, the oceans and the atmosphere. The subsurface cycle involves organic matter burial and remobilisation as oil and gas. This migrates to surface naturally over millions of years transferring carbon (CH4) to the atmosphere. 4 4 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 2 Formation of Hydrocarbons 5 5 Geological time chart Mass extinction Age of many source rocks for oil Mass extinction Age of much coal Gas source rocks are less restricted to particular ages 6 6 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 3 Plate tectonics in a nutshell • New lithosphere is created at mid-ocean ridges where seafloor spreading occurs. • Old lithosphere is returned to the asthenosphere at subduction zones. • Earthquakes occur both in regions of sea-floor spreading (shallow earthquakes) and at subduction zones (shallow, intermediate and deep earthquakes). • New igneous material (basalt) is produced at seafloor spreading centres and also (andesites and rhyolites) at arc systems above regions of collision. • Metamorphic rocks are produced in subduction regions and in areas of continentcontinent collision. 7 7 The World’s sedimentary basins glossary.oilfield.slb.com 8 8 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 4 Passive Margins and Conjugate Margins Until 200 million years ago, the Porcupine Basin shared its geological history with the highly petroliferous East Orphan Basin East Orphan Basin More discoveries in the period 2000-2012 were in passive margins that any other tectonic setting Porcupine basin 9 Bai and Xu, Oil and Gas Journal, 02/03/2014 9 Sedimentary rocks and their role in the petroleum system Organic rich marine shales, Kilve, SW England. Submarine fan deposits at Co Clare, Ireland River deposits at Budleigh Salterton, SW England. Delta deposits, Book Cliffs, Utah. 10 10 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 5 Petroleum System for conventional oil & gas • A functional petroleum systems comprises a combination of several geological processes Stratigraphic necessities: Geometrical necessity: Seal rock Trap Required Processes: Accumulation and retention Reservoir rock Migration Source rock Maturation 11 11 Petroleum System – Shale Gas and Shale Oil • A functional petroleum systems comprises a combination of several geological processes Stratigraphic necessities: Geometrical necessity: Seal rock Trap None of these other factors are necessary Reservoir rock Non in a shale gas reservoir : no migration occurs and the source rock, reservoir rock and seal rock are one and the same. Required Processes: Accumulation and retention Migration Source rock Maturation 12 12 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 6 US Shale Gas and Tight Oil production Shale gas: 79% of total US production in 2021 Tight oil: 64% of total US production in 2021 13 13 Exploration in a hydrocarbon Province 14 14 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 7 Oil and Gas Exploration - Ireland Image: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 15 15 16 16 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 8 Historical and projected Natural Gas production and demand, Ireland • During the 1980s and early 1990s indigenous gas production matched demand. • By 2014 96% of natural gas used in Ireland was imported, all from the UK. • The Corrib field started production in late 2015, but production does not meet demand 17 17 Exploration and Development Wells, Offshore Ireland Source: Petroleum Affairs Division 18 Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment 18 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 9 Status of oil and gas exploration, Ireland July 2019: Climate Emergency Bill, calling for a ban on issuing oil and gas exploration licenses is passed by majority vote twice by the Dáil but is killed off by budgetary considerations. September 2019: Taoiseach Leo Varadkar tells the UN that Ireland will stop oil exploration but will continue to explore for gas as a transitionary fuel. This Oil Exploration Ban policy agreed by Government in October 2019. July 2020: The Programme for Government pledges to stop issuing licences for gas exploration on the same basis as the oil exploration ban agreed by the previous government. 19 Norway: oil and gas profits and emissions Domestic and Exported emissions, 2016 2016 emissions (megatonne) Quarterly adjusted Equinor Profits ($bn) Equinor profits 2008 - 2021 Emissions within Norway Exported emissions Source: The New Statesman, March 2022. https://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2022/03/bo om-time-in-norway-as-the-west-cracks-down-on-russian-oil 20 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 10 Historical and projected oil and gas production, Norway 1970 - 2027 2021: 53 new exploration licenses awarded offshore Norway Source: Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, October 2023. https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/production-and-exports/production-forecasts/ 21 Stages of work in a reservoir Appraisal 22 22 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 11 Hydrocarbon Volume in place (example for oil) Gross Rock Volume Stock tank Oil Initially In Place Formation Volume Factor Porosity STOIIP = GRV * NTG * φ* SO * (1/BO) Net:Gross Ratio Oil saturation Ultimate Recovery UR= STOIIP * RECOVERY FACTOR 23 23 Wireline logging Jahn et al. (2008) 24 24 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 12 Logging and drilling technology (Wytch Farm Field, Southern England) Well M11: The first 10 km reach well Side-tracked to maximise length in the most productive unit of the Sherwood sandstone. Brought on-stream at a rate of 20,000 BOPD. 25 25 Seismic acquisition and processing technology (Corrib Field, Offshore Ireland) 2006 Re-processed legacy towed streamer data 2014 FINAL (beta) processed OBC data Improved reservoir and fault and overburden imaging Legacy towed streamer 2006 Re-processed legacy towed streamer data New OBC Top reser between 2014 FINAL (beta) processed OBC data Where is theWhere Top Reservoir? is the Top Reservoir? 26 26 Field outline can now be picked with confidence Legacy towed streamer Geol 40310 Lecture D4 New OBC 13 Reservoir Exploration, Appraisal and Development Ula Field - Norwegian Central Graben • • • • • • Discovered 1976 (well 7/12-2), BP. Came on stream 1986. Est STOIIP: 1.1 billion bbls. Produced to 2013: 450 million bbls. Expected final production: 540 million bbls. Total Investment to 2013: 23 billion NOK (ca. 4 billion US$). First oil 27 Heum (1996), Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 27 Primary, secondary and tertiary recovery Ula Field - Norwegian Central Graben Primary depletion Secondary Recovery: Waterflooding Tertiary Recovery (EOR) Miscible Gas Inection Oil production rate (mbbls/d) Plateau 2 Plateau 1 2012 2006 GOR (scf/stb) Start Foam Assisted WAG Extend WAG Scheme First Gas returns Sttart decline Water breakthrough Increased injection rate Start miscible WAG 1996 1986 Gas Injection rate (mmscf/d) Start water injection Watercut (%) Water Injection rate (mbbls/d) Arrested decline 28 Zhang et al. (2013) 28 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 14 GEOL 40310: Fossil Fuels, and CCS Upstream: exploration, production (Tom Manzocchi) Carbon sequestration (Tom Manzocchi) Down-stream: Refining (Ravi Thampi) Carbon Capture Damian Mooney 29 29 30 30 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 15 CO2 emission reduction from 2020, IEA Net Zero Scenario Efficiency Electrification Renewables Carbon Capture and Storage CCS contibutes about 15% of total CO2 emissions reduction in this scenario “Net Zero by 2050”, IEA, July 2021 31 31 CO2 capture 2010-2050: IEA Net Zero Scenario * * * Negative emissions technology “Net Zero by 2050”, IEA, July 2021 32 32 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 16 Comparison of Energy Systems in 2050: IEA net-zero scenario and 18 net-zero scenarios considered by the IPCC (2018) Amount of CO2 captured and stored across the total energy system: 5 – 17 Gt CO2 / year “Net Zero by 2050”, IEA, July 2021 33 33 Subsurface Sequestration (Geosequestration) Depleted oil/gas fields Oil and gas have been trapped in these locations for millions of years. The reservoirs have high porosity and permeability; the caps and structures are probably robust and the available volumes tend to be large. Unminable coal seams CO2 adsorbs onto the surface of coal. During adsorption the coal releases previously adsorbed methane which can be recovered (enhanced coal bed methane). The technical feasibility is highly dependent upon the permeability of the coal bed. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) CO2 is injected into oil and gas reservoirs in order to increase the recovery factor of the hydrocarbons. The CO2 is left behind upon field abandonment. Saline aquifers CO2 is injected into unusable saline aquifers. However, issues of phase changes, solubility and leakage remain to be satisfactorily addressed. Mineral sequestration This involves injection CO2 into fractured basic and ultrabasic rocks (e.g. ophiolites, peridotites), rich in olivine or serpentine. The CO2 reacts to form stable carbonates and the CO2 is sequestered with no risk of leakage. However, the process of subsurface mineral sequestration (carbonation) is largely untested at an industrial scale. 34 34 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 17 CO2 sequestration with EOR (e.g. Weyburn oilfield) • Ca. 2 billion barrels Oil-in-place, 35% recovery factor to 2018 • Field is sequestering 2 million tonnes of CO2 a year, towards a total storage capacity of ca. 55 Mt CO2 35 35 CO2 EOR in the Permian Basin. Over 70% of CO2 used in CO2 EOR projects in the USA comes from natural sources Natural CO2 reservoirs Oil reservoirs using CO2 EOR Wasson SACROC Industrial CO2 sources 36 36 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 18 CO2 Sequestration in saline aquifers (e.g. Sleipner CO2 Storage Project) Equinor have been sequestering 1 million tonnes of CO2 per year in the Utsira sandstone from the Sleipner gas platform since 1996. 37 37 Global CO2 volumes sequestered, 1970 - 2020 Million tonnes of CO2 / year operational In construction Dedicated geological storage 1972: Val Verde USA 1996: Sleipner, Norway Enhanced oil recovery In 2022, we sequestered 43 million tonnes, mainly as part of EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) activities. Data from Global Status of CCS 2022; Global CCS Institute 38 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 19 Mineral sequestration The Hellisheidi geothermal plant, Iceland. CO2 – saturated water circulated through basalt at 1500m depth, to generate heat. CO2 is mineralized as carbonates within two years. Capture from Power-plant: 2014: 12,000 tonnes CO2/year captured (ca. 30% of emissions) Under construction: “Silverstone” plant will increase capture rate to 34,000 tonnes CO2/year DAC plants at Hellisheidi: 2017: 50 tonnes/year 2021: 4,000 tonnes/year (Orca plant) Under construction: 36,000 tonnes/year (Mammoth plant) 39 39 CO2 trapping mechanisms Storage in saline aquifers Storage in peridotites Main challenge of mineral trapping is the very low reaction rates National academies Press, 2019, http://nap.edu/25259 40 40 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 20 CCS: historical vs. IEA Net Zero Scenario 40 million tonnes in 2020 to 7,500 million tonnes in 2050 41 41 Lecture D4. Review and wrap-up. 1. Overview of Upstream and sequestration parts of course. 2. Employment options 3. Module Assessment 42 42 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 21 Future energy consumption and investments, BP Scenarios 43 Energy Outlook 2020 edition. BP, September 2020 43 2020 44 44 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 22 2021 • • • Methane Management and Flaring Elimination Decommissioning Orphan Oil and Gas Wells Carbon Capture and Storage • • • Converting Refineries/Petrochemical Plants New Materials Innovation Geothermal 45 45 2023 46 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 23 Lecture D4. Review and wrap-up. 1. Overview of Upstream and sequestration parts of course. 2. Employment options 3. Module Assessment 47 47 GEOL 40310 - Fossil Fuels and CCS Module Structure – labs, presentations, posters: 1. Geology and reservoir engineering practicals: Examination of rocks and minerals; calculation of oilfield reserves 2. Poster: Poster presentations on a topic associated with petroleum processing, by pairs of students. 3. Presentations: Seminar presentations of group research on set topics. Module Assessment - 2 hour MCQ exam: 50% - Continual assessment (practicals, presentations): 50% 48 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 24 GEOL 40310: Module Assessment Two-hour MCQ examination 16:30 – 18:30, Friday 15th December 2023 RDS Shelbourne Hall 60 questions, 2 two hours. No books, phones, notes, calculators etc. A shortened sample paper is provided on the Brightspace site. NB: The sample paper includes a few questions on topics we have not discussed this year. (You will not be examined on aspects we have not covered in the actual MCQ). 49 GEOL 40310: Module Assessment Group Seminars Friday 24th November 15:00 – 17:30 Room F103A-ART, Newman Building 25-minute seminar plus 10 minutes Q&A 50 50 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 25 GEOL 40310: Student Feedback on Modules Please provide your feed-back on the module – this will help students in subsequent years! (that’s why I didn’t ask you to write a report….) 51 51 Geol 40310 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) 52 Geol 40310 Lecture D4 26