GEOGRAPHIC-DETERMINISM_quiz2.pdf

GEOGRAPHIC DETERMINISM – theory that 1. Exclusionary – import quotas and Is always cultural, political, and human act determined by geographical tariffs, restrictions on immigration, spatial – systems of interactio...

GEOGRAPHIC DETERMINISM – theory that 1. Exclusionary – import quotas and Is always cultural, political, and human act determined by geographical tariffs, restrictions on immigration, spatial – systems of interaction, conditions shaped the wars, power, politics, and limit on importation of foreign TV power over other others, connection social development of the people programs gated communities over spaces 2. Inclusionary – attracting in Highlanders – become hunter gatherers KAUTILYA’s MANDALA SYSTEM – the circle of (benefit/advantage) such as Lowlanders – tight community and propagate things investments agriculture Your kingdom has neighboring GEOGRAPHY – examination, description, and 2. STATE – “ultimate regulator” – kingdoms – immediate neighbor is explanation of Earth guarantor and limiter (laws) your enemy Geography: land area, location, Important to establish allies – the REGIONS – areas identified by distinctive climate, topography, and natural enemy of your enemy is a friend characteristics that distinguish them from resources surrounding areas (physical, human, or a CAPITALISM requires: GEOPOLITICS (HEYWOOD, 2011) – access to combination) the sea for trade and security A state that works for it rather than - are spatial models devised by humans for against it geographic analysis and understanding TEMPERATE CLIMATE is the best A set of cultural understandings type away from earthquake zones celebrating the virtues of money REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY – concentrates on and frequent violent tropical storms making, hard work, private property, the characteristics of a region Navigable rivers for transport, trade, progress, and etc. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS – unpredictability and energy production: arable for A geography which enhances of natural process operates in an unusually or farming and access to mineral and productivity through speeding up the violent fashion energy resources circulation of capital through its ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION – human "our interest has to be in relating to the material various phases activities that are a serious threat for the world in harnessing its naturally occurring "the logic of capitalist development, its attempt existence of living organisms substances and forces in order to realize our to subordinate everything else to its purposes changing needs for sustenance, shelter, and logics, including culture and the state, is THREE PRINCIPAL IDEAS OF POLITICAL affection, creative expression, etc." - the social GEOGRAPHY central to understanding the political geography processes in political geography of the contemporary world." - the social 1. Territory (power and space) – area 3. SOCIAL PROCESSES – different types processes and political geography whose content seeks to control in these of demand (economic, cultural, material, ways JOHN AGNEW’S (1987) suggestion that places symbolic) are the combination of three aspects: TERRITORIALITY – activity of Any social process, action we defending, controlling, excluding, and 1. Location – role a place plays in the perform in society, has a diversity of including (with influence) world or its function, i.e. key industries aspects Action is invariably both individual 2. Locale – institutions that organize TWO KINDS OF TERRITORIAL activity, politics, and identity in a place and social communication, division ACTIVITIES 3. Sense of place – connected to people’s of labor identity, is a function of membership in a  number of collective identities such as 2. A way of “seeing the world” representations that allow for the control gender, race, social class, profession, Operate under the belief that the of territory and the extraction of nationality, place world is a “transparent space” that is resources The unique character of a place “seeable” and knowable” from the vantage point of the white, male, COSMOPOLITANISM – attachment to no and higher-class viewpoint of the 6. Feminist geopolitics has invoked the particular place theoretician need for a “populated” geopolitics, one - Globalization created a class of “global that identifies the complexity of the citizens” who travel across the globe on Feminist critique – rests on the idea that all world, and the particular situations of business and political trips, or even for leisure knowledge is “situated” and “partial” people across the world, as opposed to DIASPORAS – networks of migrants who Classical geopoliticians were from privileged the simplistic models of classic establish connections between places across class, race, and gender backgrounds in geopolitics and their simple explanations the globe Western countries PLACES ARE NETWORKS OF SOCIAL 3. From the identification of “situated ALFRED THAYER MAHAN (1940-1914) US RELATIONS knowledge” – not just a matter of NAVY ADMIRAL – President of Newport War countries competing against each other, College and the Naval War College – influenced 1. Places are products of human activity Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, and Kaiser there are many “situations” or the – socially constructed (including social Wilhelm II competition for territory is broader than hierarchies) - believed that great powers were those state practices 2. Places are dynamic (they change over countries, who insularity, coupled with an easily State and non-state actors are all time) defensible coastline, provided a secure base engaged in control of territory 3. Places can only be fully understood from which, with the aid of a network of land Geopolitics is the multiple practices through their interactions with other bases, sea-power could be developed, and and multiple presentations of a wide places national and global power attained and variety of territories PLACES ARE SITES OF MULTIPLE enhances CONFLICTS 4. Include critical geopolitics – practice The Politics of Scale – actions of individuals SIR HALFORD MACKINDER (1861-1947) the of identifying the power relationships and groups of individuals range in their most well known and influential geopolitician within geopolitical statements geographic scope or reach during this period A lot of phrases used to justify state WHAT IS GEOPOLITICS? practices are put under critical Influenced by Alfred Thayer Mahan is an approach to foreign policy analysis that scrutiny to see how they try to Saw global politics as a “closed understands the actions, relationships and restrict our view of the world and system: actions of different countries significance of states in terms of geographical promote limited number of policies were necessarily interconnected, factors (Heywood, 2011) Aims to encourage anti-geopolitics and that the major axis of conflict 1. Connection between geopolitics and was between land-and sea-powers statesmanship: the practices and 5. Contemporary geopolitics identifies HEARTLAND THEORY – core of Eurasia (Pivot representations of territorial strategies the sources, practices, and Area) – territorial core of the USSR  Eurocentric RUSSIA Vladimir Putin blamed Mikhail Who rules East Europe commands Gorbachev for undermining Russian Vastest, immense the Heartland security Who rules the Heartland commands Population is key where Russia is lacking WHY IS RUSSIA NOT AN ASIAN POWER? the World Island Who rules World Island commands Russia has both European and Siberia is the treasure chest, its source the world African side of power, but very harsh lands 9TH CENTURY KIEVAN RUS – loose federation Poor transportation with only two railway “World Island” = Eurasian + African of East Slavic Tribes in Kiev (Kyiv) and other networks landmasses towns along the Dnieper River China is powerful in the Asian GOALS – maintain British global preeminence in intersection Due to the Mongols expanding → they the face of challenge from Germany, the country Not so much ethnically Russians had to relocate northeast in and around most likely to “rule” eastern Europe, and in the Pays little allegiance to Moscow city of Moscow – GRAND process, resist changes to British PRINCIPALITY OF MOSCOW 1979-1989 – Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 2 prevalent features of classic geopolitics in Russia has no buffer zones during the cold war Heartland Theory Ivan the great – expanded It has warm water ports = freedom Ivan the terrible – ruthless 1. Used a limited and dubious Western- Access to seas are controlled by other Peter the Great – founded the Russian centric “theory” of history to claim an powers empire objective, neutral, and informed MUJAHIDEEN – Muslim freedom Empress Catherine the Great – intellectual basis for a very biased or fighters occupied Ukraine and reach Carphatian “situated” view with the aim of mountains as well as Baltic states Arctic ports are always freezing advocating and justifying the policy of CAUCAUSUS MOUNTAINS – had to Vladivostok – Japan part, halts the flow one particular country. Disseminated a of trade and prevents Russian fleets expand to protect the capital catchy phrase or saying to influence - A geographical disadvantage if not Tsarist Russia ended in 1917 (Nicholas policy. only for oil and gas II) 2. Crossover between academic or “formal - Persian Gulf – below Iran geopolitics and state policy or “practical” SOVIET UNION – “Workers of the World Unite” geopolitics) NEUTRAL STATES NEAR RUSSIA – have their – a superpower own resources Everything was going to Moscow PRO-RUSSIAN STATES – tied economies to (colonial power ruler) benefited a lot Russia, i.e. Kazakhstan with the largest Russian from the Union minority population Moscow was so protected during the Soviet Union CSTO – Collection Security Treaty Organization 1945 – end of WWII – Counterpart of NATO 1949 – creation of NATO UKRAIN SECURITY PROBLEM 1955 – Warsaw Pact (eventually disintegrated) - Membership of NATO is a red line  - NEED TO JOIN EU → NATO - Russia controls the central heating - CHINA AND INDIA benefited a lot - The west was pulling Ukraine of homes in Baltic from Russia during war – remained - CRIMEA was annexed in 2014 – ha neutral countries MOLDOVA AND RUSSIA many Russian speaking Ukrainians and the port of Sevastopol - TRANSNITRIA – region with pro- - Half of Germany’s supply is from - Access to Black sea Russians which Russia already do Russia control RUSSIA ALSO HAS A BASE IN SYRIA - CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS – buffer - Russia cut FINLAND’s supply when - Bordering with Turkey – NATO zone it joined NATO member - TREATY OF PARIS brought parts of Bessarabia of Moldova were ARTICLE 5 COLLECTIVE DEFENSE 4 main gas pipelines network in Russia returned to Russia - An attack against one ally is - STALIN SETTLED RUSSIANS IN 1. Nord stream considered as an attack against all TRANSNITRIA – which broke away 2. Blue stream allies as an independent republic 3. South stream - US provides majority of the NATO - However reliant on Russia for 4. Turk stream budget energy supplies and they sell RESTRAINING CRITICISM = STRONGER agricultural commodities to Russia NATO HAS 12 FOUNDING MEMBERS but “US RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA - It will affect its economy if it breaks is far, Russia is near” principle is applied away from Russian jurisdiction KURILLE ISLANDS – NORTH OF HOKKAIDO GEOPOLITICS OF RUSSIA AS A MAJOR GEORGIA AND RUSSIA RUSSIA NOW POWER - Wine-producing - Spent $300m to meddle abroad - Even if you’re not Russian, you are - 2008 Georgia-Russian war allowed - Befriends Latin America – the least considered one as long as you Russian troops to occupy large parts friendly with US i.e. Valenzuela speak Russian of the former i.e. Abkhazia/South - Spending massively on its Arctic - Top aid to Ukraine has been the US, Ottesia – in which Russia has full military forces, shown interest with second is EU, third Britain, and control now Greenland fourth Germany – military heavy - Putin called Ukraine “Novorossiya” or “New Russia” in 2014 - GAS and OIL as resources, second - Send Russians to live in other to the US – supplier of natural gas places and claim them as “ethnic (better relations, pay less) Russians” THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT SUPPORTS - 25 % of Europe’s gas and oil comes PRO-RUSSIANS IN UKRAINE DURING from Russia, the closer to Moscow, ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA the greater its dependency - Russia tries to influence the Baltic states