Geography Lesson One PDF

HSTE1 - Geography The Branches of Geography Handout 1, Lesson 1 Part 1: Introduction to For Human Geography Geography 1. Historical Geography Meaning of Geography...

HSTE1 - Geography The Branches of Geography Handout 1, Lesson 1 Part 1: Introduction to For Human Geography Geography 1. Historical Geography Meaning of Geography A sub-discipline of human geography concerned The study of places and the relationships between with the geographies of the past and with the people and their environments (National influence of the past in shaping the geographies Geographic Society). of the present and the future (Heffernan, 2018). The study of the diverse environments, places, A geographic study of a place or region at a and spaces of Earth’s surface and their specific time or period in the past, or the study of interactions (Britannica). geographic change in a place or region over some Originates from Greek geōgraphía combining the time. words gêo 'Earth' and gráphō 'write.’ Example: How Herodotus discussed the Or geo and graphein formation of the Nile River delta. (Egypt is the gift of the Nile.” Brief History of Geography 2. Economic Geography Geography’s modern discipline is rooted in ancient practices. A subfield of human geography that focuses on Concerned with the characteristics of places, their studying and explaining the various places and natural environments and peoples as well as the spaces where economic activities occur and relationship between the two. circulate. Stores of knowledge were built up about such Analyzes the impact of economic changes on new and exotic places as demonstrated by space, place, and geographical circulation Herodotus. (International Encyclopedia of Human Later became known as geography, a term first Geography, 2009.) used as the title of Eratosthenes of Cyrene’s book 3. Social Geography Geographica in the 3rd century BC. Soon after, Strabo, and much later, Ptolemy Focuses on everyday life and the way social compiled a large amount of information about the groups interact with each other and the spaces in latitude and longitude of places as well as one of which they live (Science Direct). the first maps of the world (next slide). Concentrates on divisions within society, initially, Using geography, Eratosthenes and other Greeks class, ethnicity, and, to a lesser extent, religion developed an understanding of where their (Britannica). homeland was located concerning other places, 4. Political Geography what their own and other places were like, and how people and environments were distributed. A study of how humans have divided up the Nature of Geography Earth's surface for management and control purposes. Geography as a natural and social science. A field of inquiry concerned with the The social side of geography considers how geographical organization of governance, how humans and human society relate to the natural geographical imaginations figure in world landscape and atmosphere. politics, and the spatial basis of political identities Not just concerned with describing places but and associated political movements (Wiley also with explaining certain phenomena. Online Library). 5. Cultural Geography Study of the relationship between culture and place. Examines the cultural values, practices, discursive and material expressions, and artifacts  of people, the cultural diversity and plurality of 3. Human-Environment Interaction society, how cultures are distributed over space, Explores the relationship between human societies and how places and identities are produced, how the natural world around them. people make sense of places and build senses of place, and how people produce and communicate It examines how humans modify and adapt to their knowledge and meaning. environment and how the environment affects human behavior and culture. Physical Geography 4. Movement 1. Mathematical Geography - deals with the figures and motions of the earth, its seasons and tides, its Refers to the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across measurement, and its representation on maps and charts various locations. by various methods of projection. It explores how and why things move from one place to 2. Soil Geography - studies the formation and distribution another and how this movement impacts the world. of soil on the Earth's surface. Movement is categorizable into different types, such as 3. Climatology - the study of climate and how it changes human migration, transportation of goods and services, over time. communication of ideas, and cultural diffusion. 4. Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species 5. Region and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Concerned with how areas are similar or different based on their physical or cultural characteristics. 5. Geomorphology – a study of landforms and landform evolution. Various factors such as language, religion, political boundaries, climate, landforms, and economic systems Themes of Geography can define regions. A complex subject that encompasses multiple Research Methods in Geography: educational disciplines. Tools in Geography It has been divided into five themes to facilitate the teaching of geography in schools and Scientific in nature (hence the use of scientific method). universities. Oriented in gathering and analysis of data and production 1. Location of useful knowledge. Can be qualitative, quantitative, or a mix of both methods. Refers to a specific place or position on the Earth's surface. Other Tools in Geography: Maps 2 types of location: absolute and relative. Map –symbolic representations of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface. Absolute location - exact place on Earth, often given in terms of latitude and longitude Cartography – the art and science of creating maps. (coordinates). However, with cartography also comes distortion which Relative Location - a description of how a place affects our perceptions of places. is related to other places. Example: Because of the Mercator projection, the 2. Place Philippines often looked smaller than the Korean Peninsula and the United Kingdom even though in terms Refers to a location's unique physical and human of land area, the Philippines is larger than them. characteristics. Considers tangible features such as landforms, More at the back climate, vegetation, and water bodies and intangible elements such as culture, language, religion, and traditions that make a place distinct from others. Lesson 1, Part 2: Mga Konsepto ng Ilaya at Ilawud Ayon pa kay Padre Francisco Colin, S.J. (sumulat noong 1663): (Landform and Geographic Analysis) Na ang mga naninirahan sa baybayin ay nililinang Konsepto ng Ilaya at Ilawud ang mga karagatan hindi lamang sa pangingisda Likas sa mga Pilipino bilang isang lipi. kundi pati sa pangangalakal sa karatig-lugar pati Nagpapakita ito ng relasyon sa pagitan ng na sa karatig na mga bansa. baybay-dagat at interior. Ang mga ilog naman ay naging mahalagang daan sa kalakalan sa pagitan ng mga nasa kapatagan Ilawud (ilawud) at kabundukan (ilaya). Nangangahulugang “sa dakong papuntang dagat Halimbawa: ang isda ay mula sa baybay-dagat o lawud. (ilawud) habang ang ube, gabi, at palay ay galling “Downstream” o lugar na binababaan ng ilog sa bundok o (ilaya). mula sa bundok. Ang mga mauunlad na pamayanan naman ay may mga masisigasig na kalakalang panlabas, Tumutukoy din sa mga komunidad na nasa wawa kalakalan sa ibang mga pulo ng Pilipinas, at ng ilog o sa-ilud (Veneracion, 2000). kalakalang ilawud at ilaya. Mga ibang katawagan: Lilod (Maranao), Laud (Ilokano), Ilawud (Surigaonon), Ilakud Batay sa mga pangunahing batis at pag-aaral ng (Cordillera), Ilawod (Bikolano). mga arkeologo, ito ay ang mga pamayanan ng Maynila, Laguna, Sulu, Cebu, Calatagan, Butuan, Ilaya Cotabato, Lingayen, at Lambak ng Cagayan. Nangangahulugang “sa dakong itaas, sa pinagmumulan ng ilog.” Upstream, o lugar na pinagmumulan ng ilog. Tumutukoy din sa mga komunidad na nasa pinagmumulan ng ilog o sa-raya (Veneracion, 2000). Mga ibang katawagan: Raia (Maranao), Raya (Maguindanao), Daya (Ilokano), Ilaya (Surigaonon), Aplay o iwanga (Cordillera), Iraya (Bikolano. Kaugnayan sa Kamalayan at Sibilisasyong Pilipino Ang mga salitang daya, raya, o laya na nangangahulugang “sa ibabaw ng ilog” o “sa itaas” ay pangkaraniwang salitang ugat sa maraming wika at diyalektong Pilipino. Ang mga katutubo namang naninirahan sa looban at kabundukan ay tinatawag na Irraya o Iraya, Ilaya, o Mandaya. Ang Kalakalang Ilawud-Ilaya Sa pangkalahatan, ang mga katutubo sa Pilipinas ay may dalawang uri ng pamayanan: Mga naninirahan malapit sa baybaying dagat at mga naininirahan sa looban. Napuna at naitala na din ito ni Miguel de Loarca na naging encomendero sa Butuan.