Kingdom Fungi Lecture Notes PDF

Kingdom Fungi Lecture Objectives 1.Fungal Characteristics 2.Division: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, & Basidiomycota 3.Lichens © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. What makes a fungus a fungus? 1. Multicellular 2. Cell Walls 3. Heterotrophic ⚫Saprophytic...

Kingdom Fungi Lecture Objectives 1.Fungal Characteristics 2.Division: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, & Basidiomycota 3.Lichens © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. What makes a fungus a fungus? 1. Multicellular 2. Cell Walls 3. Heterotrophic ⚫Saprophytic ⚫Exoenzymes 4. Hypha Mycelium ⚫Septate/aseptate ⚫Haustoria  Cell wall Nuclei Cell wall Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha Fig. 31.3 Aseptate (Coenocytic) Septate  Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Fig. 31.2 Mycelium Haustoria (specialized hypha used to penetrate host tissue) Fig 31.4 What makes a fungus a fungus 5. Reproduction ⚫Sexual ⚫Asexual * BOTH result in spore formation Spores giving rise to hyphae mycelium  Key Generalized life cycle Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic Heterokaryotic stage (unfused nuclei from PLASMOGAMY different parents) (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY Spore-producing (fusion of nuclei) structures Zygote Spores SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL Mycelium REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spores Fig. 31.5 What makes a fungus a fungus 6. Metabolism Diverse lifestyles ⚫Decomposers ⚫Parasites ⚫Mutualists Beneficial Fungi Fig. 31.6 Fig. 31.14 Fig. 31-26 Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth Parasitic Fungi Fungal Classification ⚫ Domain: Eukaraya ⚫ Kingdom: Fungi ⚫ Phyla: Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota  Chytrids (1,000 species) Hyphae 25 µm Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Glomeromycetes (160 species) Fungal hypha 25 µm Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 31.10 Phylum Zygomycota (Zygomycetes) 1. Fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts 2. Asexual Reproductive Structure: Sporangium (holder of asexual spores) 3. Sexual Reproductive Structure: Zygosporangium (contains a zygospore (sexual spore)) Fig. 31-14 Reproductive structures in Zygomycota Zygosporanium (sexual) Sporangia (asexual)  Fig. 31.12 Key Haploid (n) Di/Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating Gametangia with type (+) Mating haploid nuclei type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium Rhizopus (heterokaryotic) growing SEXUAL on bread REPRODUCTION Dispersal and Zygosporangium germination KARYOGAMY Sporangia Spores Sporangium Diploid ASEXUAL nuclei REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and Lifecycle for Phylum Mycelium germination Zygomycota, 50 µm Genus Rhizopus Phylum Ascomycota (Ascomycetes) 1. Marine, freshwater, & terrestrial 2. Unicellular or multicellular 3. Asexual Reproductive Structure = Conidiophore - asexual spores = conidia 4. Sexual Reproductive Structure (fruiting body) = Ascocarp - sexual spores = ascospores contained in asci Phylum Ascomycota asexual structures – example here is Penicillium sp. conidia conidiophore Phylum Ascomycota Sexual Fruiting Body (ascocarp) with ascospores  Ascocarp Examples Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Fig. 31.15  Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Dispersal Diploid (2n) Germination Mating ASEXUAL type (+) REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus Conidiophore (dikaryotic) Mycelia Dikaryotic Mycelium hyphae Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus Asci Eight (zygote) Ascocarp ascospores Generalized Four haploid nuclei lifecycle for MEIOSIS Phylum Ascomycota Fig. 31.16 Phylum Basidiomycota 1. Mushrooms, puffballs, & shelf fungi 2. ONLY sexual stage observed ⚫Sexual Reproductive Structure (fruiting body) = Basidiocarp ⚫Lined with club-like structures called basidia ⚫ Hold sexual spores called basidiospores Mushroom Examples….  Shelf fungi Puffballs Figure 31.17 Maiden veil fungus © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Fig. 31.18 Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined Haploid with basidia mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with Basidia Basidium four basidiospores (n+n) Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid 1 µm Basidiospore nuclei Diploid (2n)  Lichens 1. Symbiotic mutualistic association between a fungus & algae ⚫Ascomycota & Chlorophyta 2. Three body types ⚫Foliose ⚫Fruticose ⚫Crustose  They are the pioneers in rocky substrates, where there is no soil. Lichens break down the rocky substrate into soil and their decomposingLichen in longitudinal thallus fertilize sectionsoil, making it the newly produced possible for the plant habitation. 50 μm Fungal hyphae Algal cell Figure 31.23  A foliose (leaflike) lichen A fruticose (shrublike) lichen Figure 31.22 Crustose (encrusting) lichens © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.