GEN PATH LAB.pdf

GENERAL PATHOLOGY S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | PRELIM | DR. GRECIA & DR. BALBASTRO GENERAL PATHOLOGY Barr body - A complex and broad field that involves the study of the - inactive X-chromosome in mechanisms...

GENERAL PATHOLOGY S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | PRELIM | DR. GRECIA & DR. BALBASTRO GENERAL PATHOLOGY Barr body - A complex and broad field that involves the study of the - inactive X-chromosome in mechanisms behind cell and tissue injury and understanding somatic cells how the body responds to and repairs injury. Examples of areas that may be studied include necrosis, neoplasia, wound During apoptosis (aka healing, inflammation and how cells adapt to injury. programmed cell death) different nuclear change. AUGUST 16, 2024 ○ Karyolysis - dissolution of cell THE CELL ○ Pyknosis - shrinkage of cell ○ Karyorrhexis - rupture of cell CELL Basic functional unit of all living organisms MITOCHONDRIA Powerhouse of the cell (because in 1 cycle, it creates 36 ATP ) BASIC PARTS OF THE CELL Site of ATP production Membranes - inner and outer CELL MEMBRANE Plasma Membrane/ Inner membrane has folds called Plasmalemma /Cytoplasmic CRISTAE membrane Outermost layer. Cells have different ways to produce Phospholipid bilayer = FLUID ATP: MOSAIC MODEL 1. Glycolysis Regulates passage of materials in 2 atp and out of the cell 2 pyruvic acid Contains other lipids - cholesterol 4 hydrogen and glycolipids: CYTOPLASM 2. Kreb cycle CYTOPLASM Transparent semisolid fluid ○ 2 atp Everything except: ○ 16 hydrogen ○ Membrane-bound organelles ○ 4CO2 ○ Cytoskeleton ○ 2Co-enzyme A A cell component present inside ○ MITOCHONDRIA the cell membrane 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation ○ 34 atp CYTOSOL Liquid part of the cell ○ ELECTRON Ground substance TRANSPORT CHAIN A fluid present in the cell OF MITOCHONDRIA membrane 4. Direct Phosphorylation ○ 1 atp CELL ORGANELLES ○ 1 creatin ○ CYTOPLASM MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES ROUGH Network of tubules, vesicles, and NUCLEUS Contains DNA & RNA ENDOPLASMIC flattened sacs Largest organelle of the cell RETICULUM With ribosomes Most obvious feature under For protein synthesis microscope Surrounded by a nuclear envelope SMOOTH Network of tubules, vesicles, and ○ Inner layer ENDOPLASMIC flattened sacs ○ Outer layer RETICULUM Without ribosomes ○ With pores In the liver, it is involved in Nucleolus glycogen metabolism and - circular-shaped structure detoxification of various drugs found inside the nucleus that and alcohol is the site of ribosomal RNA Contains cytochrome p450 synthesis enzymes DDM 3-A | SHANNEN HEART A. ABOLUCION PAGE 1 GENERAL PATHOLOGY S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | PRELIM | DR. GRECIA & DR. BALBASTRO EXERCISE 1: THE CELL histo - smooth appearance due to absence of ribosomes CELL MEMBRANE site of: Outermost layer of the cell composed of a 1. Steroid synthesis - phospholipid bilayer that separates the interior of the testosterone, progesterone cell from the external environment. and estrogen. It regulates the passage of materials into and out of 2. Lipogenesis - fat formation the cell. 3. Detoxification (drugs, NUCLEUS alcohol) Control center of the cell that houses the genetic material and controls cellular activities such as GOLGI APPARATUS GOLGI BODY cellular division, cell growth, protein synthesis and cell Consist of a complex of layered, death. membrane-bound CISTERNAE It is a distinct dark-staining organelle usually found in For lysosomes packaging the center of the cell. Products are sent in vesicles to RIBOSOMES the plasma membrane, lysosome, Composed of RNA, this serves as the site of protein or secretory vesicles synthesis, capable of translation of an mRNA 2 faces: molecule into a polypeptide chain. ○ Cis - entry, convex - receiving Can be found freely floating or attached to the ○ Trans - exit, concave - endoplasmic reticulum. shipping CYTOPLASM The fluid to jelly-like substance that fills the interior LYSOSOME Small, membrane-bound vesicles space of cells. Contain hydrolytic enzymes called It is composed mostly of water and small amounts of hydrolase electrolytes, enzymes or dissolved substances. Important role in intracellular This is the site of certain cellular processes such as digestion of phagocytosed protein synthesis and glycolysis. particles MITOCHONDRIA The powerhouse of the cell, this organelle serves as PEROXISOME Vesicles formed by budding off the site of cellular respiration where various from the SER rather than the Golgi energy-producing processes such as the electron apparatus transport chain occur. Contain oxidase Contains a double membrane, and even its own genetic material. NON-MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of membranes composed of a phospholipid CENTROSOME Oval-shaped bilayer studded with ribosomes. Next to the nucleus This serves as the site for synthesis, folding and Formation of mitotic spindles tagging of proteins destined to be exported out of the during cell division cell or embedded in the cell membrane. Contains a pair of centrioles SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM arranged in a cartwheel pattern Network of membranes composed of a phospholipid What are the different phases of bilayer, but lacking ribosomes. Cellular division? It serves as the site for lipid synthesis and tagging. GOLGI APPARATUS RIBOSOMES For protein synthesis A series of flattened membrane-bound sacs that Composed of RNA subunits that serves as the site of packaging and distribution of are made in the nucleolus membrane-bound substances (proteins, lipids). LYSOSOMES CYTOSKELETON Composed of protein filaments Small spherical organelles containing digestive Supports the cell enzymes. Holds the nucleus and other Serve as the site of breakdown, degradation and organelles in place recycling of unwanted material such as old or For changes in cell shape damaged cell components or ingested foreign For movement of cell organelles material or bacteria. DDM 3-A | SHANNEN HEART A. ABOLUCION PAGE 2 GENERAL PATHOLOGY S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | PRELIM | DR. GRECIA & DR. BALBASTRO PEROXISOMES Small membrane-bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes used for metabolism. Also serves as the detoxification center where it breaks down toxic materials in the cell. CYTOSKELETON Complex network of interlinking protein filaments and tubules responsible for maintaining the cell framework and is responsible for movement (streaming) of organelles and substances within the cell. CENTRIOLE Cylindrical organelles composed of tubulin. Serves as the organizing center for microtubules during cell division, and aids in maintaining cell shape and organelle position. DDM 3-A | SHANNEN HEART A. ABOLUCION PAGE 3