Introduction to Surveying & Mapping PDF

Introduction to Surveying & Mapping GEOMATICS Science of the collection, analysis, & interpretation of data especially instrumental data relating to the Earth’s surface Geomatics come from French word geomatique Geo – Earth & informatics – information automation. GEOMATICS In...

Introduction to Surveying & Mapping GEOMATICS Science of the collection, analysis, & interpretation of data especially instrumental data relating to the Earth’s surface Geomatics come from French word geomatique Geo – Earth & informatics – information automation. GEOMATICS In 1986, Laval University surveying department of Canada developed the first academic program in Geomatics in replacement of surveying program. Michael Paradis – Father of modern geomatics paradigm. Geomatics Geomatics is a new term that formerly known as surveying. Surveying must be define as an art to determine the relative positions of points on, beneath the surface of the earth with respect to each other, by measurements of horizontal and vertical distances, angles and directions. Geomatics As an applied science it involves an integrated approach to the measurement, analysis, management, and display of geographic and other spatial data.  As a professional discipline, geomaticians have specialist skills, knowledge, and understanding in order to provide services that meet the needs of society and which contribute to social and political stability, quality of life and the management of natural heritage and resources. Geomatics Geomatics professionals may be involved in designing, conducting and managing activities relating to surveying, geography, information systems, land development and planning, law and commerce. Geomatics professionals use the latest satellite, laser, acoustic, and information technology and are continually branching into new challenging areas of specialization Geomatics It is a modern discipline which integrates the tasks of gathering, storing, processing, modeling, analyzing, and delivering spatially referenced or location information. It encompasses the disciplines of surveying, hydrography, mapping, remote sensing & GIS Geomatics subset of study in the discipline of Geography. involves a wide range of methods and technologies for collecting, managing, and analyzing data about Earth and the phenomena arranged on and near its surface. An important component of Geomatics is Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geomatics  GIS uses spatial data to explore geographic phenomena. GIS includes communicating and visualizing spatial data these aspects of GIS are commonly associated with the field of cartography (the art and science of map making). Geomatics Geomatics is a result of millenniums old profession and scientific expertise Surveying – 5000 years old profession Geomatics Geomatics is a result of changing contexts of Science & Technology Geomatics Geomatics is considered as: Accumulated professional knowledge & expertise parallel to the history of science & civilization. Evolution in the knowledge making modes from individual scientific disciplines to technoscience. Transdisciplinary mixture of all surveying & mapping related doctrines. Geomatics Applications Aeromagnetic surveys Airborne geophysics Air navigation services Archaeological excavation and survey for GIS applications Coastal zone management and mapping Disaster informatics for disaster risk reduction and response The environment  Infrastructure management Land management and reform Natural resource monitoring and development Seismic Interpretation Subdivision planning Urban and regional planning Oceanography Meteorology Parks Resource Management Climate Change/Environmental Monitoring Geomatics Areas of Knowledge Geodesy Geodynamics Global positioning system (GPS) or global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Surveying (including land, cadastral, aerial, mining and engineering surveying) Hydrography Navigation Location-based services Cartography and digital mapping Geomatics Areas of Knowledge Geographic information systems (GIS), spatial database management and geographic information technology (GeoIT) Spatial analysis, spatial data mining and knowledge discovery, and spatial statistics Computer-aided design (CAD) and scientific visualization Geovisualization, Geovisual Analytics, Visual communication design, graphic design and multimedia technology Remote sensing Digital Earth Image processing LIDAR Geomatics Areas of Knowledge Photogrammetry Computer vision Land information systems (LIS) Land management, cadastre, real property law Applications programming Project management Geoinformatics Land Surveying Digital terrain modelling Surveying interchangeably called geomatics science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth’s surface, or of establishing such points. Surveying discipline that encompasses all methods for measuring and collecting information about the physical Earth and our environment, processing that information, and disseminating a variety of resulting products to a wide range of clients. Surveying has been important since the beginning of civilization. Surveying  Its earliest applications were in measuring and marking boundaries of property ownership. Throughout the years its importance has steadily increased with the growing demand for a variety of maps and other spatially related types of information, and with the expanding need for establishing accurate line and grade to guide construction operations. Surveying Today, the importance of measuring and monitoring our environment is becoming increasingly critical as our population expands; land values appreciate; our natural resources dwindle; and human activities continue to stress the quality of our land, water, and air. Surveying Using modern ground, aerial, and satellite technologies, and computers for data processing, current surveyors are now able to measure and monitor the Earth and its natural resources on literally a global basis. Surveying A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise to conduct the following: determine, measure & represent the land, 3D objects, point-fields, & trajectories assemble & interpret land & geographically related information use that information for the planning & efficient administration of the land, sea & any structures conduct research into the above practices & to develop them. Surveying Types Alignment surveys made to plan, design, & construct highways, railroads, pipelines, and other linear projects. They normally begin at one control point and progress to another in the most direct manner permitted by field conditions. Surveying Types Aerial, Ground, & Satellite surveys utilize measurements made with ground-based equipment such as automatic levels and total station instruments. Surveying Types As-built surveys document the precise final locations and layouts of engineering works, and record any design changes that may have been incorporated into the construction. These are particularly important when underground facilities are constructed, so that their locations can be accurately known for maintenance purposes, and unexpected damage to them can be avoided during later installation of other underground utilities. Surveying Types Boundary, Cadastral, & Land surveys  establish property lines and property corner markers. The term cadastral is now generally applied to surveys of the public lands systems. 3 categories: original surveys - establish new section corners in unsurveyed areas retracement surveys - recover previously established boundary lines subdivision surveys - establish monuments and delineate new parcels of ownership. Surveying Types Construction surveys provide line, grade, control elevations, horizontal positions, dimensions, and configurations for construction operations. They also secure essential data for computing construction pay quantities. Surveying Types Control surveys establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments that serve as a reference framework for initiating other surveys. Many control surveys performed today are done using techniques with GNSS instruments. Surveying Types Condominium surveys provide a legal record of ownership, are a type of boundary survey. Surveying Types Hydrographic surveys define shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, oceans, reservoirs, and other bodies of water. Surveying Types Mine surveys performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and other operations associated with mining. This classification also includes geophysical surveys for mineral and energy resource exploration. Surveying Types Topographic surveys determine locations of natural and artificial features and elevations used in map making. Surveying Uses Topographical maps showing hills, rivers, towns, villages, forests etc. are prepared by surveying.  For planning and estimating new engineering projects like water supply and irrigation schemes, mines, railroads, bridges, transmission lines, buildings etc. surveying is required. Cadastral Map showing the boundaries a field houses and other properties are prepared by surveying. Surveying Uses Engineering map showing the position of engineering works like roads, railways, buildings, dams, canals etc. are prepared through surveying. To set out a work and transfer details from map to ground knowledge of surveying is used. For planning navigation routes and harbors, marine and hydro-graphic surveying are used. Surveying Uses To help military strategic planning, military maps are prepared by surveying. For exploring mineral wealth, mine survey is necessary To determining different strata in the earth crust, geological surveys are required Archaeological surveys are used to unearth relics of antiquity. Surveying Uses To help military strategic planning, military maps are prepared by surveying. For exploring mineral wealth, mine survey is necessary To determining different strata in the earth crust, geological surveys are required Archaeological surveys are used to unearth relics of antiquity. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Bench Mark survey point on a fixed object, the altitude of which has been surveyed in relation to mean sea level. Many of these are now being replaced with GPS stations. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Cadastral Survey determines the boundaries of land parcels. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Cartography drawing of maps and charts. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Contour line drawn on a map joining locations of equal height. Many of these at different heights indicate the shape of the landscape. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Digital Elevation Model (DEM) also known as Digital Terrain Model (DTM) series of points which depict the shape of the topography of the land, or of an object being measured. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Global Positioning System (GPS) using a network of satellites and receivers to identify a point in its real world location. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Photogrammetry science of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs. Surveying Basic Surveying Terms Total Station Equipment used for measuring distances and angles. Mapping Depicting the configuration or relief of the earth’s surface (terrain), and the location of natural and artificial objects. Includes development of imagery and remote sensing data for enhanced understanding of existing site conditions. Mapping Maps are used as research tools & sources of information. Maps existed since the time of Egyptian, Mesopotamian, & Chinese civilization. Mapping 3 Stages in Mapping Collection, Organization, & Manipulation of data Design & Preparation of maps Map reproduction Mapping 3 Stages in Mapping Collection, Organization, & Manipulation of data Data collection from existing maps, aerial photographs or digital imagery, documents (legal descriptions of property boundaries, fieldwork) Data organized o understand the phenomena being represented. Data Manipulation in a form suitable for map making Mapping 3 Stages in Mapping Design & Preparation of Maps Includes geographic features & thematic attributes Choices depend upon purpose of the map, the intend audience and the cartographer's understanding of the phenomena being represented. Small scale maps are less detailed but covers larger area. Mapping 3 Stages in Mapping Map Reproduction Produce maps either in digital or hard copy. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Rules & Regulations Students should report to GE Laboratory/campus premise on time. Students are expected to handle the laboratory instruments with care. Students are expected to prepare thoroughly to perform the laboratory activity before coming to school. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Rules & Regulations DRESS CODE Boys – School Uniform/Formal shirt neatly tucked in, trousers, close shoes, & belt. Girls – School Uniform/Formal shirt neatly tucked in, skirts, & close shoes. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Rules & Regulations Students who turn up late will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment scheduled for the day. The groupings made should be adhered to, and no mix up of student among different groups will be permitted later. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Rules & Regulations Students should bring Engineer’s Field book and should enter the readings/observations/results while performing the laboratory activity. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Rules & Regulations Instruments must be registered in GE Laboratory Logbook indicating the following information: Name of the borrower Subject Date Complete list of instruments  Time borrowed Time returned Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Rules & Regulations When the laboratory activity is completed, students should clean, arrange, and return all the instruments borrowed in the GE Laboratory. Any damage of the equipment, be it minor or major (due to carelessness) will be viewed seriously by putting corresponding penalty. An incident report is required. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Use The list of equipment that a field survey party requires is both extensive and expensive. All of it must be used with care and discretion. Although all of it is specifically designed and manufactured for field use, it is not "unbreakable", and some of the equipment is rather delicate. The specifications, limitations, "do's" and "don'ts" for each piece of equipment is listed in the applicable user's guide which must be read, digested and practiced. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Use This applies particularly to those instruments we use, which are very easily damaged by unskilled hands and rough usage, and to which a special set of instructions apply: When the instrument is not being used, return it to its case. NEVER leave an instrument standing by itself. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Use This applies particularly to those instruments we use, which are very easily damaged by unskilled hands and rough usage, and to which a special set of instructions apply: NEVER carry the instrument and tripod as a unit over your shoulder and parallel to the ground. Doing so puts far too much strain on the standing axis and can easily lead to problems with the integrity of readings. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Use This applies particularly to those instruments we use, which are very easily damaged by unskilled hands and rough usage, and to which a special set of instructions apply: It is safer & more expedient for very short moves to carry the tripod and instrument as a unit on your shoulder, with the tripod legs pointing downwards. For long moves it is wise to pack the instrument in its carrying case. Where a long move by transport is necessary the instrument should be set in its own carrying case, and kept upright in a padded transport box if available. Laboratory Instruments Use, Rules & Regulation Laboratory Use This applies particularly to those instruments we use, which are very easily damaged by unskilled hands and rough usage, and to which a special set of instructions apply: In very cold conditions, when the instrument is in use on a daily basis, it is preferable to avoid heated storage areas during nonworking hours, and  store the instrument in a safe and sheltered location at about the outside temperature. Surveying Fieldwork Fieldwork is of primary importance in all types of surveys. To be a skilled surveyor, you must spend a certain amount of time in the field to acquire needed experience. high degree of proficiency in actual surveying, as in other professions, depends largely upon the duration, extent, and variation of your actual experience. Surveying Fieldwork You should develop the habit of STUDYING the problem thoroughly before going into the field. You should know exactly what is to be done; how you will do it; why you prefer a certain approach over other possible solutions; and what instruments and materials you will need to accomplish the project. It is essential that you develop SPEED and CONSISTENT ACCURACY in all your fieldwork. This means that you will need practice in handling the instruments, taking observations and keeping field notes, and planning systematic moves. Surveying Fieldwork It is important that you also develop the habit of CORRECTNESS. You should not accept any measurement as correct without verification. Verification, as much as possible, should be different from the original method used in measurement. The precision of measurement must be consistent with the accepted standard for a particular purpose of the survey.  Fieldwork also includes adjusting the instruments and caring for field equipment. Do not attempt to adjust any instrument unless you understand the workings or functions of its parts. Surveying Fieldwork Factors Affecting Fieldwork The surveyor must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in the field. Physical factors such as terrain & weather conditions, affect each field survey in varying degrees. Measurements using telescopes can be stopped by fog or mist. Swamps & flood plains under high water can impede taping surveys. Surveying Fieldwork Factors Affecting Fieldwork The surveyor must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in the field. Physical factors Sights over open water or fields of flat, unbroken terrain create ambiguities in measurements using microwave equipment. The lengths of light-wave distance in measurements are reduced in bright sunlight. Generally, reconnaissance will predetermine the conditions and alert the survey party to the best method to use and the rate of progress to expect. Surveying Fieldwork Factors Affecting Fieldwork  The surveyor must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in the field. State of Personnel Technical Readiness As you gain experience in handling various surveying instruments, you can shorten survey time & avoid errors that would require resurvey. Factors Affecting Fieldwork The surveyor must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in the field. Purpose & Type of Survey primary factors in determining the accuracy requirements. First-order triangulation, which becomes the basis or "control" of future surveys, is made to high-accuracy standards. At the other extreme, cuts and fills for a highway survey carry accuracy standards of a much lower degree. Factors Affecting Fieldwork The surveyor must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in the field. Purpose & Type of Survey Purpose of the survey determines the accuracy requirements. The required accuracy, in turn, influences the selection of instruments and procedures. For instance, comparatively rough procedures can be used in measuring for earthmoving, but grade and alignment of a highway have to be much more precise, and they, therefore, require more accurate measurements. Factors Affecting Fieldwork The surveyor must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in the field. Purpose & Type of Survey Each increase in precision also increases the time required to make the measurement, since greater care and more observations will be taken. Each survey measurement will be in error to the extent that no measurement is ever exact.  The errors are classified as systematic and accidental and are explained in the latter part of this text. Factors Affecting Fieldwork The surveyor must constantly be alert to the different conditions encountered in the field. Purpose & Type of Survey Besides errors, survey measurements are subject to mistakes or blunders. These arise from misunderstanding of the problem, poor judgment, confusion on the part of the surveyor, or simply from an oversight. By working out a systematic procedure, the surveyor will often detect a mistake when some operation seems out of place. The procedure will be an advantage in setting up the equipment, in making observations, in recording field notes, and in making computations. Survey speed is not the result of hurrying; it is the result of saving time through the following factors: The skill of the surveyor in handling the instruments The intelligent planning and preparation of the work The process of making only those measurements that are consistent with the accuracy requirements Experience is of great value, but in the final analysis, it is the exercise of a good, mature, & competent degree of common sense that makes the difference between a good surveyor and an exceptional surveyor. Field Survey Parties The size of a field survey party depends upon the survey requirements, the equipment available, the method of survey, and the number of personnel needed for performing the different functions. 4 typical field survey parties Level Party Transit Party Stadia Party Plane table Party 4 typical field survey parties Level Party The smallest levelling party consists of 2 persons: Instrumentman rodman requires the instrument man to act as note keeper. The party may need another recorder and one or more extra rodmen to improve the efficiency of the different levelling operations. 4 typical field survey parties Level Party The addition of the rodmen eliminates the waiting periods while one person moves from point to point, and the addition of a recorder allows the instrument man to take readings as soon as the rodmen are in position. When levelling operations are run along with other control surveys, the levelling party may be organized as part of a combined party with personnel assuming dual duties, as required by the work load and as designated by the party chief. 4 typical field survey parties Transit Party consists of at least 3 people: Instrumentman head chainman party chief 4 typical field survey parties Transit Party The party chief is usually the note keeper and may double as rear chainman, or there may be an additional rear chainman. The instrumentman operates the transit; the head chainman measures the horizontal distances; and the party chief directs the survey and keeps the notes. 4 typical field survey parties Stadia Party consist of 3 people:  Instrumentman note keeper Rodman 4 typical field survey parties Stadia Party However, two rodmen should be used if there are long distances between observed points so that one can proceed to a new point, while the other is holding the rod on a point being observed. The note keeper records the data called off by the instrumentman and makes the sketches required. Loading… 4 typical field survey parties Plane Table Party consists of 3 people: topographer or plane table operator Rodman computer 4 typical field survey parties Plane Table Party The topographer is the chief of the party who sets up, levels, and orients the plane table; makes the necessary readings for the determination of horizontal distances and elevations; plots the details on the plane table sheet as the work proceeds; and directs the other members of the party. Field Notes Field notes are the only record that is left after the field survey party departs the survey site. If these notes are not clear and complete, the field survey was of little value. It is therefore necessary that your field notes contain a complete record of all of the measurements made during the survey and that they include, where necessary, sketches and narrations to clarify the notes. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Lettering All field notes should be lettered legibly.  The lettering should be in freehand, vertical or slanted Gothic style. A fairly hard pencil or a mechanical lead holder with a 3H or 4H lead is recommended. Numerals and decimal points should be legible and should permit only one interpretation. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Format Notes must be kept in the regular field notebook and not on scraps of paper for later transcription. Separate surveys should be recorded on separate pages or in different books. The front cover of the field notebook should be marked with the name of the project, its general location, the types of measurements recorded, the designation of the survey unit, and other pertinent information. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Format The inside front cover should contain instructions for the return of the notebook, if lost. The right-hand pages should be reserved as an index of the field notes, a list of party personnel and their duties, a list of the instruments used, dates and reasons for any instrument changes during the course of the survey, and a sketch and description of the project. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Format Throughout the remainder of the notebook, the beginning and ending of each day’s work should be clearly indicated. Where pertinent, the weather, including temperature and wind velocities, should also be recorded. To minimize recording errors, someone other than the recorder should check and initial all data entered in the notebook. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Recording  Field note recording takes three general forms: tabulation, sketches, and descriptions. Two, or even all three, forms may be combined, when necessary, to make a complete record. In TABULATION, the numerical measurements are recorded in columns according to a prescribed plan. Spaces are also reserved to permit necessary computations. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Sketches add much to clarify field notes and should be used liberally when applicable. They may be drawn to an approximate scale, or important details may be exaggerated for clarity. A small ruler or triangle is an aid in making sketches. Measurements should be added directly on the sketch or keyed in some way to the tabular data. An important requirement of a sketch is legibility. See that the sketch is drawn clearly and large enough to be understandable. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Description Tabulation, with or without added sketches, can also be supplemented with Descriptions. The description may be only one or two words to clarify the recorded measurements. It may also be quite a narration if it is to be used at some future time, possibly years later, to locate a survey monument. Field Notes The following guidelines apply. Erasures are not permitted in field notebooks Individual numbers or lines recorded incorrectly are to be lined out and the correct values inserted. Pages that are to be rejected are crossed out neatly and referenced to the substituted pages. This procedure is Mandatory since the field notebook is the book of record and is often used as legal evidence.  Standard abbreviations, signs, and symbols are used in field notebooks. If there is any doubt as to their meaning, an explanation must be given in the form of notes or legends.