GENBIO-Biomolecules PDF

GENBIO | H.M. Glucose + Galactose = lactose Glucose + Glucose = maltose BIOMOLECULES: Carbohydrates - soluble Biomolecules...

GENBIO | H.M. Glucose + Galactose = lactose Glucose + Glucose = maltose BIOMOLECULES: Carbohydrates - soluble Biomolecules Dehydration Synthesis Reaction - Organic macromolecules that are important to - Two monosaccharides are joined together to life’s process (macro = large) form a disaccharide with the release or - Polymers that are composed of repeating elimination of a water molecule monomer units (except for lipids) Polysaccharides Four Biomolecules - Long chains of monosaccharide units 1. Proteins - Less soluble (glycogen for storage; cellulose 2. Carbohydrates and chitin for structure) 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids Polysaccharides: Organic Compounds Starch - Large group of molecules that contain carbon - Plants bonded to hydrogen (C-H) - Polymer of glucose monomer - All biomolecules are organic and contain the - Joined by 1-4 linkage elements carbon and hydrogen - Within cellular structures known as plastid - Simplest form – amylose Monomer Glycogen - Building blocks - Liver Polymer - Muscle cells - Monomer built together - Fat cells - Systematic and cellular energy source Carbohydrates Cellulose - Molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. - A major component of the tough walls that - They have a general formula of CnH2non enclose plant cells - Fiber Monosaccharides - Most abundant and organic compound on earth - Building blocks of carbohydrates Chitin - Mono means one and saccharide meaning sugar - Major constituent in the exoskeleton: Anthropods, cell walls of fungi Three main monosaccharides: Classifying Sugars Based on the Location of Carbonyl Glucose Group and Size of Carbon Skeleton - The blood sugar (humans) 1. ALDOSE: carbonyl group at the end of the - Produced by plants as their source of energy carbon skeleton and to make cellulose and starch 2. KETOSES: carbonyl group within the carbon - Most abundant and important carbohydrates. skeleton Galactose Trioses - Brain sugar - 3-carbon sugars - Supports brain development of infants Pentoses Fructose - 5-carbon sugar - Fruit sugar Hexoses Disaccharides - 6-carbon sugar - Two monosaccharides bonded to each other by glycosidic bonds Carbohydrates: Diet Examples: - Provide an immediate source of energy Glucose + Fructose = sucrose (sugar) Proteins - Serves as a biological reserves Example: Ferritin - Made of long chains of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids from which to CONTRACTILE make proteins - Responsible for muscle movement Amino Acids - Example: Myosin and Actin - Building blocks of proteins PROTECTION - Represented by three letters or one letter - Organic molecules that have a central carbon - Protects living organisms from infections atom bonded to four different groups – an Examples: Antibodies amino acid group (-NH2), an acidic carboxyl HORMONES group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R). The R group - Some hormones are proteins that produce determines the chemical properties of the AA characteristic effects on target cells Example: Insulin – regulate blood sugar levels Peptide Bond STRUCTURAL - Formed via dehydration synthesis action - Most abundant type of proteins Polypeptides - provide mechanical support - 3-100 AA Example: collagen – keeps skin elastic and hydrated Proteins Importance of Proteins in our diet - More than 100 AA - to build and repair the tissues in our body TYPES OF PROTEINS (muscle tissues) Protein Structure Lipids Primary Structure: AA sequence; stabilized by - large, nonpolar biomolecules (nonpolar – peptide bonds (least complex) insoluble in water) Secondary Structure: alpha helix beta-pleated - also known as fats and oils sheets; stabilized by hydrogen bonds - stored in adipose tissue Tertiary Structure; three-dimensional shape; - not a polymer stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen bonds; creates polar and nonpolar areas in the Types: molecule Triglycerides Quaternary Structure: two or more polypeptide - Saturated (in fats) – all single bonds between chains are associated (most complex) carbons Denaturation - Unsaturated (in oils) – include double bonds - Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids - Loss of biological function/activity - Ester bond – the bond between glycerol and fatty acids Renaturation Phospholipids - Lipids with two fatty acids and a phosphate - Regains biological function group attached to glycerol Based on Function: - Hydrophilic head Steroids ENZYMES - Include cholesterol, chlorophyll, and hormones - Composed of four carbon rings - Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction - Examples: estrogen, testosterone Example: salivary amylase – the first step in - When taken in doses higher than the amount the digestion process your body normally can produce, steroids TRANSPORT reduce redness and swelling (inflammation) Waxes - Responsible for moving materials in the body of - Esters of fatty with long-chain monohydric living things carbons Example: Hemoglobin - Soap and detergents are made of surfactants - Surfactants are made of 90% lipids STORAGE  - When lipids are mixed with water with water, they arrange themselves in a spherical form called a micelle MAIN FUNCTION: Reserved sources of energy and protective layer for organs Nucleotides - Building blocks of nucleic acids - Three components of nucleotides: 5-carbon sugar (pentose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases - Linked together by a phosphodiester bond - Hydrogen bonds link the bases together DNA - Contains genetic instructions for the development and functioning of organisms RNA - Converts genetic information from DNA into AA sequences of proteins Main Function - Expression of genetic information