Geography of Asia PDF

THE CONTINENT OF ASIA  Asia -Largest and most populous continent in the world. -Sharing borders with **Europe** and **Africa** to its West, **Oceania** to its South, and North **America** to its East. -Believed that the name may be derived from the Assyrian word asu, meani...

THE CONTINENT OF ASIA  Asia -Largest and most populous continent in the world. -Sharing borders with **Europe** and **Africa** to its West, **Oceania** to its South, and North **America** to its East. -Believed that the name may be derived from the Assyrian word asu, meaning "east." -The total area of Asia, including Asian Russia (with the Caucasian isthmus) but excluding the island of New Guinea, amounts to some 17,226,200 square miles (44,614,000 square km). Southwest Asia is the middle east [West Asia (KANLURANG ASYA)] -Middle east - Bahrain - Cyprus - Iran (Persia) old name - Iraq - Israel - Jordan - Kuwait - Lebanon - Oman - Qatar - Saudi Arabia - Syria - Turkey - United Arab Emirates - Yemen The [Caucasus] includes -Mountainous region -Also included in Central Asia - Armenia - Azerbaijan Georgia - Parts of Russia [Central Asia (HILAGANG ASYA aka GITNANG ASYA )] - Ended in STAN (land of the) is located just north of Iran and Afghanistan and south of Russia, consisting of - Kazakhstan - Kyrgyzstan - Tajikistan - Turkmenistan - Uzbekistan  [East Asia (SILANGANG ASYA)] - S&N KOREA old name is KOREA - South Korea is Democratic - North Korea is Countries - China - Japan - North Korea - South Korea - Mongolia - Hong Kong -administrative region of China - Macau - administrative region of China - Taiwan -- FORMOSA old name [South Asia (TIMOG ASYA)] Countries include - Bangladesh - Bhutan - India Hindus - Maldives - Nepal - Pakistan muslims - Sri Lanka  [Southeast Asia (TIMOG­­- SILANGANG ASYA)] 2 types [Mainland Southeast Asia and Insular Southeast Asia] Countries of Southeast Asia include - Brunei - Cambodia - Indonesia - Laos - Malaysia - Myanmar (or Burma) - Philippines - Singapore - Thailand - East Timor (or Timor-Leste) - Vietnam THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF MAN ORIGINS AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION  [The Origins of Species by means of Natural Selection ] - Charles Darwin pioneer and an evolutionary biologist - The story started in an island where he saw that different species he notice that they evolve. - He saw that animals has similarities and patterns - By means of natural selection (survival of the fittest) they need to evolve to survive. - He hey showed evidences, proofs from the fossils that made some Athropologist believed and followed him. - 1859 - Contrary to the Creation Story - Chain of evolution - Four (4) Stages of evolution of man - Hominids - Homo Habilis - Homo Erectus - Homo Sapiens [Man's Earliest Ancestors] - Australopithecines - Australo (Apes) - Pithecines (south) - Australopithecus(Southern Ape) - Appeared more than 4 million years ago in Africa - Probably used tools made from the bones of animals fed on [Ramapithecus ( Rama- India)] - Lived for about 12 million years - Europe, Asia and Africa [Australopithecus Afarensis] - [Australopithecine] girl named "[Lucy]") - Men \^ - Lived between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. - It retained the apelike face with a sloping forehead, a distinct ridge over the eyes, flat nose and a chinless lower jaw. - It had a brain capacity of about 450 cc. It was between 3\'6\" and 5\' tall. - Not able to talk - It was fully bipedal (can walk in her two feet) and the thickness of its bones showed that it was quite strong. [Australopithecus Africanus ] - Was quite similar to afarensis and lived between three and two million years ago - It was also bipedal, but was slightly larger in body size, no speech activity. - Its brain size was also slightly larger, ranging up to 500 cc. - The brain was not advanced enough for speech. - The molars were a little larger than in afarensis and much larger than modern human. - They are the first one to eat meat. Paleolithic diet. [Australopithecus Robustus (Robust means big body)] - Believed to live for about 1.5 to 2 million years ago - Had a body similar to that of Africanus but has larger and more massive skull and teeth - It's huge face was flat and with no forehead - It had large brow ridges and a sagittal crest - Brain size was up to 525cc with no indication of speech capability [Australopithecus Boisei (Boi-si- i)] - BOISEI means Nut-cracker man - Hominid ate a rough and hard to chew diet - He had huge molars and jaws and a large sagittal crest - Massive chewing muscles were anchored to this crest - No indication of speech function RAMAPITHICUS AFRICANUS ROBUST big body BOISEI molars [Hominids ] - Early forms of man - Appeared in the period called the Pleistocene or Ice Age - Homo is the Latin word for "[Man]" [Homo Habilis ] - Means "[Handy Man" or "Tool User]" - Named by [Dr. Louis Leakey ] - Found the fossils and bone fragments at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, Africa - Believed to have developed from the Australopithecines - Was only 1.22 meters (4 feet) tall - Hands and fingers suggested that it was able to make simple stone tools for slicing meat and tearing plant food apart [Homo Erectus ] - Upright man or erect man (BIPEDAL) - Appeared about 1,600,000 million years ago in Africa - It had low forehead and a large chinless jaw - Made and used a wider variety of stone tools - Mastered the use of fire oHunted animals - Used chapping tools and simple hand-axes **FIRE WAS THE GREATEST DISCOVERY DURING THIS TIME, BY LIGHTNING.** [Homo Erectus] PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS OR JAVA MAN from Indonesia SINANTHROPUS PEKINENSIS OR PEKING MAN from peking China [Homo Sapiens] - Means "wise man" or "intelligent man" but not a human - First found in Swanscombe, England and in Stenheim, Germany 450,000 years ago - Resembles to Homo Erectus but had a larger brain and smaller jaws and teeth - Developed round skull and long straight limbs [EXAMPLES] [Homo Sapiens] --Neanderthalensis (Neanderthal Man) - Found in Neander Valley in neatherlands - Believed to have live between 150,000 -- 31,000 years ago - Had a longer skull, with a huge bulge called occipital bun - Produces more complex tools and weapons, engaged in hunting and used fire Homo Sapiens -- Cro-Magnon Man - Dr. Leaky - Lived in Northern Africa, Western and Central Asia, and Europe - They stood over 5 ½ feet tall - Resembled to todays Scandinavians in build - They made flake tools, fished and hunted birds and large mammals [Homo Sapiens Sapiens] - Modern Man - 120,000 years ago up to present - Has a brain size of about 1,450 cc in this brain size has an indication of speech - Well proportioned face with fully developed chin - Used advance tools such as harpoons made from antlers and stone tools for scraping APES no TALE MONKEY has TALE [Cultural Evolution] The Old Stone Age (400,000 BCE --8,000 BCE) - Known as Rough Stone Stage or Paleolithic Age (Greek roots meaning "old" and "stone" - Divided into three: - Lower Paleolithic, - Middle Paleolithic and - Upper Paleolithic [Lower Paleolithic Age ] - Associated with homo erectus - Acheulian -- the most widespread tool making tradition - Which took its name from the French village of St. Acheul, where it was first identified - Used for digging roots and other foods from the ground - Associated with hunter's prey -- deer, horses, monkeys and birds [Middle Paleolithic Age] - Associated with the Neanderthals - Tool making revolved around the so called Mousterian technology - Tools for scrapers, sawing, gouging and piercing - E.g. Flake tools used by the Homo Neanderthalensis  [Upper Paleolithic Age] - Associated and traditions of early Homo Sapiens Sapiens - Emphasized blade tools - Longer than flakes - Made modified to produce a variety of special-purposes - Requirements for cooperative hunting of woolly mammoths, rhinoceros, bison, wild boars, horses, bears, and reindeer [The New Stone Age (8,000 to 4,000 BCE] - Also known as polished stone age or "Neolithic Age" - Stone tools made generally round or oval in shape - The body, as well as the weapon blade showed signs of polishing - Axes and knives had a tongue-like shape - Started to wear bark cloths - Cultivate the soil and domesticated animals - Wheat and barley were the earliest grain plants [Age of Metals] Asia first used metals - Late Neolithic age - Man entered a new stage of development using metals - Artisans in the Near East made use of metals - Divided into three period: The Copper Stage, The Bronze Stage and The Iron Stage [The Copper Age] - First metal discovered by man - Fair and easy to extract - The Egyptians first used copper as early as 5,000 BCE - Soft copper was largely used for ornamental purposes. [The Bronze Age] - Mixture of copper and tin result bronze (durable than copper) - Use to made stronger and more durable tools, weapons and utensils such as swords, daggers, axes, knives, hammers, arrow heads and farm implements. [The Iron Age] - Hittites of Asia Minor first learned to melt a new metal from one - Harder and more durable than bronze - Discovery improved method because of iron - Better road and cities emerged during this period WEST ASIA (KANLURANG ASYA) Bahrain Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, S. Arabia Turkey, Syria, UAE, Yemen CAUCASUS Also included in Central Asia Armania, Georgia, Azerbaijan CENTRAL ASIA (HILAGANG ASYA aka GITNANG ASYA ) Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzabekistan, Tajikistan, Turkministan EAST ASIA (SILANGANG ASYA) China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia, Macau, Taiwan, Hong Kong SOUTH ASIA (TIMOG ASYA) - Lupain ng hiwaga Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka SOUTHEAST ASIA (TIMOG­­- SILANGANG ASYA) Brunei, Cambodia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore