GED 103 Lecture Summary Module 1 Exam 1 PDF

NOTES IN PHILIPPINE READING AND Primary sources are invaluable for HISTORY understanding the past because they GED103_A9 offer direct, unmediated evidence of historical e...

NOTES IN PHILIPPINE READING AND Primary sources are invaluable for HISTORY understanding the past because they GED103_A9 offer direct, unmediated evidence of historical events. Howell highlights their WEEK 1 READING 1 role in providing a firsthand look at the Chapter 1 of Howell's The Source: thoughts, experiences, and conditions of The Basis of our Knowledge about the people in the past. Past focuses on the fundamental principles of historical sources and their 2. Challenges with Primary importance in understanding and Sources: reconstructing historical events. Here are Howell discusses the challenges the key points covered in this chapter: historians face when working with primary sources, such as issues of Defining Historical Sources authenticity, reliability, and bias. He stresses the importance of critical Introduction to Historical Sources: examination to determine the credibility The chapter begins by defining what and relevance of a source. constitutes a historical source. Howell explains that historical sources are Methods of Analyzing Historical materials from the past that historians Sources use to gather information about historical events, periods, and figures. 1. Critical Examination: Types of Historical Sources: A. Authenticity: Determining 1. Primary Sources: Direct evidence whether a source is genuine or a from the past. These include forgery. Howell explains the original documents, artifacts, methods used to verify the letters, diaries, photographs, and authenticity of documents and firsthand accounts. Howell artifacts. emphasizes their significance as B. Reliability: Evaluating the they provide direct insights into trustworthiness of a source. This historical events and involves understanding who perspectives. created the source, for what 2. Secondary Sources: These are purpose, and under what interpretations, analyses, and circumstances. Historians must syntheses of primary sources. consider the potential biases and Examples include history books, limitations of the source. academic articles, and C. Corroboration: Cross- documentaries. Secondary referencing multiple sources to sources help contextualize and verify facts and build a more interpret the information found in accurate picture of the past. primary sources. Howell illustrates this with examples of how corroboration Importance of Primary Sources can either strengthen or weaken historical claims. 1. Value of Primary Sources: Contextual Analysis WEEK 1 READING 2 "History Comes Alive! w/ Prof. Ambeth 1. Understanding Context: Ocampo: FAKE NEWS," Professor Howell emphasizes the importance of Ambeth Ocampo understanding the context in which a - discusses several historical source was created. This includes the instances of misinformation and social, political, economic, and cultural fake news. conditions of the time. Contextual analysis helps historians interpret the He highlights: meaning and significance of a source 1. The Retraction of the Martyrdom more accurately. of José Rizal: Ocampo explains how certain publications falsely 2. Case Studies: claimed that José Rizal, a Filipino The chapter includes several case nationalist, retracted his beliefs studies demonstrating how historians before his execution. This claim use primary sources to reconstruct was later debunked through historical events. These case studies rigorous historical investigation. highlight the process of critical 2. The Bogus Heroism of Gregorio examination and contextual analysis in del Pilar: He addresses the action. exaggerated heroism attributed to Gregorio del Pilar in the Battle of 3. Foundation for Historical Tirad Pass, which was later Inquiry: revealed to be a romanticized Howell concludes the chapter by version of the actual events. reiterating that primary sources are the foundation of historical inquiry. He Ocampo emphasizes the need for critical emphasizes the necessity of rigorous thinking and verification of sources to analysis and the historian's role in combat the spread of fake news in interpreting these sources to build a history. coherent and accurate understanding of the past. WEEK 1 READING 3 Chapter 1 sets the stage for the rest of Chapter III of Louis Gottschalk's the book by laying out the basic Understanding History: A Primer of principles and methodologies that Historical Method focuses on the process underpin historical research. It of critical examination of historical underscores the importance of primary sources, also known as external sources and the careful, critical approach criticism. This chapter is essential for historians must take to ensure their understanding how historians determine interpretations are well-founded and the authenticity and reliability of historical reliable. documents. Key Points Covered in Chapter III: 1. Authenticity of Sources: Historians must establish whether a By mastering these techniques, document is genuine or a forgery. This historians can more accurately involves examining the physical reconstruct historical events and provide characteristics of the document, such as a clearer understanding of the past. the type of paper, ink, handwriting, and any markings that could indicate its origin. 2. Dating the Document: WEEK 2 READING 1 Determining the exact or approximate CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS date when a document was created is crucial. This can involve analyzing the "Customs of the Tagalogs" is a significant writing style, language used, and any historical document written by Fray Juan references to events or people that can de Plasencia, a Spanish Franciscan be cross-verified with other historical missionary, around 1589. This data. manuscript provides a detailed account 3. Provenance: of the social, political, and cultural The history of the document's ownership, practices of the Tagalog people in the or provenance, is examined to trace its Philippines during the early period of journey from creation to the present. This Spanish colonization. Here is an helps establish the document's explanation and summary of its contents: legitimacy and any potential alterations or damages it may have undergone over Fray Juan de Plasencia composed this time. document to inform Spanish authorities 4. Corroboration: about the native customs and Comparing the document with other governance systems of the Tagalog sources from the same period helps people. It aimed to aid colonial verify its accuracy. Corroboration administration and missionary efforts by involves checking facts, dates, and providing a comprehensive events mentioned in the document understanding of local traditions. against other independent sources to ensure consistency and reliability. Social Structure 5. Content Analysis: Historians analyze the content of the The Tagalog society was hierarchically document for any signs of bias, organized into distinct social classes: exaggeration, or deliberate misinformation. Understanding the 1. Datu: The ruling class or local context in which the document was chieftains who governed specific created, including the author's communities known as background and potential motivations, is barangays. essential for accurate interpretation. 2. Maharlika: The nobility, often 6. Technical Methods: warriors or freemen who owned Modern historians also use scientific land and served the Datu. methods such as carbon dating, forensic 3. Timawa: Commoners who were analysis, and digital imaging to assess free men but did not have the the authenticity and condition of historical same status or privileges as the documents. Maharlika.  4. Alipin: The dependent class, The Tagalogs practiced animism, including slaves and debt- worshipping a variety of deities bondsmen. They were associated with nature. Key elements of categorized into two types: their religious practices included: o Aliping Namamahay: Slaves who had their own Anito: Spirits of ancestors and houses and lived nature spirits, often worshipped at independently. household altars. o Aliping Saguiguilid: Catalonan: Priestesses or Household slaves who shamans who mediated between lived with their masters and the people and the spirits. had fewer rights. Rituals and Offerings: Regular ceremonies and offerings to Governance appease deities and ensure prosperity. The barangay, a community consisting of 30 to 100 families, was the basic unit of Marriage and Family governance. Each barangay was headed by a Datu, who wielded judicial, Marriage was a vital social institution, legislative, and executive powers. often arranged to strengthen alliances. Alliances among barangays were often Dowries were customary, and polygamy formed through marriages and blood was practiced among the nobility. Family compacts (sanduguan). structures were patriarchal, with the father serving as the head of the Legal System household. Justice was administered by the Datu, Burial Practices with trials conducted publicly. Disputes were resolved through customary laws Burial customs were elaborate, reflecting and precedents. Common forms of the social status of the deceased. punishment included fines and slavery, Common practices included burying the with more severe penalties for grave dead in wooden coffins and holding offenses. feasts to honor the departed. Economy Plasencia’s account provides invaluable insights into the pre-colonial Tagalog The Tagalog economy was based on society, showcasing a complex and agriculture, fishing, and trade. Land was organized community with rich traditions communally owned, with individual and well-defined social norms. The families cultivating specific plots. Barter document remains a crucial source for was the primary mode of trade, although understanding the early history and gold and other valuables were used for culture of the Philippines before Spanish significant transactions. influence became predominant. Religion and Beliefs WEEK 2 READING 2 aside differences to achieve "The Light of Liberty: Documents and common goals. Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897" 3. Bravery and Sacrifice: Courage in the face of danger and "The Light of Liberty: Documents and willingness to sacrifice for the Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897" is greater good are essential virtues. a collection of documents that shed light Members should be ready to face on the Philippine revolutionary society hardships and even death for the known as the Katipunan, or KKK, which liberation of their country. aimed to gain independence from 4. Virtue and Morality: Personal Spanish colonial rule. The specific integrity and moral conduct are section titled "Duties of the Sons of the fundamental. Members are urged People" outlines the principles and to live virtuous lives, avoiding responsibilities expected of Katipunan vices and maintaining ethical members. Here is a summary of this standards. reading: 5. Secrecy and Loyalty: The Katipunan operated as a secret The Katipunan, officially known as society. Members were required Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang to maintain confidentiality about Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan the organization's plans and (Highest and Most Respected Society of activities. Loyalty to the cause and the Sons of the People), was a to fellow members was revolutionary movement founded in 1892 paramount. by Andres Bonifacio and others. Its 6. Discipline and Obedience: primary goal was to achieve Philippine Adherence to the organization's independence through a revolution rules and leaders' commands is against Spanish colonial authorities. emphasized. Discipline ensures the smooth functioning and Principles and Duties of Katipunan effectiveness of the revolutionary Members efforts. 7. Education and Enlightenment: The "Duties of the Sons of the People" Members are encouraged to seek serves as a moral and ethical guide for knowledge and enlightenment, members of the Katipunan, emphasizing understanding the importance of virtues and actions essential for the education in achieving freedom success of the revolutionary cause. Key and progress. principles and duties include: Organizational Structure 1. Patriotism: Members are expected to love and serve the The Katipunan had a structured Philippines wholeheartedly, hierarchy, with leaders assigned specific prioritizing the nation's welfare roles and responsibilities to guide and above personal interests. manage the movement. Members were 2. Unity: Solidarity among members inducted through a solemn initiation is crucial. They must work process, reinforcing their commitment to together harmoniously, setting the cause. Goals and Vision "Spoliarium": Depicting the aftermath of gladiatorial combat, it The ultimate aim of the Katipunan was is a powerful commentary on the establishment of an independent, oppression and suffering. just, and prosperous Philippine nation. "The Parisian Life": A more The "Duties of the Sons of the People" intimate portrayal, capturing the articulates a vision where Filipinos are essence of Parisian society. free from oppression, united in their "España y Filipinas": pursuit of a better future, and governed Symbolizing the relationship by laws that uphold justice and equality. between Spain and the Philippines, reflecting Luna's The "Duties of the Sons of the People" nuanced understanding of encapsulates the ethos of the Katipunan, colonial dynamics. highlighting the virtues and responsibilities necessary for its Personal Turmoil and Tragedy members to contribute effectively to the revolutionary cause. This document is a Despite his artistic success, Luna's testament to the patriotic fervor and personal life was fraught with tragedy. dedication of those who fought for The story of "Sinumpang Pag-ibig: Juan Philippine independence, providing a Luna at Paz Pardo De Tavera" highlights moral framework that guided their his tumultuous relationship with his wife, struggle against colonial rule. Paz. Luna's intense jealousy culminated in the tragic incident of 1892, where he WEEK 3 READING 1 shot and killed Paz and her mother in a fit The Life and Legacy of Juan Luna of rage. This scandal shocked the public and overshadowed his achievements. Juan Luna in Paris Mysterious and Eerie Legends Juan Luna's years in Paris were marked by significant artistic achievements. His The "Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho" episode work "Spoliarium" won a gold medal at titled "Misteryosong obra?" explores the the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts, eerie legends surrounding Luna's establishing him as a prominent figure in painting "Portrait of a Lady." Previous Western art. The documentary "Savage: owners of the painting reported Juan Luna in Paris," narrated by Howie experiencing misfortunes and strange Severino, highlights how Luna, along occurrences, leading to speculation with other Filipino intellectuals like Jose about a curse. These stories add a layer Rizal, navigated the vibrant cultural and of mystique to Luna's already complex social landscape of late 19th century legacy. Paris. Legacy and Impact Artistic Achievements Luna's legacy is a blend of artistic Luna's paintings are renowned for their brilliance and personal tragedy. His technical skill and emotional depth. works continue to be celebrated for their Notable works include: technical mastery and emotional resonance. However, his volatile carried out by the Spanish personality and the tragic events of his authorities, often under the orders life offer a sobering reminder of the of the Civil Guard and influenced complexities behind great art. by the friars. 2. Historical Context: The document traced the history of Spanish conquest, starting with WEEK 3 READING 2 Magellan's arrival in Cebu and the subsequent colonization by The Declaration of Philippine Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Independence 3. Struggle for Independence: It highlighted the Filipino people's Background long struggle against Spanish domination, culminating in the Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, born in Philippine Revolution. The Biñan, Laguna in 1830, was a lawyer and revolution was reignited by a key adviser to General Emilio Aguinaldo in response to the Aguinaldo. He was an advocate for the unfulfilled promises of the Spanish Propaganda Movement, which sought government. reforms in the Philippines under Spanish 4. Role of the United States: The rule. His role became crucial during the declaration acknowledged the Philippine Revolution against Spain. assistance of the United States, particularly following the The Proclamation destruction of the Spanish fleet by American forces, which bolstered On June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite, the Filipino fight for independence. Bautista read the "Acta de la Proclamación de Independencia del Symbols and Commitments Pueblo Filipino" before a crowd. This document declared the end of Spanish The declaration also introduced the rule and the birth of the Philippine nation. design and symbolism of the Philippine Interestingly, it was Bautista, not flag, with its colors reflecting gratitude Aguinaldo, who waved the first Philippine towards the United States and its flag during the ceremony. The elements representing the ideals and declaration was signed by 98 individuals, provinces involved in the revolution. It including an American colonel named concluded wit L.M. Johnson, who served as a witness. Content of the Declaration The declaration outlined several key points: 1. Spanish Abuses: It detailed the arbitrary arrests, harsh treatments, and executions