Lecture No. 1 GE 11: Fundamentals of Surveying and Mapping PDF

Lecture No. 1 GE 11: FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TOPIC 1: Introduction to Surveying and Mapping Department of Geodetic Engineering College of Engineering and Geosciences Caraga State University ...

Lecture No. 1 GE 11: FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TOPIC 1: Introduction to Surveying and Mapping Department of Geodetic Engineering College of Engineering and Geosciences Caraga State University  Lecture No. 1 Outline ▪ History of Surveying ▪ Surveying Concepts ▪ Geomatics and its Disciplines ▪ Purpose and Application of Surveys ▪ Classification of Surveys ▪ Types of Surveys ▪ Organization and Equipment ▪ Technical Description of a Property ▪ Legal Aspects of Lands Surveys ▪ Overview of Surveying Operations  Lecture No. 1 Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to: Discuss the history of surveying Define and Differentiate Geomatics and Surveying Differentiate the various disciplines of Geomatics, which include surveying and mapping, among others Explain the concepts and principles of surveying Identify the different uses and types of surveys Discuss the legal aspects of surveying Discuss the basic surveying operations  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING HISTORY OF SURVEYING  Lecture No. 1 History of Surveying ▪ Herodotus recorded that Sesostris (about 1400 B.C.) divided the land of Egypt into plots for the purpose of taxation. ▪ Annual floods of the Nile River swept away portions of these plots and surveyors were appointed to replace the boundaries. ▪ These early surveyors were called rope-stretchers, since their measurements were made with ropes having markers at unit distances.  Lecture No. 1 History of Surveying ▪ HERON stands out prominently for applying science to surveying in about 120 B.C. ▪ He was the author of several important treatises of interest to surveyors, including the Dioptra, which related the methods of surveying a field, drawing a plan, and making related calculations. ▪ It is also described one of the first pieces of surveying equipment recorded, the diopter.  Lecture No. 1 History of Surveying ▪ A diopter is a classical astronomical and surveying instrument ▪ The diopter was a sighting tube or, alternatively, a rod with a sight at both ends, attached to a stand. ▪ If fitted with protractors, it could be used to measure angles.  Lecture No. 1 History of Surveying ▪ Early civilizations assumed the Earth to be a flat surface. ▪ But by noting the Earth’s circular shadow on the moon during the lunar eclipses and watching the ships gradually disappear as they sailed toward the horizon, it was slowly deduced that the planet actually curved in all directions.  Lecture No. 1 History of Surveying ▪ Determining the true size and shape of the Earth has intrigued humans for centuries. ▪ History records that a Greek named Eratosthenes was among the first to compute its dimension. ▪ His procedure occurred around 200 B.C. Eratosthenes  Lecture No. 1 History of Surveying ▪ He determined the angle by measuring the length of the shadow cast at Alexandria from a vertical staff of known length. ▪ From these measurements, Eratosthenes calculated the Earth’s circumference to be about 25,000 miles.  Lecture No. 1 History of Surveying  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING SURVEYING CONCEPTS  Lecture No. 1 Surveying ▪ A branch of applied mathematics that is concerned with determining the area of any portion of the earth’s surface, the lengths and directions of the bounding lines, and the contour of the surface and with accurately delineating the whole paper. Merriam Webster  Lecture No. 1 Surveying ▪ The science, art and technology of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth’s surface, or of establishing such points. Ghilani and Wolf  Lecture No. 1 Surveying ▪ It is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING GEOMATICS AND ITS DISCIPLINES  Lecture No. 1 Geomatics ▪ The science concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth’s physical features and built-in environment. Source: Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania  Lecture No. 1 Geomatics ▪ It is an applied science, and a professional discipline involves an integrated approach to the measurement, analysis, management, and display of geographic and other spatial data. Source: Univ. of Cape Town  Lecture No. 1 Geomatics ▪ Geomatics is defined as a systemic, multidisciplinary, integrated approach to selecting the instruments and the appropriate techniques for collecting, storing, integrating, modeling, analyzing, retrieving at will, transforming, displaying, and distributing spatially georeferenced data from different sources with well-defined accuracy characteristics and continuity in a digital format  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics Detailed Flood Hazard Map Digital Terrain Model Digital Surface Model  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics Geodesy - to determine the shape and size of the Earth; it defines on the one hand the surface of reference in its complete form, the geoid, as well as in its simplified form, the ellipsoid, and on the other hand the external gravitational field as a function of time. Image Source: Google Image  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics Cartography - to supply a possible description of the shape and dimension of the Earth and its natural and artificial details, by means of graphical or numerical representation of more or less wide areas, following fixed rules.  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics Remote Sensing - the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft). Source: USGS Source: CSU Phil-LiDAR 1)  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics Photogrammetry - to determine the position and shapes of the objects by measuring them on photographic images.  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics Global Positioning System (GPS) - to provide the three-dimensional (3D) position of fixed or moving objects, in space and time, all over the Earth’s surface, under any meteorological conditions and in real time.  Lecture No. 1 Disciplines of Geomatics Geographical Information System (GIS) - to make use of a powerful combination of instruments capable of receiving, recording, recalling, transforming, representing and processing georeferenced spatial data.  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PURPOSE AND APPLICATION OF SURVEYS  Lecture No. 1 Purpose and Application of Surveys Through time, the use of surveying expanded such as: 1. Engineering construction. ▪ Planning and design are based on the results of surveys. ▪ Construction is controlled by surveying  Lecture No. 1 Purpose and Application of Surveys 2. Surveys cover a wide range in scope and complexity ▪ Staking out of simple structures ▪ The surveying of small parcels of land ▪ Extensive and difficult surveys required in the construction of: Subdivisions Bridges Highways Canals dams Railroads wharves missile and rocket launching sites drainage and irrigation systems Or surveys of relatively large portions of the earth’s surface.  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS  Lecture No. 1 Classification of Surveys 1. Plane Surveying ▪ It is a type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded. 2. Geodetic Surveying ▪ They are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.  Lecture No. 1 Classification of Surveying Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying ▪ Effect of the earth surface is ignored Effect of the curvature of the earth ▪ The earth surface is assumed to be surface is taken into account. plane, i.e. two dimensional The earth surface is assumed to be ▪ Line joining any two stations is spherical, i.e. three dimensional. considered to be straight The line joining any two stations is ▪ The triangle formed by any three points considered as spherical. is considered as plain The Triangle formed by any three ▪ The angles of triangle are considered as points is considered as spherical. plain angles The angles of the triangle are ▪ Carried out for an area < 250 km2 considered as spherical angles Carried out for an area > 250 km2  Lecture No. 1 Classification of Surveying Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying ▪ Carried out for an area < 250 km2 Carried out for an area > 250 km2  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TYPES OF SURVEYS  Lecture No. 1 Types of Surveys ▪ Cadastral Survey ▪ City Surveys ▪ Construction Surveys ▪ Forestry Surveys ▪ Hydrographic Surveys ▪ Industrial Surveys ▪ Mines Surveys ▪ Photogrammetric Surveys ▪ Route Surveys ▪ Topographic Surveys  Lecture No. 1 Cadastral Surveys ▪ They are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas. Source: http://www.weftsurv.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24:cadastral- survey&catid=8:&Itemid=136  Lecture No. 1 City Surveys ▪ They are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of land and preparing maps. Source: https://www.citysurveysgroup.co.uk/gallery-item/land-surveying-7/  Lecture No. 1 Construction Surveys ▪ They are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders. Source: http://www.peconline.com/services/construction-surveying/  Lecture No. 1 Forestry Surveys ▪ This type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest land. Source: https://blogs.nasa.gov/earthexpeditions/2016/07/20/taking-the- measure-of-remote-slice-of-alaskan-forest/  Lecture No. 1 Hydrographic Surveys ▪ It refers to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water. Source: http://www.hydrosurveys.net/surveys.htm  Lecture No. 1 Industrial Surveys ▪ It is sometimes known as optical tooling. ▪ It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly or aircrafts, lay out and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and other industries where very accurate dimensional Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/industrial-survey-20066591873.html layouts are required.  Lecture No. 1 Mine Surveys ▪ They are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work. Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/mining-survey- 6801976097.html  Lecture No. 1 Photogrammetric Surveys ▪ It is a type of surveys which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations. Source: https://geoawesomeness.com/accurate-drone-survey-everything-need-know/  Lecture No. 1 Route Surveys ▪ It involves the determination of alignment, grade, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects. Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/route-survey-service- 16135988173.html  Lecture No. 1 Topographic Surveys ▪ They are surveys made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map Source: https://www.denicourt.ca/en/services/contractors/topographic- survey-elevations/  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT  Lecture No. 1 FIELD SURVEYING PARTY 1. Chief of Party- the person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operation all control of the survey party. He is also responsible for its logistical and technical requirements, and problems of a field survey operation. 2. Assistant Chief of Party- the person whose duty is to assist the chief if party in the accomplishment of the task assigned to the survey party. He takes over the duties of the chief of party during the absence of the chief. 3. Instrument Man- the person whose duty is to set up, level, and aerate surveying instruments such as the transmit, engineer's level, theodolite,sextant, plane table, and alidade, and etc. 4. Technician- The person who is responsible for use and operation for all electronic instruments required in a field work operation. It is his duty to see to it that these equipments are functioning properly.  Lecture No. 1 FIELD SURVEYING PARTY 5. Computer- the person whose duty is to perform all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a field work operations. 6. Recorder- the person whose duty is to keep a record of all sketchers, drawings, measurements and observations taken or needed for a field work operations. 7. Head Tapeman- the person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape. He determines and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying instrument and directs the clearing out of obstruction along the line of sight. 8. Rear Tapeman- the person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during taping operations and other related work. 9. Flagman- the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or range pole at selected points as directed by the instrument man. He helps the tapeman in making measurements. 10. Rodman- the person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or levelling rod when sights are to be taken on it.  Lecture No. 1 FIELD SURVEYING PARTY 11. Pacer- the person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by the tapeman. He assists the tapeman in seeing to it that mistakes and blunders in linear measurements are either reduced or eliminated. 12. Amman/Lineman- the person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, bush, and other obstruction in wooden country. He is also responsible for the security and safety of the members of the survey party at the survey site. 13. Aidman- the person whose duty is to render first aid treatment to members of the survey party who are involved in snake and insects’s bites, safety, and well being.. 14. Utility Men- the person whose duties are to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the chief of party. Where a survey vehicle is used, a utility man is designated as driver.  Lecture No. 1 DEVELOPMENT OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENT ▪ Astrolabe -The astrolabe of Hipparchus is considered to be one of the best known of the measuring instruments that have come down from ancient times. It was developed sometime in 140 B.C., and further improved by Ptolemy. ▪ Telescope-The invention of the telescope in 1607 is generally accredited to Lippershey. In 1609, Galileo constructed a refracting telescope for astronomical observations. However, it was only when cross hairs for fixing the line of sight were introduced, that the telescope was used in early surveying instruments. Transit-The invention of the transmit is credited to Young and Draper who worked independently from each other sometime in 1830. Both men were able to put together in one instrument the essential parts of what has long been known as the universal surveying instruments.  Lecture No. 1 ▪ Semicircumferentor.- An early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angles, and establishes lines of sight by employing peep sights. ▪ Diopter -The diopter was perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was used in levelling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. ▪ Plane Table.- One of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping. It consists of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it can be levelled or rotated to any desired direction.  Lecture No. 1 ▪ Roman Groma -The Roman surveyors used the groma as an instrument for aligning or sighting points. ▪ Libella -The Assyrians and Egyptians are believed to be the first users of the libella. The instrument had an A frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and was used to determine the horizontal ▪ Vernier- The vernier is a short auxillary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument by means of which fractional parts of the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate.  Lecture No. 1 ▪ Compass -The magnetic compass came into wide use during 13th century for determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines. ▪ Gunter's Chain-The Gunter's chain, which was invented by Sir Edmund Gunter in 1620, was the forerunner of instruments used for taping distances.  Lecture No. 1 ▪ Merchet -The merchet was a device for measuring time and meridian. It was first used by the Chaldeans in about 4,000 B.C. It consisted of a slotted palm leaf through which to sight and a bracket from which a plumb bob was suspended. ▪ Chorobates -This instrument was designed for levelling work. It consisted of a horizontal straight edge about 6 meters long with supporting legs, and a groove 2.5 cm deep and 1.5 m on top.  Lecture No. 1 ▪ Surveyor's level - instrument used in surveying to measure the elevation or height of distant points in relation to a benchmark (a point for which the height above sea level is accurately known).  Lecture No. 1 Surveying Field Notes ▪ It constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field. ▪ It is the official record of the survey. ▪ It must be complete, legible, concise, comprehensive, and logically arranged according to recognized practice.  Lecture No. 1 Engineer’s Field Book ▪ It should be good quality rag paper with stiff board or leather cover made to withstand hard usage and of pocket size.  Lecture No. 1 Information Found in Field Notebook ▪ Title of the Field Work ▪ Time of Day and Date ▪ Weather Conditions ▪ List of Equipment ▪ Objectives ▪ Procedure ▪ Sketch ▪ Tabulation ▪ Computation ▪ Laboratory Report (Introduction, Results, Conclusion) ▪ Name of Leader, Asst. Leader, Recorder, and Group Members  Lecture No. 1 Types of Notes ▪ Sketches ▪ Explanatory Notes ▪ Tabulations ▪ Calculations  Lecture No. 1 Recording Observed Data ▪ Follow a consistent simple style of lettering. ▪ Use a sharp pencil. ▪ Make it a habit to record directly in the field book immediately following a measurement, rather than on a sheet of scratch paper for copying later. ▪ Avoid crowding observed data in the field notebook. ▪ Always bring along a straightedge for ruling lines, and a small protractor for laying off angles in the field notebook. ▪ To avoid the possible misinterpretation of data, use sketches instead of tabulations. Also use explanatory notes.  Lecture No. 1 Recording Observed Data ▪ Indicate north at the top of the page of the field notebook for all sketches shown in plan and draw a meridian arrow. ▪ Tabulated values should be kept inside the column rulings, with the decimal point and digits aligned vertically. ▪ Computations made in the field should be recorded in the field notebook in order that they can be checked later. ▪ Number every page of the field notebook.  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF A PROPERTY  Lecture No. 1 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF A PROPERTY  Lecture No. 1 Technical Description Metes and Bound - shall refer to the description of a land parcel with its boundary directions and distances, together with a note of adjacent property owners, their lot numbers, and other relevant natural and man-made features.  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING LEGAL ASPECTS OF LANDS SURVEYS  Lecture No. 1 Legal Aspects of Lands Surveys 1. Article 1 (The National Territory) and Article XII (The National Economy and Patrimony) of The 1987 Constitution are the primary basis of laws and statutes on property and land ownership in the country. Classification of Lands of the Public Domain Agricultural Forest or timber Mineral lands National parks  Lecture No. 1 Legal Aspects of Lands Surveys All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State. Except for agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and utilization of the natural resources shall be under the full control of the State.  Lecture No. 1 Legal Aspects of Lands Surveys 2. DENR Administrative Order 1998-12 (Revised: DAO 2007-29) Revised Regulations on Land Surveys pertains to the policies and guidelines governing land surveys and management within the Philippines. This administrative order established guidelines for conducting, processing, approving, and managing surveys of public and private lands.  Lecture No. 1 Legal Aspects of Lands Surveys 3. DENR Memorandum Circular Number 2010-13 Adoption of The Manual On Land Survey Procedures as a standardized guide for conducting land surveys. This circular standardizes land survey procedures to ensure consistency, accuracy, and compliance of land survey activities across the Philippines.  Lecture No. 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING OVERVIEW OF SURVEYING OPERATIONS  Lecture No. 1 Overview of Surveying Operations Generally, operations involved in surveying is divided into ▪ Planning and Reconnaissance To decide the methods to be adopted for surveying; the resources (instruments & personnel) to be used; and the control points / stations to be utilized. The planning operation needs a-priori field visit and this is known as reconnaissance. ▪ Field Work Collection of field data by making necessary measurements and observations. ▪ Computation or Office Works Processing, analyzing and calculation of observed data; preparation of necessary data (for making plan or map of the area); and computation of relevant field parameters as per design for setting out engineering works at site. ▪ Setting out Works To locate, implement, and establish necessary information collected from the field work at the site as per design for further engineering works.  Lecture No. 1 References ▪ DENR, 1998. Revised Manual of Land Surveying Regulations in the Philippines, DENR Administrative Order No. 98- 12. Available online at: http://policy.denr.gov.ph/pol-1998/SrvyMnl.pdf ▪ DENR, 2010. DENR Memorandum Circular Number 2010-13. Available online at: https://www.informea.org/en/legislation/memorandum-circular-no-2010-13-adopting-manual-land-survey- procedures ▪ Gatus, J. P. (2010). Geodetic Engineering Laws and Practices ▪ Ghilani, C.D., Wolf, P., 2012. Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics (13th Edition), Pearson Education Inc., USA. Available online at: https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files3/b2b03a2010d7cfca226e3115636ee421.pdf ▪ Images Source: Google Images ▪ La Putt, J. P., 2007. Elementary Surveying, 3rd Edition, Baguio Research & Publishing Center, Baguio City, Philippines. ▪ The 1987 Constitution. Available at: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/  Lecture No. 1 Thank You! Department of Geodetic Engineering College of Engineering and Geosciences Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City