GEC 2108 – Ethics Module 2: The Moral Agent PDF

PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS PRELIM MODULE 2: THE MORAL AGENT Prepared by: Faith B. Balasabas I...

PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS PRELIM MODULE 2: THE MORAL AGENT Prepared by: Faith B. Balasabas Instructor I 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 1 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIM Topic Page No. Timeframe Learning Module 02: The Moral Agent, Culture in Moral Behavior, The Moral Recovery Program Culture in Moral Behavior 5-6 80 mins The Moral Recovery Program 6-13 120 mins Key Points 13 15 mins Summary 13-14 20 mins Learning Activity 15 60 mins Enrichment Activity 15 60 mins Honesty Clause 15 2 mins Rubrics 16 3 mins REFERENCE: Blink.ucsd. 2014. Making Ethical Decisions: A 7-Step Path https://blink.ucsd.edu/finance/accountability/ethics/path.html Civil Service Code of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. CourseHero. Ethical Fundamentalism Definition Ethical Fundamentalism is when an.. https://www.coursehero.com/.../Ethical-Fundamentalism-Definition-Ethical-fundamentali.. Culture Definition. people.tamu.edu/~i-choudhury/culture.html Ethics Sage.2013. Ethics and Millennials. https://www.ethicssage.com/2013/09/ethics-and-millennials.html Fogelberg, Harold. 2019. Ethical Decision Making. https://serc.carleton.edu/geoethics/Decision-Making 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 2 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS TIMEFRAME You should be able to complete this module including the self-assessment, research works, assignments and other performance task within 6 hours. LEARNING OUTCOME Course Learning Module Learning Topic Learning Outcomes Outcomes (CLO) Outcomes (TLO) (MLO) 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 3 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS CLO 3. Explain the MLO 1 TLO 8. Discuss cultural influence of Filipino Appraise the value of relativism, the Filipino culture on the way knowing the Moral understanding of right and w students look at moral agent and Culture in and the importance of moral experiences and solve Moral Behavior. recovery program. moral dilemmas. MLO 2 TLO 9. Explain why culture CLO 4. Describe the Understand how the the ultimate determinant of elements of moral Moral Reovery Program values. development and moral helps the Filipino to experience. survice in the society. TLO 10. Reconnect learning the moral recovery program what is really happening in th values and attitudes of peop today. TLO 11. Narrate the actual observations on the strength the Filipino character and the actual observations on the weaknesses of the Filipino character. TLO 12. Describe the many of the Filipino and Narrate th roots of the Filipino characte TLO 13. Apply the goals and strategies for change and Di the specific strategies for cha and develop positive attitude result of moral recovery prog TOPICS COVERAGE A. CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 4 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS https://media.buzzle.com/media/images-en/gallery/culture/1200-231533-why-is-culture-important.jpg Culture According to an internet (people.tamu.edu) definition, Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notion of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group interactions. In short, culture is the way of life of people in a certain community. Role of Culture in Moral Behavior The Cultures vary substantially in both moral judgments and moral behaviors. Cultural variations in morality within societies can vary as much as cultural variations in morality between societies. More research and reviews are conducted on cultural factors that affect moral judgments values, and moral behaviors. Culture Relativism The Cultural relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. Whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms which are practiced by the society. An action may be morally right in one society but morally wrong in another (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics). Culture is not the ultimate determinant of values The culture of a society is not the ultimate determinant of values. There is an absolute moral values that emanate from universal and divine laws that hold truths yesterday, today, and tomorrow that every person, creed, race, or nation shall use as standards or norms. If the culture of a certain society conforms with the absolute moral values, then that culture is moral and practices ethical standards.. Filipino understanding of right and wrong The Filipinos are descendants of different races from surrounding countries that migrated, originated, and inhabited the land. They carry with them their own cultures and blend in to form another type of culture. The laws and culture of the land were formed and the understanding of right and wrong is culturally relative to some extent due to the separation of land by waters. Filipinos in general develops their personality according to their culture in the aspects of physical, mental, social, emotional, and values system. B. THE MORAL RECOVERY PROGRAM 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 5 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS https://bjmppuertoprincesacityjail.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/moral-recovery-program.jpg https://www.santaignaciatarlac.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/photo-gallery/2017%202/Municipal_Moral_Recovery_Program_Meeting /Municipal_Moral_Recovery_Program_Meeting_(4).jpg https://sp.misocc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/IMG_1202.jpg https://davnorpressrelease.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/bmrpc-oath.jpg?w=386&h=256 A MORAL RECOVERY PROGRAM: BUILDING A PEOPLE--BUILDING A NATION By: PATRICIA LICUANAN We were proud of ourselves at EDSA and we expected great changes after our moment of glory. Today, sometime after, we realize that most of our problems as a nation still remain. We may have ousted a dictator, but that was the easy part. The task of building a nation is so much more difficult. Now, with EDSA only an inspiring memory, we are faced with our weaknesses. Self-interest and disregard for the common good rears its ugly head. We are confronted with our lack of discipline and rigor, our colonial mentality, and our emphasis on porma (form). Despite our great display of people's power, now we are passive once more, expecting our leaders to take all responsibility for solving our many problems. The task of building our nation is an awesome one. There is need for economic recovery. There is need to re-establish democratic institutions and to achieve the goals of peace and genuine social justice. Along with these goals, there is a need as well to build ourselves as a people. There is need to change structures and to change people. Building a people means eliminating our weaknesses and developing our strengths; this starts with the analysis, understanding, and appreciation of these strengths and weaknesses. We must take a good look at ourselves--objectively with scientific detachment, but also emotionally (i.e., lovingly) and, when appropriate, with disgust. We must view ourselves as might a lover viewing a loved one but also as a judge capable of a harsh verdict. We must not be self-flagellating, but neither can we afford to be defensive. We must change, and for this understanding ourselves is the first step. STRENGTHS OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 6 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS https://clipartstation.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/filipino-hospitality-clipart.jpg Pakikipagkapwa-Tao (regard for others). Filipinos are open to others and feel one with others. We regard others with dignity and respect, and deal with them as fellow human beings. Pakikipagkapwa-tao is manifested in a basic sense of justice and fairness, and in concern for others. It is demonstrated in the Filipino's ability to empathize with others, in helpfulness and generosity in times of need (pakikiramay), in the practice of bayanihan or mutual assistance, and in the famous Filipino hospitality. Filipinos possess a sensitivity to people's feelings or pakikiramdam, pagtitiwala or trust, and a sense of gratitude or utang-na-loob. Because of pakikipagkapwa-tao, Filipinos are very sensitive to the quality of interpersonal relationships and are very dependent on them: if our relationships are satisfactory, we are happy and secure. Pakikipagkapwa-tao results in camaraderie and a feeling of closeness one to another. It helps promote unity as well as a sense of social justice. Family Orientation. Filipinos possess a genuine and deep love for the family, which includes not simply the spouses and children, parents, and siblings, but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, godparents, and other ceremonial relatives. To the Filipino, one's family is the source of personal identity, the source of emotional and material support, and the person's main commitment and responsibility. Concern for the family is manifested in the honor and respect given to parents and elders, in the care given to children, the generosity towards kin in need, and in the great sacrifices, one endures for the welfare of the family. This sense of family results in a feeling of belonging or rootedness and in a basic sense of security. Joy and Humor. Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach to life and its ups and downs. There is a pleasant disposition, a sense of humor, and a propensity for happiness that contribute not only to the Filipino charm but to the indomitability of the Filipino spirit. Laughing at ourselves and our troubles is an important coping mechanism. Often playful, sometimes cynical, and sometimes disrespectful, we laugh at those we love and at those we hate, and make jokes about our fortune, good and bad. This sense of joy and humor is manifested in the Filipino love for socials and celebrations, in our capacity to laugh even in the most trying of times, and in the appeal of political satire. The result is a certain emotional balance and optimism, a healthy disrespect for power and office, and a capacity to survive. Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity. Filipinos have a great capacity to adjust, and to adapt to circumstances and to the surrounding environment, both physical and social. Unplanned or unanticipated events are never overly disturbing or disorienting as the flexible Filipino adjusts to whatever happens. We possess a tolerance for ambiguity that enables us to remain unfazed by uncertainty or lack of information. We are creative, resourceful, adept at learning, and able to improvise and make use of whatever is at hand in order to create and produce. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 7 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS This quality of the Filipino is manifested in the ability to adapt to life in any part of the world; in the ability to make new things out of scrap and to keep old machines running; and, of course, in the creative talent manifested in the cultural sphere. It is seen likewise in the ability to accept change. The result is productivity, innovation, entrepreneurship, equanimity, and survival. Hard work and Industry. Filipinos have the capacity for hard work, given proper conditions. The desire to raise one's standard of living and to possess the essentials of a decent life for one's family, combined with the right opportunities and incentives, stimulates Filipinos to work very hard. This is manifested most noticeably in a willingness to take risks with jobs abroad and to work there at two or three jobs. The result is productivity and entrepreneurship for some, and survival despite poverty for others. Faith and Religiosity. Filipinos have a deep faith in God. Innate religiosity enables us to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the context of God's will and plan. Thus, tragedy and bad fortune are accepted and some optimism characterizes even the poorest lives. Filipinos live very intimately with religion; this is tangible--a part of everyday life. We ascribe human traits to a supernatural God whom we alternately threaten and thank, call upon for mercy or forgiveness, and appease by pledges. Prayer is an important part of our lives. The faith of the Filipino is related to bahala na, which, instead of being viewed as defeatist resignation, may be considered positively as a reservoir of psychic energy, an important psychological support on which we can lean during difficult times. This pampalakas ng loob allows us to act despite uncertainty. Our faith and daring were manifest at EDSA and at other times in our history when it was difficult to be brave. It is seen also in the capacity to accept failure and defeat without our self-concept being devastated since we recognize forces external to ourselves as contributing to the unfolding of events in our lives. The results of the Filipino faith are courage, daring, optimism, inner peace, as well as the capacity to genuinely accept tragedy and death. Ability to Survive. Filipinos have the ability to survive which is manifested in our capacity for endurance despite difficult times and in our ability to get by on so little. Filipinos make do with what is available in the environment, even, e.g., by eking out a living from a garbage dump. This survival instinct is related to the Filipinos who bravely carry on through the harshest economic and social circumstances. Regretfully, one wonders what we might be able to do under better circumstances. WEAKNESSES OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER https://filipinotimes.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/bawal.jpg Extreme Personalism. Filipinos view the world in terms of personal relationships and the extent to which one is able personally to relate to things and people determines our recognition of their existence and the value. There is no separation between an objective task and emotional involvement. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 8 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS This personalism is manifested in the tendency to give personal interpretations to actions, i.e., to "take things personally." Thus, a sincere question may be viewed as a challenge to one's competence or positive feedback may be interpreted as a sign of special affection. There is, in fact, some basis for such interpretations as Filipinos become personal in their criticism and praise. Personalism is also manifested in the need to establish personal relationships before any business or work relationship can be successful. Because of this personalistic worldview, Filipinos have difficulty dealing with all forms of impersonal stimuli. For this reason, one is uncomfortable with bureaucracy, rules and regulations, and standard procedures--all of which tend to be impersonal. We ignore them or we ask for exceptions. Personal contacts are involved in any transaction and are difficult to turn down. Preference is usually given to family and friends in hiring, delivery of services, and even in voting. Extreme personalism thus leads to the graft and corruption evident in Philippine society. Extreme Family-Centeredness. While concern for the family is one of the Filipino's greatest strengths, in the extreme it becomes a serious flaw. Excessive concern for the family creates an in-group to which the Filipino is fiercely loyal, to the detriment of concern for the larger community or the common good. Excessive concern for family manifests itself in the use of one's office and power as a means of promoting the interests of the family, in factionalism, patronage, and political dynasties, and in the protection of erring family members. It results in lack of concern for the common good and acts as a block to national consciousness. Lack of Discipline. The Filipino's lack of discipline encompasses several related characteristics. We have a casual and relaxed attitude towards time and space which manifests itself in lack of precision and compulsiveness, in poor time management and in procrastination. We have an aversion to following strictly a set of procedures, which results in lack of standardization and quality control. We are impatient and unable to delay gratification or reward, resulting in the use of short cuts, skirting the rules(the palusot syndrome) and in foolhardiness. We are guilty of ningas cogon, starting out projects with full vigor and interest which abruptly die down, leaving things unfinished. Our lack of discipline often results in inefficient and wasteful work systems, the violation of rules leading to more serious transgressions, and a casual work ethic leading to carelessness and lack of follow-through. Passivity and Lack of Initiative. Filipinos are generally passive and lacking in initiative. One waits to be told what has to be done. There is a strong reliance on others, e.g., leaders and government, to do things for us. This is related to the attitude towards authority. Filipinos have a need for a strong authority figure and feel safer and more secure in the presence of such an authority. One is generally submissive to those in authority, and is not likely to raise issues or to question decisions. Filipinos tend to be complacent and there rarely is a sense of urgency about any problem. There is a high tolerance for inefficiency, poor service, and even violations of one's basic rights. In many ways, it can be said that the Filipino is too patient and long-suffering (matiisin), too easily resigned to one's fate. Filipinos are thus easily oppressed and exploited. Colonial Mentality. Filipinos have a colonial mentality which is made up of two dimensions: the first is a lack of patriotism or an active awareness, appreciation, and love of the Philippines; the second is an actual preference for things foreign. Filipino culture is characterized by an openness to the outside--adapting and incorporating the foreign elements into our image of ourselves. Yet this image is not built around a deep core of Philippine history and language. The result is a cultural vagueness or weakness that makes Filipinos extraordinarily susceptible to the wholesome acceptance of modern mass culture which is often Western. Thus, there is preference for foreign fashion, entertainment, lifestyles, technology, consumer items, etc. The Filipino colonial mentality is manifested in the alienation of the elite from their roots and from the masses, as well as in the basic feeling of national inferiority that makes it difficult for Filipinos to relate as equals to Westerners. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome. Filipinos have a selfish, self-serving attitude that generates a feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others, particularly one's peers, who seem to have gained some status or prestige. Towards them, the Filipino demonstrated the so-called "crab mentality", using the 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 9 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS levelling instruments of tsismis, intriga and unconstructive criticism to bring others down. There seems to be a basic assumption that another's gain is our loss. The kanya-kanya syndrome is also evident in personal ambition and drive for power and status that is completely insensitive to the common good. Personal and in-group interests reign supreme. This characteristic is also evident in the lack of a sense of service among people in the government bureaucracy. The public is made to feel that service from these offices and from these civil servants is an extra perk that has to be paid for. The kanya-kanya syndrome results in the dampening of cooperative and community spirit and in the denial of the rights of others. Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection. There is a tendency in the Filipino to be superficial and even somewhat flighty. In the face of serious problems both personal and social, there is lack of analysis or reflection. Joking about the most serious matters prevents us from looking deeply into the problem. There is no felt need to validate our hypotheses or explanations of things. Thus we are satisfied with superficial explanations for, and superficial solutions to, problems. Related to this is the Filipino emphasis on form (maporma) rather than upon substance. There is a tendency to be satisfied with rhetoric and to substitute this for reality. Empty rhetoric and endless words are very much part of public life. As long as the right things are said, as long as the proper documents and reports exist, and as long as the proper committees, task forces, or offices are formed, Filipinos are deluded into believing that what ought to be actually exists. The Filipino lack of self-analysis and our emphasis upon form is reinforced by an educational system that is often more form than substance and a legal system that tends to substitute law for reality. THE MANY FACES OF THE FILIPINO https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-0b692cc64abcd987c1133f21f8111d2a.webp From this discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino, it is clear that there is much that is good here, but there is also much that needs to be changed. Many of our strong points are also the sources of our weakness. As a people, we are person-oriented, and relationships with others are a very important part of our lives. Thus, we are capable of much caring and concern for others. On the other hand, in the extreme our person orientation leads to lack of objectivity and a disregard for universal rules and procedures so that everyone, regardless of our relationship with them, is treated equally. Our person orientation leads us to be concerned for people, and yet unfair to some. Our family orientation is both a strength and a weakness, giving us a sense of rootedness and security, both very essential to any form of reaching out to others. At the same time, it develops in us an in-group orientation that prevents us from reaching out beyond the family to the larger community and the nation. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 10 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS Our flexibility, adaptability and creativity is a strength that allows us to adjust to any set of circumstances and to make the best of the situation. But this ability to "play things by ear" leads us to compromise on the precision and discipline necessary to accomplish many work-oriented goals. Our sense of joy and humor serves us well in difficult times. it makes life more pleasant, but serious problems do need serious analysis, and humor can also be destructive. Our faith in God and our religiosity are sources of strength and courage, but they also lead to an external orientation that keeps us passive and dependent on forces outside ourselves. There are other contradictions in the many faces of Filipinos. We find pakikipagkapwa-tao and the Kanya-Kanya mentality living comfortably together in us. We are other-oriented and capable of great empathy; and yet we are self-serving, envious of others, and unconstructively critical of one another. We also find that Filipino are described alternately as hardworking and lazy. Indeed we see that we are capable of working long and hard at any job. However, our casual work ethic as well as our basic passivity in the work setting also is apparent as we wait for orders and instructions rather than taking the initiative. ROOTS OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER https://cdn.theculturetrip.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ia_0138_filipinogestures_dorisliou_final_header_web.jpg The strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino have their roots in many factors such as: (1) the home environment, (2) the social environment, (3) culture and language, (4) history, (5) the educational system, (6) religion, (7) the economic environment, (8) the political environment, (9) mass media, and (10) leadership and role models. The Family and Home Environment. Childbearing practices, family relations, and family attitudes and orientation are the main components of the home environment. Childbearing in the Filipino family is characterized by high nurturance, low independence training, and low discipline. The Filipino child grows up in an atmosphere of affection and over protection, where one learns security and trust, on the one hand, and dependence, on the other. In the indulgent atmosphere of the Filipino home, rigid standards of behavior or performance are not imposed, leading to a lack of discipline. Attempts to maintain discipline come in the form of many "no's" and "don'ts" and a system of criticism to keep children in line. Subtle comparisons among siblings also are used by mothers to control their children. These may contribute to the "crab mentality." In a large family where we are encouraged to get along with our siblings and other relatives, we learn pakikipagkapwa-tao. In an authoritarian setting we learn respect for age and authority; at the same time we become passive and dependent on authority. In the family, children are taught to value family and to give it primary importance. The Social Environment. The main components of the social environment are social structures and social systems such as interpersonal religious and community interaction. The social environment of the Filipino is characterized by a feudal structure with great gaps between the rich minority and the poor majority. These gaps are not merely economic but cultural as well, with the elite being highly westernized and alienated from the masses. This feudal structure develops dependence and passivity. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 11 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS The Filipino is raised in an environment where one must depend on relationships with others in order to survive. In a poor country where resources are scarce and where the systems meant to respond to people's needs can be insensitive, inefficient, or non-existent, the Filipino becomes very dependent on kinship and interpersonal relationships. Sensitivity about hurting established relationships controls our behavior. We are restrained from making criticisms no matter how constructive, so standards of quality are not imposed. We have difficulty saying no to requests and are pressured to favor our family and friends. That trying to get ahead of others is not considered acceptable exerts a strong brake upon efforts to improve our individual performance. The struggle for survival and our dependence on relationships make us in-group oriented. Culture and Language. Much has been written about Filipino cultural values. Such characteristics such as warmth and person orientation, devotion to family, and sense of joy and humor are part of our culture and are reinforced by all socializing forces such as the family, school, and peer group. Filipino culture rewards such traits and corresponding behavioral patterns develop because they make one more likable and enable life to proceed more easily. Aside from emphasizing interpersonal values, Filipino culture is also characterized by an openness to the outside which easily incorporates foreign elements without a basic consciousness of our cultural core. This is related to our colonial mentality and to the use of English as the medium of instruction in schools. The introduction of English as the medium of education de-Filipinized the youth and taught them to regard American culture as superior. The use of English contributes also to a lack of self-confidence on the part of the Filipino. The fact that doing well means using a foreign language, which foreigners inevitably can handle better, leads to an inferiority complex. At a very early age, we find that our self-esteem depends on the mastery of something foreign. The use of a foreign language may also explain the Filipino's unreflectiveness and mental laziness. Thinking in our native language, but expressing ourselves in English, results not only in a lack of confidence, but also in a lack in our power of expression, imprecision, and a stunted development of one's intellectual powers. History. We are the product of our colonial history, which is regarded by many as the culprit behind our lack of nationalism and our colonial mentality. Colonialism developed a mind-set in the Filipino which encouraged us to think of the colonial power as superior and more powerful. As a second-class citizen beneath the Spanish and then the Americans, we developed a dependence on foreign powers that makes us believe we are not responsible for our country's fate. The American influence is more ingrained in the Philippines because the Americans set up a public school system where we learned English and the American way of life. Present-day media reinforce these colonial influences, and the Filipino elite sets the example by their western ways. Another vestige of our colonial past is our basic attitude towards the government, which we have learned to identify as foreign and apart from us. Thus, we do not identify with government and are distrustful and uncooperative towards it. Much time and energy is spent trying to outsmart the government, which we have learned from our colonial past to regard as an enemy. The Educational System. Aside from the problems inherent in the use of a foreign language in our educational system, the educational system leads to other problems for us as a people. The lack of suitable local textbooks and dependence on foreign textbooks, particularly in the higher school levels, force Filipino students as well as their teachers to use school materials that are irrelevant to the Philippine setting. From this comes a mind-set that things learned in school are not related to real life. Aside from the influences of the formal curriculum, there are the influences of the "hidden curriculum" i.e., the values taught informally by the Philippine school system. Schools are highly authoritarian, with the teacher as the central focus. The Filipino student is taught to be dependent on the teacher as we attempt to record verbatim what the teacher says and to give this back during examinations in its original form and with little processing. Teachers reward well-behaved and obedient students and are uncomfortable with those who ask questions and express a different viewpoint. The Filipino student learns passivity and conformity. Critical thinking is not learned in the school. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 12 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS Religion. Religion is the root of Filipino optimism and its capacity to accept life's hardships. However, religion also instills in the Filipino attitudes of resignation and a pre-occupation with the afterlife. We become vulnerable also to being victimized by opportunism, oppression, exploitation, and superstition. The Economic Environment. Many Filipino traits are rooted in the poverty and hard life that is the lot of most Filipinos. Our difficulties drive us to take risks, impel us to work very hard, and develop in us the ability to survive. Poverty, however, has also become an excuse for graft and corruption, particularly among the lower rungs of the bureaucracy. Unless things get too difficult, passivity sets in. The Political Environment. The Philippine political environment is characterized by a centralization of power. Political power and authority is concentrated in the hands of the elite and the participation of most Filipinos often is limited to voting in elections. Similarly, basic services from the government are concentrated in Manila and its outlying towns and provinces. A great majority of Filipinos are not reached by such basic services as water, electricity, roads, and health services. Government structures and systems--e.g., justice and education--are often ineffective or inefficient. Since the government often is not there to offer basic services, we depend on our family, kin, and neighbors for our everyday needs. The absence of government enhances our extreme family-and even community-centeredness. We find it difficult to identify with a nation-family, since the government is not there to symbolize or represent the state. The fact that political power is still very much concentrated in the hands of a few may lead to passivity. The inefficiency of government structures and systems also leads to a lack of integrity and accountability in our public servants. Mass Media. Mass media reinforces our colonial mentality. Advertisements using Caucasian models and emphasizing a product's similarity with imported brands are part of our daily lives. The tendency of media to produce escapist movies, soap operas, comics, etc., feed the Filipino's passivity. Rather than confront our poverty and oppression, we fantasize instead. The propensity to use flashy sets, designer clothes, superstars, and other bongga features reinforce porma. Leadership and Role Models. Filipinos look up to their leaders as role models. Political leaders are the main models, but all other leaders serve as role models as well. Thus, when our leaders violate the law or show themselves to be self-serving and driven by personal interest--when there is lack of public accountability--there is a negative impact on the Filipino. KEY POINTS The role of Culture in Moral behavior are cultural relativism, culture is not ultimate determinant of values and Filipino understanding of right and wrong. The strenths of the Filipino Character are Pakikipagkapwa-Tao, Family Orientation, Joy and Humor, Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity, Hard work and Industry, Faith and Religiosity and Ability to Survive. The weaknesses of the Filipino Character are Extreme Personalism, Extreme Family-Centeredness, Lack of Discipline, Passivity and Lack of Initiative, Colonial Mentalit, Kanya-Kanya Syndrome and Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection. The many faces of the Filipino are clear that there is much that is good here, but there is also much that needs to be changed. Many of our strong points are also the sources of our weakness. Roots of the Filipino Character are The Family and Home Environment, The Social Environment, Culture and Language, History, The Educational System, Religion, The Economic Environment, The Political Environment, Mass Media and Leadership and Role Models. SUMMARY According to an internet (people.tamu.edu) definition, Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notion of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group interactions. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 13 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS The Cultures vary substantially in both moral judgments and moral behaviors. Cultural variations in morality within societies can vary as much as cultural variations in morality between societies. The ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. The Filipinos are descendants of different races from surrounding countries that migrated, originated, and inhabited the land. Pakikipagkapwa-Tao (regard for others). Filipinos are open to others and feel one with others. We regard others with dignity and respect, and deal with them as fellow human beings. Family Orientation. Filipinos possess a genuine and deep love for the family, which includes not simply the spouses and children, parents, and siblings, but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, godparents, and other ceremonial relatives. Joy and Humor. Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach to life and its ups and downs. Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity. Filipinos have a great capacity to adjust, and to adapt to circumstances and to the surrounding environment, both physical and social. Hard work and Industry. Filipinos have the capacity for hard work, given proper conditions. The desire to raise one's standard of living and to possess the essentials of a decent life for one's family, combined with the right opportunities and incentives, stimulate the Filipino to work very hard. Faith and Religiosity. Filipinos have a deep faith in God. Innate religiosity enables us to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the context of God's will and plan. Extreme Personalism. Filipinos view the world in terms of personal relationships and the extent to which one is able personally to relate to things and people determines our recognition of their existence and the value. Extreme Family-Centeredness. While concern for the family is one of the Filipino's greatest strengths, in the extreme it becomes a serious flaw. Lack of Discipline. The Filipino's lack of discipline encompasses several related characteristics. Passivity and Lack of Initiative. Filipinos are generally passive and lacking in initiative. One waits to be told what has to be done. Colonial Mentality. Filipinos have a colonial mentality which is made up of two dimensions: the first is a lack of patriotism or an active awareness, appreciation, and love of the Philippines; the second is an actual preference for things foreign. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome. Filipinos have a selfish, self-serving attitude that generates a feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others, particularly one's peers, who seem to have gained some status or prestige. Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-Reflection. There is a tendency in the Filipino to be superficial and even somewhat flighty. The Family and Home Environment. Childbearing practices, family relations, and family attitudes and orientation are the main components of the home environment. The Social Environment. The main components of the social environment are social structures and social systems such as interpersonal religious and community interaction. Culture and Language. Much has been written about Filipino cultural values. History. We are the product of our colonial history, which is regarded by many as the culprit behind our lack of nationalism and our colonial mentality. The Educational System. Aside from the problems inherent in the use of a foreign language in our educational system, the educational system leads to other problems for us as a people. Religion. Religion is the root of Filipino optimism and its capacity to accept life's hardships. The Economic Environment. Many Filipino traits are rooted in the poverty and hard life that is the lot of most Filipinos. The Political Environment. The Philippine political environment is characterized by a centralization of power. Mass Media. Mass media reinforces our colonial mentality. Leadership and Role Models. Filipinos look up to their leaders as role models. Political leaders are the main models, but all other leaders serve as role models as well. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 14 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS LEARNING ACTIVITY: 1. Discuss how does culture shape moral behavior. 2. Describe why should culture not be the ultimate determinant of values. 3. Explain the Filipino understanding of right and wrong. Why this interpretation? What are its influences? 4. Are there cultural activities in your place that conforms with the moral ethical standards? Enumerate. 5. What are some Filipino behavior that you think are right? Enumerate. 6. What are some Filipino behavior that you think are wrong? Enumerate. 7. What are the strengths of the Filipino character? Discuss each and give an example. ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY: Oral examination on the whole module. HONESTY CLAUSE “As a student, a member of the Academic Community, I am expected to recognize and uphold standards of intellectual and academic integrity. Philippine State College of Aeronautics assumes, as a basic and minimum standard of conduct in academic matters, that students should be honest and that they submit for credit only the output/accomplishment of their own efforts.” 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 15 of 16 PHILIPPINES STATES COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GEC 2108 – ETHICS Rubrics for grading the learning activities Needs Approaching Good Excellent improvement standards 3 pts 5 pts 1 pts 2 pts Completeness Needs Approaching Good Excellent (Ideas and Content) improvement standards What you are writing What you are Does your response There is no clear You put thought about is clear. You writing about is directly answer each or specific into this, but there answered the clear and part of the assignment explanation in is no real evidence question. Some well-expressed question(s)? answer to the of learning. More support may be , including question. specific lacking, or your specific information is sentences may be a examples to needed or you bit awkward. Overall, demonstrate need to follow the a decent job. what you directions more learned. Well closely. done! Knowledge Needs Approaching Good Excellent Use of terms improvement standards Your answer included Your answer Does your response No terms from the Only one term several terms from the included all the clearly show you have lesson are used. from the lesson is lesson, demonstrating terms from the read and understand used in the adequate lesson that the lesson content by answer. Try for a understanding of the applied to the correctly defining key few more, next material. question terms, key persons and time. asked. All summarizing concepts? terms are fully defined and used in the proper context. Sentence Fluency Needs Approaching Good Excellent improvement standards Sentences are Sentences are Sentences are Some sentences complete and able to complete and incomplete or too are complete and be understood. they connect to long. It makes easy to one another reading them understand. easily when difficult. Others require they are read some work. out loud. Your writing 'flows.' Writing Skills Needs Approaching Good Excellent improvement standards Use of punctuation No punctuation Few end marks or Mistakes using marks and capitals, as or structural capital letters. end marks or well as spelling, is mistakes. No Answers contain capitals as well as mostly correct. Few spelling errors. numerous spelling spelling mistakes errors exist in your Your writing or structural make the writing answer. shows full errors. hard to read. awareness of the rules of English use. 1ST SEMESTER SY 2023-2024 Page 16 of 16