Biology Taxonomy and Cell Types

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Questions and Answers

Which type of reproduction involves the fusion of gametes?

Regeneration

Sexual reproduction (correct)

Asexual reproduction

Binary fission

What defines the level of complexity in growth and development?

Increase in complexity (correct)

Increase in metabolic rate

Increase in number of cells

Increase in size

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Energy production

Protein synthesis

Transport of nutrients

Selective permeability (correct)

Which stage of mitosis involves the separation of chromosomes?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What describes the role of calcium in biological systems?

Important for bone and teeth formation Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells undergo binary fission as a form of reproduction?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the property of metalloids?

Show properties of both metals and non-metals Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

Absence of membrane-bound organelles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct order of taxonomic ranks from highest to lowest?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Signup and view all the answers

Which step in the scientific method involves formulating a testable statement?

Formulating hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pancreatic cells?

To produce digestive enzymes and hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which taxonomic rank includes closely related species?

Family Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

Circular DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of reproductive cells (gametes)?

To transfer genetic information to the offspring Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the kingdom Moneria among other kingdoms?

It is only composed of prokaryotic organisms Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypothesis claims no effect or relationship exists between variables?

Null hypothesis (H₀) Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization consists of a group of cells working together to carry out a specific function?

Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutation in the context of genetics?

A change in DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

What function do erythrocytes perform in the body?

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix in connective tissues?

Fibroblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the levels of organization in biological systems?

Cell, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is primarily involved in energy storage?

Adipocytes Signup and view all the answers

In biological science, variation among organisms can be a result of which processes?

Fertilization, meiosis, and mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cells defends the body against infections?

Leukocytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.

Pancreatic Cells

Secrete digestive enzymes and hormones.

Reproductive Cells (Gametes)

Carry genetic information to offspring.

Taxonomy

Classifying and naming organisms scientifically.

Levels of Taxonomy (Taxonomic Ranks)

Domain: Highest level, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Kingdom: Divides organisms within domains, examples include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria.
Phylum: Groups organisms based on structural features, like Chordata for vertebrates.
Class: Further divides phyla, for example, Mammalia within Chordata.
Order: Divides classes based on specific traits, like Primates for humans, apes, and monkeys.
Family: Groups closely related genera, such as Hominidae, the family of humans and great apes.
Genus: Groups closely related species, like Homo for humans.
Species: Most specific level, representing a distinct organism group that can interbreed, such as Homo sapiens for humans.

Organism with their Kingdom

Moneria: Prokaryotic kingdom, consisting of single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
Protista: Diverse kingdom including single-celled eukaryotic organisms like algae and protozoa.
Fungi: Heterotrophic eukaryotic kingdom, including mushrooms, molds, and yeasts known for decomposing organic matter.
Plantae: Eukaryotic kingdom containing plants, characterized by multicellularity, photosynthesis, and cell walls.
Animalia: Eukaryotic kingdom containing multicellular animals, characterized by heterotrophy, movement, and lack of cell walls.

Primary Types of Cells

Feature Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells*
Size Smaller (0.1--5 µm) Larger (10--100 µm)*
Nucleus No true nucleus True nucleus present*
Organelles No membrane-bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles present*
DNA Structure Circular DNA Linear chromosomes*
Reproduction Binary fission Mitosis and meiosis*
Cell Wall Peptidoglycan (bacteria) Cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), none (animals)*
Examples Bacteria, Archaea Plants, animals, fungi, protists*

Types of Hypotheses

Null (H₀): States no relationship between variables or no expected effect.

Ecology

Study of the environment and interactions between organisms.

Cosmology

Study of the universe, its origin, structure, and evolution.

Ophthalmology

Branch of medicine dealing with the eye and its diseases.

Dermatology

Study and treatment of disorders of the skin, hair, and nails.

Trichology

Study of hair and scalp.

Entomology

Branch of zoology focusing on insects.

Ichthyology

Study of fishes.

Ornithology

Study of birds.

Cytology

Branch of biology that studies cells.

Histology

Branch of biology that studies tissues.

Hematology

Study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.

Agrostology

Study of grasses.

Dendrology

Study of trees.

Pomology

Study of fruits.

Cardiology

Branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases.
Study of the heart and circulatory system

Hepatology

Study of the liver and its diseases.

Nephrology

Study of the kidneys and their diseases.

Pedology

Study of soil and its properties.

Climatology

Study of climate and its variations.

Nephology

Study of clouds and their formation.

Embryology

Study of the development of embryos.

Zoology

Branch of biology that studies animals.

Oology

Study of birds' eggs.

Arachnology

Study of spiders and related organisms.

Helminthology

Study of worms.

Osteology

Study of bones.

Oncology

Study of cancer.

Pathology

Study of diseases and their causes.

Virology

Study of viruses.

Bacteriology

Study of bacteria.

Mycology

Study of fungi.

Phycology

Study of algae.

Gene

Basic unit of inheritance, a segment of DNA coding for a specific protein.

Mutation

Change in DNA sequence leading to altered gene expression.

Variation

Differences in traits among individuals due to factors like fertilization, meiosis, and mutation.

Biological Science

Science exploring the life of living organisms.

Tissue

Group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organ

Consists of different tissues working together as a functional unit.

Organ Systems

Collection of organs working together to perform a specific function.

Levels of Organization

Cell: Basic unit of life.
Tissue: Group of similar cells.
Organ: Composed of different tissues.
System: Composed of organs.
Organism: Complete living being.

Types of Cells

Fibroblasts: Found in connective tissue, responsible for producing and maintaining extracellular matrix.
Epithelial Cells: Form a protective barrier between the body's interior and the external environment.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulate blood pH.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Defend the body against infections and foreign substances.
Nerve Cells (Neurons): Communicate signals throughout the nervous system using electrical impulses.
Muscle Cells (Myocytes): Enable movement by contracting in response to stimuli.
Bone Cells (Osteocytes): Maintain bone structure and support.
Cartilage Cells (Chondrocytes): Provide flexible support and cushioning in joints, ears, and nose.
Fat Cells (Adipocytes): Store energy as lipids, insulate and protect organs.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, there are 20 total amino acids (9 essential, 11 non-essential).

Main Stages of Mitosis

Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible.
Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes.
Cytokinesis: The cell divides into two daughter cells.

Cell Membrane

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. Regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.

Chemistry Important Concepts

Calcium (Ca): Alkaline earth metal crucial for bone and tooth formation, plays a vital role in cellular functions.
Tellurium (Te): Metalloid used in electronics, semiconductors, and alloys.
Ionic Bonding: Transfer of electrons.
Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons.
Plasma: Very hot gas consisting of nuclei and electrons.
Metalloids: Possess properties of both metals and non-metals.
Ambivalent: Having both positive and negative qualities.
Esters: Used in flavors, fragrances, and as solvents.
Bright Green: Color obtained in a flame test for certain elements.

Earth Science Important Concepts

Seasons: Result from the Earth's tilted axis.
Mesosphere: Layer of the atmosphere where meteors burn up.
Typhoon: Powerful storm in the Pacific Ocean.
Pacific Ring of Fire: Zone of active volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean.

Science

Systematic pursuit of knowledge involving observation, experimentation, and critical thinking.

Scientific Method (Founders)

Francis Bacon (modern): Emphasized inductive reasoning and experimentation.
Galileo Galilei (classic): Contributed to the scientific method through his observations and experiments.

Scientific Method Steps

Observe phenomena: Notice something of interest.
Identify the problem: Define the specific issue or question.
Formulate a hypothesis: Propose a testable explanation.
Conduct experimentation: Test the hypothesis through controlled experiments.

Growth and Development

Growth: Increase in size (quantitative).
Development: Increase in complexity (qualitative).

Adaptation

Process of change enabling an organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment.

Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction: Involves the fusion of sex cells (fertilization).
Asexual Reproduction: Does not involve sex cells, includes various methods:
- Budding: Outgrowth from a parent organism (hydra, yeast).
- Binary Fission: Cell splits into two (bacteria).
- Fragmentation: Parent organism breaks into multiple parts that develop (planaria).
- Regeneration: Capable of regrowing lost body parts (lizard, starfish).

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in biology, focusing on taxonomy and various cell types, including stem cells and reproductive cells. Understand the classification of living organisms and the functions of different cells within organisms. Test your knowledge of biological hierarchy and cell differentiation.