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Which type of reproduction involves the fusion of gametes?
What defines the level of complexity in growth and development?
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Which stage of mitosis involves the separation of chromosomes?
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What describes the role of calcium in biological systems?
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What type of cells undergo binary fission as a form of reproduction?
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Which of the following describes the property of metalloids?
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What is a primary characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following represents the correct order of taxonomic ranks from highest to lowest?
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Which step in the scientific method involves formulating a testable statement?
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What is the function of pancreatic cells?
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Which taxonomic rank includes closely related species?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
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What is the function of reproductive cells (gametes)?
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What distinguishes the kingdom Moneria among other kingdoms?
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What type of hypothesis claims no effect or relationship exists between variables?
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Which level of organization consists of a group of cells working together to carry out a specific function?
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What is a mutation in the context of genetics?
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What function do erythrocytes perform in the body?
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix in connective tissues?
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What is the correct order of the levels of organization in biological systems?
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Which of the following cell types is primarily involved in energy storage?
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In biological science, variation among organisms can be a result of which processes?
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Which of the following types of cells defends the body against infections?
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Study Notes
Stem Cells
- Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.
Pancreatic Cells
- Secrete digestive enzymes and hormones.
Reproductive Cells (Gametes)
- Carry genetic information to offspring.
Taxonomy
- Classifying and naming organisms scientifically.
Levels of Taxonomy (Taxonomic Ranks)
- Domain: Highest level, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
- Kingdom: Divides organisms within domains, examples include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria.
- Phylum: Groups organisms based on structural features, like Chordata for vertebrates.
- Class: Further divides phyla, for example, Mammalia within Chordata.
- Order: Divides classes based on specific traits, like Primates for humans, apes, and monkeys.
- Family: Groups closely related genera, such as Hominidae, the family of humans and great apes.
- Genus: Groups closely related species, like Homo for humans.
- Species: Most specific level, representing a distinct organism group that can interbreed, such as Homo sapiens for humans.
Organism with their Kingdom
- Moneria: Prokaryotic kingdom, consisting of single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
- Protista: Diverse kingdom including single-celled eukaryotic organisms like algae and protozoa.
- Fungi: Heterotrophic eukaryotic kingdom, including mushrooms, molds, and yeasts known for decomposing organic matter.
- Plantae: Eukaryotic kingdom containing plants, characterized by multicellularity, photosynthesis, and cell walls.
- Animalia: Eukaryotic kingdom containing multicellular animals, characterized by heterotrophy, movement, and lack of cell walls.
Primary Types of Cells
- Feature Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells*
- Size Smaller (0.1--5 µm) Larger (10--100 µm)*
- Nucleus No true nucleus True nucleus present*
- Organelles No membrane-bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles present*
- DNA Structure Circular DNA Linear chromosomes*
- Reproduction Binary fission Mitosis and meiosis*
- Cell Wall Peptidoglycan (bacteria) Cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), none (animals)*
- Examples Bacteria, Archaea Plants, animals, fungi, protists*
Types of Hypotheses
- Null (H₀): States no relationship between variables or no expected effect.
Ecology
- Study of the environment and interactions between organisms.
Cosmology
- Study of the universe, its origin, structure, and evolution.
Ophthalmology
- Branch of medicine dealing with the eye and its diseases.
Dermatology
- Study and treatment of disorders of the skin, hair, and nails.
Trichology
- Study of hair and scalp.
Entomology
- Branch of zoology focusing on insects.
Ichthyology
- Study of fishes.
Ornithology
- Study of birds.
Cytology
- Branch of biology that studies cells.
Histology
- Branch of biology that studies tissues.
Hematology
- Study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.
Agrostology
- Study of grasses.
Dendrology
- Study of trees.
Pomology
- Study of fruits.
Cardiology
- Branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases.
- Study of the heart and circulatory system
Hepatology
- Study of the liver and its diseases.
Nephrology
- Study of the kidneys and their diseases.
Pedology
- Study of soil and its properties.
Climatology
- Study of climate and its variations.
Nephology
- Study of clouds and their formation.
Embryology
- Study of the development of embryos.
Zoology
- Branch of biology that studies animals.
Oology
- Study of birds' eggs.
Arachnology
- Study of spiders and related organisms.
Helminthology
- Study of worms.
Osteology
- Study of bones.
Oncology
- Study of cancer.
Pathology
- Study of diseases and their causes.
Virology
- Study of viruses.
Bacteriology
- Study of bacteria.
Mycology
- Study of fungi.
Phycology
- Study of algae.
Gene
- Basic unit of inheritance, a segment of DNA coding for a specific protein.
Mutation
- Change in DNA sequence leading to altered gene expression.
Variation
- Differences in traits among individuals due to factors like fertilization, meiosis, and mutation.
Biological Science
- Science exploring the life of living organisms.
Tissue
- Group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Organ
- Consists of different tissues working together as a functional unit.
Organ Systems
- Collection of organs working together to perform a specific function.
Levels of Organization
- Cell: Basic unit of life.
- Tissue: Group of similar cells.
- Organ: Composed of different tissues.
- System: Composed of organs.
- Organism: Complete living being.
Types of Cells
- Fibroblasts: Found in connective tissue, responsible for producing and maintaining extracellular matrix.
- Epithelial Cells: Form a protective barrier between the body's interior and the external environment.
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulate blood pH.
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Defend the body against infections and foreign substances.
- Nerve Cells (Neurons): Communicate signals throughout the nervous system using electrical impulses.
- Muscle Cells (Myocytes): Enable movement by contracting in response to stimuli.
- Bone Cells (Osteocytes): Maintain bone structure and support.
- Cartilage Cells (Chondrocytes): Provide flexible support and cushioning in joints, ears, and nose.
- Fat Cells (Adipocytes): Store energy as lipids, insulate and protect organs.
Amino Acids
- Building blocks of proteins, there are 20 total amino acids (9 essential, 11 non-essential).
Main Stages of Mitosis
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis: The cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cell Membrane
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. Regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.
Chemistry Important Concepts
- Calcium (Ca): Alkaline earth metal crucial for bone and tooth formation, plays a vital role in cellular functions.
- Tellurium (Te): Metalloid used in electronics, semiconductors, and alloys.
- Ionic Bonding: Transfer of electrons.
- Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons.
- Plasma: Very hot gas consisting of nuclei and electrons.
- Metalloids: Possess properties of both metals and non-metals.
- Ambivalent: Having both positive and negative qualities.
- Esters: Used in flavors, fragrances, and as solvents.
- Bright Green: Color obtained in a flame test for certain elements.
Earth Science Important Concepts
- Seasons: Result from the Earth's tilted axis.
- Mesosphere: Layer of the atmosphere where meteors burn up.
- Typhoon: Powerful storm in the Pacific Ocean.
- Pacific Ring of Fire: Zone of active volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean.
Science
- Systematic pursuit of knowledge involving observation, experimentation, and critical thinking.
Scientific Method (Founders)
- Francis Bacon (modern): Emphasized inductive reasoning and experimentation.
- Galileo Galilei (classic): Contributed to the scientific method through his observations and experiments.
Scientific Method Steps
- Observe phenomena: Notice something of interest.
- Identify the problem: Define the specific issue or question.
- Formulate a hypothesis: Propose a testable explanation.
- Conduct experimentation: Test the hypothesis through controlled experiments.
Growth and Development
- Growth: Increase in size (quantitative).
- Development: Increase in complexity (qualitative).
Adaptation
- Process of change enabling an organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment.
Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction: Involves the fusion of sex cells (fertilization).
-
Asexual Reproduction: Does not involve sex cells, includes various methods:
- Budding: Outgrowth from a parent organism (hydra, yeast).
- Binary Fission: Cell splits into two (bacteria).
- Fragmentation: Parent organism breaks into multiple parts that develop (planaria).
- Regeneration: Capable of regrowing lost body parts (lizard, starfish).
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in biology, focusing on taxonomy and various cell types, including stem cells and reproductive cells. Understand the classification of living organisms and the functions of different cells within organisms. Test your knowledge of biological hierarchy and cell differentiation.
