Philippine Presidents PDF

PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS **Ag-Que-La-Os-Ro-Qui-Mag-Gar-Ma-Mar-Aqui-Ra-Es-Arr-Aqui-DU30-Bbm.** 1\. EMILIO AGUINALDO - 1^st^ president of 1^st^ republic - Revolutionary Government - Youngest president at the age of 28 years old - Longest live at 94 years old - Only president of 1^st^ rep...

PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS **Ag-Que-La-Os-Ro-Qui-Mag-Gar-Ma-Mar-Aqui-Ra-Es-Arr-Aqui-DU30-Bbm.** 1\. EMILIO AGUINALDO - 1^st^ president of 1^st^ republic - Revolutionary Government - Youngest president at the age of 28 years old - Longest live at 94 years old - Only president of 1^st^ republic - His vice president is MARIANO TRIAS 2\. MANUEL QUEZON - 2^nd^ president of the Philippines - 1^st^ president of commonwealth - Father of National Language - Die because of tuberculosis. - His wife is Aurora Quezon - He did in New York (Saranac Lake) 3\. JOSE P. LAUREL - 3^rd^ president of the Philippines - Only president of 2^nd^ republic - Known as Puppet president. - Lyceum of the Philippines was founded by him in 1952. 4\. SERGIO OSMEÑA - 4^th^ president of the Philippines - 2^nd^ president of Commonwealth - 1^st^ Visayan president - Vice president of Laurel - The shortest serving president 5\. MANUEL ROXAS - 5^th^ president of the Philippines - 1^st^ president of 3^rd^ republic - Gave amnesty to arrested filipino who connived with Japanese. 6\. ELPIDIO QUIRINO - 6^th^ president of the Philippines - Founder of SSS - Create the Integrity Board who reports the graft and corruption of higher official. - Use Hydroelectric Power Plant - Golden Arinola 7\. RAMON MAGSAYSAY - 7^th^ president of the Philippines - 3^rd^ president of 3^rd^ republic - Man of the masses - Little man - Golden Years (no corruption) - Wear slipper, barong tagalog - Die due to Plane crash. - Live at Zambales 8\. CARLOS P. GARCIA - 8^th^ president of the Philippines - 4^th^ president of 3^rd^ republic - Filipino First Policy (This policy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investors) - Austerity Program (Traded industry) - 1^st^ president buried in Libingan ng mga bayani. 9\. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL - 9^th^ president of the Philippines - 5^th^ president of 3^rd^ republic - Land for the landless - Tenancy Act - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Act (CARE) - Veterans Bank - Landbank - Nagbalik ng Kalayaan noong july 4-june 12 - Zero corruption 10.^.^ FERDINAND MARCOS - 10^th^ president of the Philippines - 4^th^ republic - Infrastructure Man - SLEX, NLEX, PGH,PICC etc. - Miracle Rice - Number 1 exporting country (Vietnam) - "I will make this country great again" 11\. CORAZON AQUINO - 11^th^ president of the Philippines - 1^st^ female president - 1^st^ president of 5^th^ republic - Family planning - Restored democracy - Mother of Democracy - 1987 constitution 12\. FIDEL V. RAMOS - 12^th^ president of the Philippines - 2^nd^ president of 5^th^ republic - Father of Democracy - Father of Army - Philippines 2000 13\. JOSEPH ESTRADA - 3^rd^ president of 5^th^ republic - Ama ng masa - Presidential Commission on Educational Reform - Baba sa pwesto Edsa Revolution 2001 14\. GLORIA ARROYO - 14^th^ president of the Philippines - 3^rd^ president of 5^th^ republic - Holiday economic - High GDP - Evat 15\. BENIGNO AQUINO - 15^th^ president of the Philippines - 5^th^ president of 5^th^ republic - K12 - No Wangwang Policy - Tuwid na Daan 16\. RODRIGO DUTERTE - 16^th^ president of the Philippines - 6^th^ president of 5^th^ republic - 1^st^ Mindanaon president - Extrajudicial Killing issue - Build Build Build - Federalism - Human rights issue 17\. BONGBONG MARCOS -.... SUMMARIZATION: - The president in 1^st^ republic was Aguinaldo - For 2^nd^ republic it's Laurel - For 3^rd^ republic it's Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, Garcia and Macapagal (RO-QUI-MA-GAR-MA) - For Commonwealth there's Quezon and Osmeña - 4^th^ republic president is Ferdinand marcos - 5^th^ republic its cory Aquino, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, benigno Aquino, Duterte and BBM) DIFFERENT TYPES OF STUDIES ONEIROLOGY -- study of dreams PHYSIOLOGY- study of functions MORPHOLOGY -- Study of forms BIOLOGY -- study of life/ living things, branch of natural science. Ecology -- Study of environment COSMOLOGY- Study of universe OPTHALMOLOGY - Study of eyes DERMATOLOGY - Study of skin TRICHOLOGY - Study of hair ENTOMOLOGY - Study of insects ICHTHYOLOGY - Study of fishes ORNITHOLOGY - Study of birds CYTOLOGY - Study of cells HISTOLOGY - Study of tissues HEMATOLOGY - Study of blood AGROSTOLOGY - Study of grasses DENDROLOGY - Study of trees POMOLOGY - Study of fruits CARDIOLOGY -- Study of heart HEPATOLOGY - Study of liver NEPHROLOGY - Study of Kidney PEDOLOGY - Study of soil CLIMATOLOGY - Study of climate NEPHOLOGY - Study of clouds EMBRYOLOGY - Study of embryo ZOOLOGY - Study of animals OOLOGY - Study of Eggs ARACHNOLOGY - Study of spiders HELMINTHOLOGY - Study of worms OSTEOLOGY - Study of bones ONCOLOGY - Study of cancer PATHOLOGY - Study of diseases VIROLOGY - study of virus BACTERIOLOGY - Study of bacteria MYCOLOGY -- Study of fungi PHYCOLOGY - Study of algae GENE - Basic unit of inheritance, segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein MUTATION - Change in DNA sequence that lead to a change in the expression. VARIATION - May be due to fertilization, meiosis and mutation. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE - Science that study the life of living things A **tissue** consists of a group of cells and carry out a particular common function. An **organ** consists of a number of different tissues working together as a functional unit. Different organs work together as **organ systems.** LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION - CELL - TISSUE - ORGAN - SYSTEM - ORGANISM TYPES OF CELLS FIBROBLASTS - Found in connective tissues. - Responsible for producing and maintaining which provides structural support to tissues and organs. EPITHELIAL CELLS - Forming a protective barrier between the inside of the body and the external environment. ERYTHROCYTES/RED BLOOD CELLS - Oxygen Transport - Carbon Dioxide Transport - pH Regulation WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES) - Defend the body against infections and foreign substances. NERVE CELLS (NEURONS) - Transmit electrical impulses and communicate signals throughout the nervous system. MUSCLE CELLS (MYOCYTES) - Enable movement by contracting in response to stimuli. BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES) - Maintain and support the bone structure. CARTILAGE CELLS (CHONDROCYTES) - Provide flexible support and cushioning in joints, ear, and nose. FAT CELLS (ADIPOCYTES) - Store energy in the form of lipids; insulate and protect organs. STEM CELLS - Serve as undifferentiated cells capable of developing into different cell types. PANCREATIC CELLS - Produce digestive enzymes and hormones. REPRODUCTIVE CELLS (GAMETES) - Transfer genetic information to the offspring. TAXONOMY - the scientific practice of classifying and naming organisms. LEVELS OF TAXONOMY (TAXONOMIC RANKS) DOMAIN - The highest level of classification, separating life into three main domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. KINGDOM - Divides organisms further within each domain (e.g., Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria). PHYLUM - Groups organisms within a kingdom based on basic structural features (e.g., Chordata for vertebrates). CLASS - Further divides phyla (e.g., Mammalia for mammals within Chordata). ORDER - Class is divided into orders based on more specific traits (e.g., Primates for humans, apes, and monkeys). FAMILY - Orders are divided into families, grouping closely related genera (e.g., Hominidae, the family of humans and great apes). GENUS - Groups closely related species (e.g., Homo for humans). SPECIES - The most specific rank, representing a single, distinct organism group that can interbreed (e.g., Homo sapiens for humans). ORGANISM WITH THEIR KINGDOM MONERIA - Only prokaryotic kingdom PROTISTA - Literally protest. FUNGI - Decay PLANTAE ANIMALIA PRIMARY TYPES OF CELLS Feature Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells --------------- --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- Size Smaller (0.1--5 µm) Larger (10--100 µm) Nucleus No true nucleus True nucleus present Organelles No membrane-bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles present DNA Structure Circular DNA Linear chromosomes Reproduction Binary fission Mitosis and meiosis Cell Wall Peptidoglycan (bacteria), varies in Archaea Cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), none (animals Examples Bacteria, Archaea Plants, animals, fungi, protists TYPES OF HYPOTHESES NULL (H₀) - states that there is no relationship between the variables, or no effect is expected. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Hₐ) - This hypothesis suggests that there is a relationship or effect. PHILOSOPHY - Mother of all sciences SENSES - Empirical Approach RELIABILITY - Consistency BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY ANATOMY - Internal structures of living things PHYSIOLOGY - Functions of structures BOTANY - Study of plants CYTOLOGY - Study of cells ECOLOGY - Relationship between living and non-living. GENETICS - Heredity PHYLOGENY - evolutionary history of organisms PATHOLOGY - diseases ENDOCRINOLOGY - hormones ZOOLOGY - study of animals **INTERPHASE** is the phase of the cell cycle during which a cell prepares for division by growing and replicating its DNA. **THREE MAIN STAGES** G1 PHASE (GAP 1) - Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication. - DNA replication, resulting in two identical sets of chromosomes. G2 PHASE (GAP 2) - Final growth and preparation for mitosis, error-checking. MITOSIS (M PHASE) - Nuclear and cytoplasmic division to produce two identical daughter cells. ABIOGENESIS - life began spontaneously under certain environmental conditions billions of years ago. PATHOGEN - microorganism or organism that can cause disease in a host. MONOSACCHARIDES - the simplest form of carbohydrates. - referred to as **simple sugars**. COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE (C₆H₁₂O₆): - It is the most common monosaccharide and is the primary energy source for cells. - It is an aldose and a hexose. - Found in fruits, vegetables, and as part of other carbohydrates like starch and sucrose. FRUCTOSE (C₆H₁₂O₆) - A ketose and a hexose. - Found in fruits, honey, and root vegetables. - It is sweeter than glucose and is often used in processed foods. GALACTOSE (C₆H₁₂O₆): - It is an aldose and a hexose. - Galactose is found in milk as part of the disaccharide lactose. - It is less sweet than glucose and is metabolized into glucose in the body. RIBOSE (C₅H₁₀O₅): - A pentose sugar. - It is a crucial component of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and is involved in the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. DEOXYRIBOSE (C₅H₁₀O₄): - Like ribose but lacks one oxygen atom, hence the prefix \"deoxy\". - A pentose sugar found in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). AMINO ACIDS - building blocks of protein - **20 total** of amino acids (**9 essentials, 11 non-essentials**) Main Stages of Mitosis PROPHASE- big cell, visible chromosome METAPHASE- chromosomes are align. ANAPHASE- separation phase TELOPHASE - two cells CYTOKINESIS- totally divide. CELL MEMBRANE - composed of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. - selective permeability. CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Elements Ca and Te CALCIUM (CA) - an alkaline earth metal essential for life, especially in bone and teeth formation, and plays a vital role in cellular functions and industrial applications. TELLURIUM (TE) - a metalloid with properties between metals and non-metals. It is used in electronics, semiconductors, and alloys, but has limited biological significance and can be toxic at high concentrations. IONIC - transfer of electrons COVALENT - sharing of electrons PLASMA - very hot gas of nuclei and electrons METALLOIDS - properties of both metals and non-metals AMBIVALENT - positive and negative ESTERS - widely used in flavors, fragrances, and as solvent. BRIGHT GREEN - borrow in a flame test. EARTH SCIENCE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Seasons- tilting of the earth on its axis Mesosphere- meteors burn Typhoon- storm in the pacific Pacific ring of fire- volcanoes are active SCIENCE-systematic pursuit of knowledge SCIENTIFIC METHOD (Founders) -Francis Bacon (modern) -Galileo Galilei (classic) SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS: 1\. Phenomena 2\. Identify the problem 3\. Formulating hypothesis 4\. Conduct experimentation GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT -increase in size and complexity respectively Size- growth (quantitative) Complexity- development (qualitative) ADAPTATION -fit and survive -change REPRODUCTION Sexual Reproduction -involve sex cells (fertilization) -in human, fertilization occurs in the oviduct/fallopian tube -gametes (sex cells) Asexual Reproduction 1\. Budding- outgrowth (hydra and yeast) 2\. Binary Fission- split into two (bacteria) 3\. Fragmentation- break parent cell into many parts (planaria) 4\. Regeneration- capable of re-growing certain parts (lizard and starfish) 5\. Parthenogenesis- bees -haploid (male) -diploid (female) RESPONSE TO STIMULUS \"IRRITABILITY\" -ability to response to stimulus Stimulus- causes to react Response- reaction Taxis-directional movement of animals as a response to a stimulus -example; chemotaxis, phototaxis, geotaxis CYTOLOGY -study of cells 1\. All living organisms are composed of cells 2\. Every organisms is made up of cells (cell is the basic unit of life) 3\. All cells came from existing cell **ANIMAL TAXONOMY** PHYLUM PORIFERA -most primitive invertebrates -no organs and definite shape, sessile -example; sponges PHYLUM CNIDARIA -with cnidoblast (stinging cells) which contains nematocyst (stinging organelle) -polyp and medusa -example; hydra, jellyfish PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES -flat worms -flat body -example; flukes, tapeworms PHYLUM NEMATODA -round worms -unsegmented, smooth, and long PHYLUM ANNELIDA -segmented worms -setae for movement -example; earthworm, leeches PHYLUM ANTHROPODA -with head, thorax, and abdomen -with jointed legs -exoskeleton (chitin) -example; insects, spiders, centipede