Fungi Biology 1 ASB0204 Lecture Notes PDF

BIOLOGY 1 ASB0204 Topic 11b: Domain Eukarya I Kingdom Fungi Dr. Nor Hafizah Ahmad Kamarudin Muhammad Amiruddin Ibrahim  Outline 11.1 Characteristics of fungi 11.2 Classifications of fungi 11.3 Importance of fungi Fun facts about fungi!  Learning Outcomes To desc...

BIOLOGY 1 ASB0204 Topic 11b: Domain Eukarya I Kingdom Fungi Dr. Nor Hafizah Ahmad Kamarudin Muhammad Amiruddin Ibrahim  Outline 11.1 Characteristics of fungi 11.2 Classifications of fungi 11.3 Importance of fungi Fun facts about fungi!  Learning Outcomes To describe the To describe the To state the general and three major phyla importance and unique of fungi role of fungi characteristics of fungi Zygomycota including distinct Ascomycota Basidiomycota reproductive structures 3 11.1 General Characteristics of Fungi Eukaryotic organisms Multicellular, or unicellular (yeast) are unable to produce Lack chloroplast (non-photosynthetic) their own food most fungi secretes extracellular Heterotrophs/Saprotrophs enzymes that break down complex food molecules into simple molecules Storage of carbohydrate = glycogen before absorbing the molecules to (similar like animals) complete the digestion internally. Cell wall is made up chitin All fungi have nuclei and Reproduction – sexual and asexual the nuclei of most species are haploid at most times  Characteristics of Fungi The body of a fungus is composed of tiny filaments called The protoplasm of a hypha is surrounded by a rigid wall composed of chitin and glucans Some hyphae are divided by cross-walls called septa (singular, septum) hyphae Hyphae exhibit apical growth and branch to form a network of hyphae called a mycelium (plural, mycelia) Source : http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch31/fungus-structure.html  Hyphae of Fungi (a) (b) Hyphae with cross walls (septa) Hyphae without septa are are called septate hyphae. called coenocytic The septum has pores that hyphae/aseptate hyphae. allow the movement of They consist of a cytoplasm and organelles from continuous cytoplasmic segment to segment. mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei. Importance of Mycelium Fungal hyphae are 10 μm in diameter Fungal mycelia can penetrate tiny fissures in soil and absorb nutrients that are not accessible by plants Fungal mycelia permit extremely efficient absorption of nutrients because of their large surface area Drawback of large surface area? Amount of water evaporates is high – prone to drying out Fungi are most abundant in moist habitat  General Life Cycle of Fungi Source: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/24%3A_Fungi/24.1%3A_Character istics_of_Fungi/24.1C%3A_Fungi_Reproduction  Hyphae of Fungi Monokaryotic hyphae Each cell of hypha contains a single nucleus Dikaryotic hyphae Each cell of hypha contains two nuclei Heterokaryotic – one from each mating type During sexual reproduction Fusion of cytoplasm (plasmogamy) Two hyphae of different type (+) and (-) fuses (+) (+) (-) (-)  Quick Check : Fungal Structure Match the correct explanation 1) Hyphae a) Made up mainly of chitin b) Part of fungi that produces 2) Mycelium spores c) Long, tiny filaments. Commonly exists in two forms; with septa or 3) Cell wall without septa (coenocytic) d) Network of hyphae and have 4) Fruiting body large surface area important for absorption  11.2 Classification of Fungi Three main phyla 01 Phylum Zygomycota 02 Phylum Ascomycota 03 Phylum Basidiomycota Phylum Zygomycota Members in Phylum Zygomycota Zygomycetes Common mold or Commonly known as sporangium fungi hyphae are Characteristics non-septate and coenocytic Distinct reproductive structure Sexual – zygospore Example: Rhizopus stolonifer https://sciencing.com/mold-grow-bread-5403099.html Phylum Zygomycota Reproduction of Zygomycetes Asexual – by producing Sexual – results in sexual spores sporangiospores within a special called zygospores which are sac (known as sporangium, contained within plural: sporangia) borne on zygosporangium (unique stalks known as characteristics of this phylum) sporangiophores Sporangium sporangiospores zygospore sac that produces haploid spores Sporangiophore aerial hyphae that bear sporangia https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/handle/10214/5516 Sporangiophores with sporangia at their tips germinate from the zygospore https://duniapendidikan.co.id/zygomycota/ Phylum Zygomycota Zygosporangia that bear zygospores Phylum Zygomycota Example of Zygomycetes Aseptate hyphae of Rhizopus Rhizopus stolonifer (bread black mold) Rhizopus stolonifer (aseptate, sporangiospore) | Bread mold (pinterest.co.uk) Sporangia and sporangiospores of Mucor spp. Mucor spec. - Lindsey 1a - Mucor - Wikipedia https://www.adelaide.edu.au/mycology/fungal-descriptions-and-antifungal-susceptibility/zygomycota-pin-moulds/mucor#mucor-ramosissimus Mucor mucedo Phylum Ascomycota Ascomycetes Members in Phylum Zygomycota Commonly known as Sac fungi Vegetative hyphae are septate with Characteristics perforated walls, one haploid nucleus per cell. Asexual – conidia Distinct reproductive structure Asexual - budding (yeast) Sexual – fruiting Sexual – ascus body is called that bears ascocarp ascospores 16  Phylum Ascomycota Ascomycetes Members in Phylum Zygomycota are very diverse cup fungi yeast yeast mold morrel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle#/media/File:Truffe_noire_du_P%C3%A9rigord.jpg truffle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezizaceae#/media/File:Peziza_spec._-_Lindsey_1.jpg https://www.britannica.com/science/yeast-fungus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus#/media/File:Aspergillus_niger_01.jpg 17 Phylum Ascomycota Reproduction of Ascomycetes Asexual reproduction for multicellular Conidia/conidiospores Ascomycetes Ascomycete mycelia produce asexually Conidia usually Formation of specialized spores called develop at the tips of aerial hyphae called conidia (singular: conidium) conidiophores. Conidia are produced externally at the tips of modified hyphae called conidiophores https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidium Conidia are multinucleated spores Asexual reproduction for unicellular Ascomycetes Yeasts (Saccharomyces sp. & Candida sp.) reproduce by budding https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/685382 18 Phylum Ascomycota Reproduction of Ascomycetes Sexual reproduction Involves the formation of ascus (plural: asci), a sac-like structure that is a characteristic of this phylum. http://www.medical-labs.net/reproduction-in-fungi-3008/ https://study.com/learn/lesson/ascomycota-reproduction-asci-ascus-fungi.html https://istudy.pk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/apothec2.gif 19 Phylum Ascomycota formation of ascus with typically 8 ascospores 20 Phylum Ascomycota Conidia/conidiospores Example of Ascomycetes: Penicillium sp. Penicillium sp. Mold Source:http://thunderhouse4-yuri.blogspot.com/2015/08/penicillium-citrinum.html Aspergillus sp. Saccharomyces sp. Yeast Candida sp. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidium Candida sp. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans#/media/File:Candida_Gram_stain.jpg 21 Can you guess which phylum the molds belong to? Fermentation and Metabolism Basics - Fermented Foods - Brewiki Penicillium sp. Aspergillus sp. Rhizopus sp. 22 Phylum Basidiomycota Basidiomycetes Members in Phylum Basidiomycota Commonly known as Club fungi filamentous fungi that typically form Characteristics large structures called fruiting bodies (basidiocarp) Distinct reproductive structure small club-like reproductive structures called basidia (singular, basidium) 23 Portabella Shiitake Phylum Basidiomycota Reproduction Seldom reproduce asexually Mainly undergoes sexual reproduction How? by forming spores (basidiospores) in a structure called basidium which can be found in lining gills inside the basidiocarp Basidiocarp – consists of a stem called a stalk and a flattened https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/how-to-control-temperature-for-mushroom-growing/ structure known as a cap of pileus 24 Phylum Basidiomycota Sexual Reproduction Underside the cap are rows of gills that radiate out from the centre Each gill-lined by thousands of dikaryotic basidia (cell that contain two nuclei) http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/woller_ryan/classification.htm In each basidium, Two nuclei fuse zygote meiosis 4 haploid nuclei developed into 4 basidiospores (released in the air) 25 Copyright: Pearson Education Phylum Basidiomycota Example of Basidiomycetes Every Type Of Mushroom You Need To Know About | HuffPost Life Flammulina velutipes (Enoki mushroom) Sajor-Caju Mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) (out-grow.com) Pleurotus sajor-caju (Oyster mushroom) Coprinus comatus Flaschenstäubling - Puffball - Wikipedia 26 Lycoperdum perlatum (Puffball) Jelly fungi Importance of Fungi Decomposers Symbionts Pathogens Commercial applications – Food, Pharmaceutical 27 Importance of Fungi 1. Decomposers Fungi play an important ecological role in the decomposition of dead plants, animals and other organic matter They break down organic materials and release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Nitrogen and other important nutrients will be recycled within https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposer#/media/File:Fungi_on_fallen_Birch_Branch_-_geograph.org.uk_-_239255.jpg the ecosystems for use by plants and other organisms 28 Importance of Fungi Fungi + Green Algae = Lichen 2. Symbionts a. Lichens - fungi that live in a symbiotic association with autotrophic green algae or cyanobacteria Both organisms get benefit; algae make food and fungi supply moisture, shelter and anchorage Lichen http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/03/lichens.html Fungi + Plant Root = Mycorrhiza b. Mycorrhiza - fungus lives in a symbiotic association with plant roots Most plants have mycorrhizae on their roots Fungus absorbs sugars made by plant while plants absorb more water https://www.pennington.com/all-products/fertilizer/resources/mycorrhizal-fungi-creates-healthy-lawns and mineral with aid of the fungus 29 Importance of Fungi 3. Pathogens Some fungi are parasitic They obtain their nutrients from a living host organism, a relationship which usually harms the host Such parasitic fungi usually have specialised tissues called haustoria (singular, haustorium), which penetrate the host’s body Most of the diseases which afflict agricultural plants are caused by parasitic fungi Some examples are corn smut, black stem rust of wheat and barley and cotton root rot Some species of fungi can also parasitise animals. Even humans can be parasitised by fungi which cause diseases such as athlete's foot, 30 ringworm and yeast infections.  Importance of Fungi 4. Commercial importance in food Rhizopus oligosporus is used to produce ‘tempe’, which is nutritionally enriched Penicillium sp., Mucor sp. etc are fungal colonies added to cheeses such as Gorgonzola, Roquefort, Stilton and Bleu that give these cheeses their distinctive flavours Many mushrooms are edible and used in many dishes across the world Yeast produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide from sugars through fermentation and has been exploited to make wine, beer and other fermented beverages 31 Importance of Fungi 5. Pharmaceutical Penicillium notatum produces penicillin, the most widely used and effective antibiotic Other drugs derived from fungi include the antibiotic griseofulvin (used clinically to inhibit the growth of fungi), statin (used to lower blood cholesterol levels) cyclosporine (used to suppress immune responses in patients who receive organ transplants) Penicillium 32 http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/penicill.htm  Scan to Watch Blue cheese making How penicillin changed the world! 33 https://www.verywellhealth.com/whats-pencillin-1124178 THANK YOU