GEN 002 P2 Reviewer PDF

LESSON 6 Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who had this assumption that for a person to \"grow\" he must need an environment that can provide him with openness and self-disclosure. He believes that a person has one basic motive, that is, the desire to self-actualize, to reach his highest po...

LESSON 6 Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who had this assumption that for a person to \"grow\" he must need an environment that can provide him with openness and self-disclosure. He believes that a person has one basic motive, that is, the desire to self-actualize, to reach his highest potential and achieve his level of humanness. Roger believes that a person, to be self-actualized must be in a state of congruence or balance. 1\. Openness and Self Disclosure: - people should feel free to express themselves authentically without fear of judgment or rejection. - In such an environment, individuals are encouraged to be honest about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, leading to greater self-awareness and personal understanding. 2\. Basic Motive - Self-Actualization - process of realizing one\'s full potential, talents, and abilities, and striving to become the best version of oneself. - It involves pursuing personal growth, fulfilling meaningful goals, and living in a way that aligns with one\'s authentic values and aspirations. 3\. Congruence or Balance: - being in harmony or alignment between one\'s real self (who they currently are) and their ideal self (who they aspire to be). - When there is congruence, individuals experience a sense of wholeness, authenticity, and inner peace. - They are not torn between conflicting identities or values but instead live in a way that reflects their true nature and aspirations. REAL SELF - **who we truly are**, encompassing our actual traits, behaviors, strengths, weaknesses, beliefs, values, and experiences. - it represents our authentic identity shaped by various factors such as upbringing, environment, genetics, and life experiences. IDEAL SELF - the version of ourselves that **we aspire** to be or believe we should be. - It comprises the qualities, traits, behaviors, and achievements that **we idealize and strive towards** LESSON 7 Individualistic versus Collectivist Self Individualist Self vs. Collectivist Self: A Cultural Perspective Individualist Self (Western Thought) - Individualism is a philosophy of life emphasizing the priority of a person\'s need over group, an emphasis on individuality. - In Western cultures, such as those in Europe and North America, the individualist self is characterized by a strong emphasis on personal goals, achievements, and autonomy. - [Individualist Self means liking to do things on your own and focusing more on yourself and your family. ] - It\'s about wanting to be independent and making your own choices without too much influence from others. - Independence, self-reliance, and personal freedom are highly valued, and there is a focus on asserting one\'s rights and preferences Collectivist Self (Eastern Thought) - Collectivism represents a preference for a tightly knit social network in which a person can expect their family and other relatives of the social group to look after the min exchange for unquestioned loyalty. - Eastern cultures, including those in East Asia, emphasize collectivist self-concepts, where individuals prioritize the needs and goals of the group over personal desires. - They value group harmony. Interconnectedness - The collectivist self is characterized by a sense of interconnectedness with family, community, and society, where relationships and social harmony are paramount. Group Identity - Individuals derive their sense of self from their roles within the larger social context, such as family, community, or nation, rather than solely from personal attributes. Focus on the Individual vs Focus on the Group: - Western individualist cultures **prioritize individual rights, freedoms, and self-expression,** - Eastern collectivist cultures **prioritize group cohesion, social harmony, and interdependence.** Independence vs. Interdependence: - Individualist self- concepts emphasize [independence and autonomy] - collectivist self-concepts emphasize [interdependence, cooperation, and mutual support. ] Self-Expression vs. Social Obligation: - In Western cultures, individuals are [encouraged to express their opinions and pursue personal goals] - while in Eastern cultures, individuals may [prioritize social obligations and responsibilities to maintain group harmony]. LESSON 8 The Physical Self: The Impact of Culture on Body Image The **physical self** is all about your body and what makes you unique physically. It includes things [like how tall you are, your body shape, your facial features, how strong you are, and even how you experience sensations like touch, taste, and smell]. **Body image** refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their physical appearance and body. It includes their [thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and emotions related to their body size, shape, features, and overall attractiveness.] 1. Genes - Many physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, height, and bone structure, are directly influenced by your genetic makeup. - Genes can influence physical abilities such as athletic performance, coordination, and muscle strength. Genes can also play a role in the development of physical disabilities. - Certain genetic mutations or abnormalities can lead to conditions such as muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, and congenital limb differences, among others. 2. Self-care- - Taking care of oneself has a significant impact on physical well-being across various dimensions, encompassing aspects such as diet, exercise, sleep, stress management, hygiene, preventive healthcare, and mental health. 3. Culture- - Different cultures have varying norms and ideals regarding body size, shape, and beauty. - These cultural standards can influence individuals\' perceptions of their own bodies and what is considered acceptable or desirable. In the modern world, we are constantly exposed to images of stylish women with flawless skin, slender waists, curves, and for men, 6-pack abs or showcasing physiques, all while conforming to specific weight standards. 1\. Cultural Norms - In some parts of the Philippines, fair or light skin has long been considered a beauty ideal in the Philippines, influenced in part by historical notions of beauty during colonial periods. - Lighter skin tones are often associated with higher social status and are commonly portrayed as desirable in media and advertising. 2\. Media - Media significantly impacts our body image by promoting unrealistic beauty standards. - For example, many skincare ads feature models with flawless skin promoting the idea that perfect skin is achievable through their products. - These ads often create unrealistic expectations about what is considered \"normal\" skin 3\. The closest to us-- family and friends - Negative comments from family and friends can have a significant impact on our body image, as they are often people we trust and look to for validation and support. Here are some of the negative effects of culture and society on our body image. 1\. Body Dissatisfaction - Feeling unhappy or displeased with one\'s body size, shape, or appearance. - This dissatisfaction can lead to negative thoughts and emotions about oneself. 2\. Social Comparison - Comparing one\'s body to others, often based on unrealistic beauty standards promoted in media and society. - This can lead to feelings of inadequacy, jealousy, or pressure to conform to idealized body images. 3\. Eating Disorders - Extreme behaviors related to food intake and weight control, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder. - These disorders often stem from distorted body image perceptions and can have serious physical and psychological consequences. 4\. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - A mental health disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts about perceived flaws or defects in one\'s appearance. - Individuals with BDD may engage in compulsive behaviors or seek excessive cosmetic procedures to \"fix\" perceived flaws. 5\. Avoidance Behaviors - Avoiding social situations, activities, or clothing that may highlight perceived flaws or trigger negative body image thoughts. - This avoidance can limit participation in enjoyable activities and contribute to social isolation. Module 9 The Economic and Material Self: Living in a Material World Material or Economic self - the extension of our physical self because the possession that we have is considered as an external representation of who we are. - Material possessions, such as clothing, accessories, gadgets, and vehicles, are physical objects that we interact with daily. - These items can reflect our tastes, preferences, and lifestyle choices, acting as tangible representations of our identity and personality. SOCIAL SIGNIFIERS - The type and quality of material possessions can be social indicators of status, wealth, and success [ ] Denis Diderot - a French philosopher - **Diderot Effect** articulated in an essay entitled "[Regrets on Parting with my Old Dressing Gown]". - The Diderot Effect suggests that one innocent purchase can unexpectedly spiral into an endless cycle of buying more and more related items, often because we want everything to match and fit our sense of identity. - getting one new thing makes them want more new things. - It starts a cycle where they feel like their old stuff isn\'t good enough anymore. - This makes them buy more stuff to feel better about themselves and show off their status. NEEDS \"Necessity is the mother of consumption" - basic survival needs, like food, water, and shelter. It can also be health-related necessities, like medication or healthcare services, or can also be functional needs, like clothing, transportation, or tools for work. WANTS "not all consumption is driven solely by necessity" - They are not essential for survival but contribute to overall well-being and satisfaction. - pleasure, convenience, social status, self-expression, and various other reason. Module 10 The Spiritual Self: The Inner Soul SPIRITUAL SELF - who we are at our core. - the idea of an inner essence or soul that transcends the physical body and material world. - Being spiritual means prioritizing love towards oneself, others, and the world. 1\. Transcendence and Connection - a connection that is beyond the normal range of physical human experience. 2\. Personal growth and Well Being - improving oneself through activities and experiences that enhance self-awareness, develop talents, and potentially improve the quality of life. 3\. Meaning and Purpose - Individuals may explore existential questions about the nature of existence, suffering and pursuit of transcendal experiences to find deeper fulfillment. 4\. Values and Belief - Influenced by the values and beliefs that shape how wee behave ethnically, make moral decisions, and seek spiritual growth. Religion - is a set of beliefs, practices, and rituals followed by a group of people. - It often involves faith in a higher power or powers, such as God or gods, and can include specific teachings about morality, the afterlife, and the purpose of life. - Religions usually have organized structures, such as churches, temples, or mosques, where followers gather for worship and community activities. - Religion plays a significant role in shaping cultures, traditions, and individual identities HINDUISM - Teaches that the self, known as **Atman**, is eternal and identical to the ultimate reality, **Brahman**. - Through the cycle of **reincarnation (samsara),** individuals experience the **consequences of their actions (karma)** and **seek liberation** (**moksha**) from the cycle of birth and death. - The self is seen as distinct from the physical body and mind, representing the essence of consciousness and divine connection. - **Self-realization (atma-jnana)** is central to spiritual growth and the attainment of enlightenment BUDDHISM - Views the self as [impermanent and devoid of inherent existence.] - The concept of **Anatta (non-self)** emphasizes that the self is composed of ever-changing **aggregates (skandhas)**, including form, sensation, perception, mental formations, and consciousness. - The goal of Buddhist practice is to **transcend the illusion of selfhood** and **attain enlightenment (nirvana)** by realizing the interconnectedness and interdependence of all phenomena. - Through mindfulness and insight meditation, leading to liberation from **suffering (dukkha)**. CHRISTIANITY - Teaches that [the self is created in the image of God and endowed with inherent dignity and worth]. - Through faith in Jesus Christ and redemption through his sacrificial death and resurrection, [individuals find salvation and reconciliation with God. ] - Personal identity is intertwined with one \' s relationship with God and participation in the Christian community (Body of Christ). ISLAM - Teaches that the self, known as nafs, is created by Allah and endowed with free will and moral responsibility. - The ultimate goal is submission to the will of Allah (Islam) and attainment of spiritual purity (tazkiyah). - Personal identity is shaped by adherence to the Five Pillars of Islam: 1. including faith (Shahada), 2. prayer (Salah), 3. charity (Zakat), 4. fasting (Sawm), and 5. pilgrimage (Hajj). Filipinos believe in multiple souls, as noted by Llanes (1956) and cited by Demetrio et al. (2011). Early Ilokano beliefs mention four souls that animate the body: 1\. The kararwa, or the main soul - is vital and only leaves after death. It\'s the Ilokano term for the Christian soul. 2\. The karkarma, or second soul - can leave when frightened or stolen if one ventures to isolated areas. - Failure to return can lead to insanity, with ceremonies held to lure it back. - It symbolizes natural vigor, energy, and reason. - It is the counterpart of psyche for the Greeks. 3\. The aniwaas (aningaas or alingaas), or third soul, - leaves during sleep to visit familiar places. - Loss of the aniwaas upon waking can lead to insanity. 4\. The ar-aria, or fourth soul, - is the liberated soul of the dead, visiting relatives and friends. - Signs of its presence include howling dogs, disruptive behavior, and mimicry of the deceased\'s habits or traits. - If the dead was a cook, he likes staying in the kitchen; if a basketball player, he plays with balls. If he was lame in life, his footsteps betray that fact