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Questions and Answers
Which sugar is specifically referred to as the 'brain sugar'?
Which sugar is specifically referred to as the 'brain sugar'?
What is the correct classification for sugars that have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton?
What is the correct classification for sugars that have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton?
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
What type of sugars are trioses?
What type of sugars are trioses?
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Which monosaccharide is considered the most abundant and important carbohydrate?
Which monosaccharide is considered the most abundant and important carbohydrate?
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What are chitin and fiber considered in the context of plant cells?
What are chitin and fiber considered in the context of plant cells?
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What is the role of carbohydrates in our diet?
What is the role of carbohydrates in our diet?
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Which sugar is primarily produced by plants as their source of energy?
Which sugar is primarily produced by plants as their source of energy?
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What is the product of the dehydration synthesis reaction between glucose and galactose?
What is the product of the dehydration synthesis reaction between glucose and galactose?
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Which statement is true regarding polysaccharides?
Which statement is true regarding polysaccharides?
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Which biomolecule is a polymer of glucose and serves as a storage form of energy in animals?
Which biomolecule is a polymer of glucose and serves as a storage form of energy in animals?
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Which of these is a characteristic of carbohydrates?
Which of these is a characteristic of carbohydrates?
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What type of linkage connects the glucose monomers in starch?
What type of linkage connects the glucose monomers in starch?
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Which of the following biomolecules is NOT classified as a carbohydrate?
Which of the following biomolecules is NOT classified as a carbohydrate?
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What do the terms 'monomer' and 'polymer' refer to in biomolecules?
What do the terms 'monomer' and 'polymer' refer to in biomolecules?
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Which substance mentioned is primarily used by plants for energy storage?
Which substance mentioned is primarily used by plants for energy storage?
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What is the primary function of contractile proteins?
What is the primary function of contractile proteins?
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Which type of protein is represented by antibodies?
Which type of protein is represented by antibodies?
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What stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?
What stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?
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What is the functional role of enzymes?
What is the functional role of enzymes?
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What is the role of the variable side chain (R group) in amino acids?
What is the role of the variable side chain (R group) in amino acids?
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What type of bond links nucleotides together in nucleic acids?
What type of bond links nucleotides together in nucleic acids?
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Which structure is most complex in protein architecture?
Which structure is most complex in protein architecture?
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What is the primary role of triglycerides?
What is the primary role of triglycerides?
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What type of bond forms between glycerol and fatty acids in lipids?
What type of bond forms between glycerol and fatty acids in lipids?
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What is the main function of RNA?
What is the main function of RNA?
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Which of the following lipids includes cholesterol?
Which of the following lipids includes cholesterol?
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What characterizes the primary structure of proteins?
What characterizes the primary structure of proteins?
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What is a primary function of transport proteins like hemoglobin?
What is a primary function of transport proteins like hemoglobin?
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What is a characteristic of saturated fats?
What is a characteristic of saturated fats?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are organic macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a general formula of CnH2non.
- They are soluble biomolecules and are important for life processes.
- Two major types: simple sugars (monosaccharides) and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides).
Composition of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides are the building blocks, including glucose, galactose, and fructose.
- Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, e.g., sucrose (glucose + fructose).
- Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides, such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
Types of Polysaccharides
- Starch: A polymer of glucose found in plants, serves as an energy source.
- Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle cells; provides energy when needed.
- Cellulose: Major component of plant cell walls; known as fiber.
- Chitin: Constituent of exoskeletons in arthropods and cell walls of fungi.
Protein Structure and Types
- Proteins are formed from long chains of amino acids; there are 20 different amino acids.
- Amino acids consist of a central carbon, an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R).
- Four levels of protein structure: primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helix/beta sheets), tertiary (3D shape), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).
Functions of Proteins
- Serve as enzymes, speeding up chemical reactions (e.g., salivary amylase).
- Provide structural support (e.g., collagen); involved in muscle contraction (e.g., myosin and actin).
- Perform protective functions (e.g., antibodies) and hormone production (e.g., insulin).
Lipids
- Lipids are large, nonpolar biomolecules, insoluble in water, often referred to as fats and oils.
- Major types include triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats), phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
- Lipids provide a reserve source of energy and act as protective layers for organs.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
- DNA contains genetic instructions essential for life and organism functioning.
- RNA plays a role in converting genetic information from DNA into amino acid sequences for protein synthesis.
Summary of Biomolecule Functions
- Carbohydrates provide immediate energy and serve as energy reserves.
- Proteins are crucial for growth, repair, and as enzymes that facilitate biochemical reactions.
- Lipids are vital for long-term energy storage and cell membrane structure.
- Nucleic acids are necessary for encoding, transmitting, and expressing genetic information.
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Description
Test your knowledge on biomolecules, focusing on carbohydrates such as lactose and maltose. This quiz covers basic concepts, including dehydration synthesis reactions and the formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides.
