General Biology 1 Grade 12 (STEM) Learning Activity Sheets 2021 PDF

COPYRIGHT PAGE FOR UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS General Biology 1 – Grade 12 (STEM) Learning Activity Sheets Quarter 1 – Week 4: Application of Mitosis/Meiosis and Disorders/Diseases Caused by Cell Malfunction First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 stat...

COPYRIGHT PAGE FOR UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS General Biology 1 – Grade 12 (STEM) Learning Activity Sheets Quarter 1 – Week 4: Application of Mitosis/Meiosis and Disorders/Diseases Caused by Cell Malfunction First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (e.g., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in the activity sheets are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from the respective copyright owners. The authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets Writer: Rey D. Arbolonio Division Validators: Edna E. Trinidad, Ed. D. Irene F. Havana Lara B. Realista Jessa May C. Antonio Regional Validators: Relyn D. Raza Rainer P. Sularte Jennyvi H. Papellero Management Team: Josita B. Carmen, Schools Division Superintendent Gilbert L. Gayrama, PhD, Asst.Schools Division Superintendent Celsa A. Casa, PhD, CID Chief Bryan L. Arreo, LR Manager Edna E. Trinidad, EdD, Science Education Program Supervisor Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 1  WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS General Biology 1, Quarter 1, Week 4 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS: APPLICATION AND DISORDERS/DISEASES CAUSED BY CELL MALFUNCTION Name of Learner: ______________________________ Section: ______________ Most Essential Learning Competencies: 1. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis. STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9 2. Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle. STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10 Specific Learning Objectives: 1. Cite and explain the significance or applications of mitosis and meiosis. 2. Identify and describe the disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle. 3. Illustrate the karyotype of a person with disorders caused by the malfunction of cell during cell cycle. 4. Relate the significance or application of meiosis and mitosis in real life. Time Allotment: 4 hours Key Concepts: A. Significance or Applications of Mitosis Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell. Body cells (somatic) like the skin, blood, and muscle undergo mitotic division. It has four stages namely prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It produces diploid cells. Diploid cells have two sets of homologous chromosomes. In humans, there are 46 total number of chromosomes referred to as diploid cells, 2n = 46. The following are significance and applications of mitosis. 1. Keeps chromosome number constant. Mitosis ensures that the number of chromosomes of the parent cell is identical to its two daughter cells. Example, humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell in a diploid state. A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, each coming from the parent cell. So, if the parent Figure 1. Simplified Mitosis Illustration cell has 46 chromosomes, then the two Source: https://microbenotes.com/mitosis/ daughter cells, resulting from mitosis will each have 46 chromosomes also. Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 2  2. Maintains genetic stability in daughter cells. Mitosis helps in the splitting of chromosomes during cell division and generates two new daughter cells. Therefore, the chromosomes form from the parent chromosomes by copying the exact DNA. Therefore, the daughter cells formed as genetically uniform and identical to the parent as well as to each other. Thus, mitosis helps in preserving and maintaining the genetic stability of a particular population. The purpose of mitosis is to maintain continuity among cell progeny, meaning that if a tissue is made of thousands of cells that resulted from many mitosis events, each cell has the same number of genes as the original cell. This is important because tissues and organs have layers of cells that serve different functions, even though those cells have the same genetic information. 3. Helps in growth and development of zygote. Mitosis ensures the growth of an offspring. Remember that human life starts as a zygote (formed by the union of egg cell and sperm cell) and will undergo continuous mitotic division. All the daughter cells resulting from the multiple cell divisions will make up the body of the human. Figure 2. Human Embryonic Development Source: https://www.dreamstime.com/cell-division- 4. Allows the organisms to grow, repair and reproduce. Mitosis plays an important part in the development of embryos and is important for the growth and development of our bodies as well. Mitosis produces new cells, and replaces cells that are old, lost or damaged. In animals and humans for instance, mitosis is used to repair damaged cells such as when they are wounded or badly injured. You become taller because the bone cells continue to undergo mitosis. In unicellular organisms such as bacteria, mitosis helps in asexual reproduction as it produces an identical copy of the parent cell. Another example of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms are amoeba, hydra and yeast. An amoeba reproduces through binary fission while hydra and yeast reproduce through budding. In plants, mitosis of meristematic tissues (cells or group of cells in plants that have the ability to divide) is important for the plant to sustain its growth. Figure 3.1 Longitudinal section of shoot apex showing location of meristems Source:https://www brainkart com/article/ Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 3  Cell and Tissue Culture For technology, cell and tissue culture is effective for large scale production. The growth of tissues or cells outside of the body of the organism in a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium is called tissue culture. Tissue culture is based on the process of mitosis, where a cell undergoes division to form Figure 3.2. Tissue Culture multiple tissues. Besides, tissue culture may lead to Source:https://passel2.unl.edu/view/less on/54f48d0cd240/4 organ culture in various organisms. Cloning Another application of mitosis is cloning a technique employed in biotechnology to produce identical copies of cells or DNA fragments. Dolly (figure 3.3) was important because she was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Her birth proved that specialised cells could be used to create an exact copy of the animal they came from. This knowledge changed what scientists thought was possible and opened up a lot of possibilities in biology and medicine, including the Figure 3.3 Dolly and her Surrogate Mother development of personalised stem cells known as iPS cells. Source: https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life- of-dolly/index.htmldivision-prenatal- Stem Cell Regeneration Stem cells are a group of cells that can be directed to form specialized cells in the body. Stem cells can undergo mitosis to regenerate and repair diseased or damaged tissues in people. 5. Help one grasps how cancer develops and could provide clues in stopping cancer. Research on cell division provides new clues how to curb the growth of tumors by stopping their cells from proliferating. B. Significance or Applications of Meiosis Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is the process by which sexually reproducing organisms make their sex cells, sperms and eggs. The following are significance and applications of meiosis. 1. Formation of Gametes The formation of gametes is only possible through meiosis. Gametes are sex cells responsible for sexual reproduction which contain half the number of chromosomes of all other cells in the organism. This means they are haploid. When the male and female gametes combine in fertilization they create an embryo with the full complement of chromosomes (diploid). Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 4  2. Expression of Genetic Information In animals and plants, reproductive cells called gametes are the vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next. During fertilization, male and female gametes (sperm and eggs) unite, thereby passing on genes of both parents to their offspring. Meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four daughter cells. These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between paired chromosomes. Such exchange means that the gametes produced through meiosis exhibit an amazing range of genetic variation. 3. Maintenance of Chromosome Number Meiosis maintains the fixed number of chromosomes in sexually reproducing organisms, the most important contribution in reproduction. Remember that meiosis gives rise to four unique daughter cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Because meiosis creates cells that are destined to become gametes (or reproductive cells), this reduction in chromosome number is critical — without it, the union of two gametes during fertilization would result in offspring with twice the normal number of chromosomes. 4. Assortment of Chromosomes During meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosomes are divided in half to form haploid cells, and this separation, or assortment, of homologous chromosomes is random. This means that all of the maternal chromosomes will not be separated into one cell, while the all paternal chromosomes are separated into another. Instead, after meiosis occurs, each haploid cell contains a mixture of genes from the organism's mother and father. Another feature of independent assortment is recombination. Recombination occurs during meiosis and is a process that breaks and recombines pieces of DNA to produce new combinations of genes. Recombination scrambles pieces of maternal and paternal genes, which ensures that genes assort independently from one another. It is important to note that there is an exception to the law of independent assortment for genes that are located very close to one another on the same chromosome because of genetic linkage. Figure 4. The results of crossing over during meiosis. Source: Reece Biology 5. Crossing Over Crossing over, a genetic rearrangement between nonsister chromatids involving the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA molecules, begins during pairing and synaptonemal complex formation, and is completed while homologs are in synapsis. Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 5  Crosing over helps to bring about random shuffling of genetic material during the process of gamete formation. This results in formation of gametes that will give rise to individuals that are genetically distinct from their parents and siblings. 6. Mutation A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA in a cell. There are many different kinds of mutations. Mutations can occur before, during, and after mitosis and meiosis. If a mutation occurs in cells that will make gametes by meiosis or during meiosis itself, it can be passed on to offspring and contribute to genetic variability of the population. Figure 5. Mutation Source: https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a- t ti C. Diseases or Disorders related to Defects in Cell Division 1. Cancer Development Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. These cancer cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle. They divide excessively and invade other tissues. The abnormal behavior of cancer cells can be catastrophic. If unchecked, they can kill the organism. The problem begins when a single cell in a tissue undergoes transformation, the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell. The body’s immune system normally recognizes a transformed cell as an insurgent and destroys it. However, if the cell evades destruction, it may proliferate and form a tumor, a mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue. The abnormal cells may remain at the original site if they have too few genetic and cellular changes to survive at another site. In that case, the tumor is called a benign tumor. Most benign tumors do not cause serious problems and can be completely removed by surgery. In contrast, a malignant tumor includes cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one or more organs Tumor development involves number of mutations. 1. Genetic mutation occur in a cell 2. Hyperplasia- a condition that the altered cell and its descendants grow and divide too often 3. Dysplasia – the condition in which the cell's descendants mutated and divide excessively and look abnormal 4. In situ cancer – cells are abnormal and tumor are still in contained within its tissue of origin 5. Invasive cancer – some cells have additional mutations and allow tumors to invade other tissues through circulatory system Figure 6. Tumor Development Source: https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is- Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 6  2. Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number. Trisomy is the most common aneuploidy. In trisomy, there is an extra chromosome. A common trisomy is Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Other trisomies include Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18). Monosomy is another type of aneuploidy in which there is a missing chromosome. A common monosomy is Turner syndrome, in which a female has a missing or damaged X chromosome. Down’s syndrome is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21(trisomy 21). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate mental retardation. Figure 7. Baby with Down Syndrome Source: https://www.labiotech.com Figure 8. Karyotype of a person with Down Syndrome Source: https://www.labiotech.com Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY). Men with this condition are usually sterile and tend to have longer arms and legs and to be taller than their peers. They are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay. Figure 9. Man with Klinefelter’s Syndrome Patau's syndrome is a serious rare genetic disorder Source: https://www.labiotech.com caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells. This severely disrupts normal development and, in many cases, results in miscarriage, stillbirth or the baby dying shortly after birth. Babies with Patau's syndrome grow slowly in the womb and have a low birth weight, along with a number of other serious medical problems. Turner’s syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). Female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. They often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a “caved-in” appearance to the chest. Figure 1o. Woman with Turner’s syndrome Source:https://www.stepwards.com Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 7 Activity 1. One Pic and a Thousand of Words Objective: Cite and explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis. What you need: paper and pen What to do: Copy the table below in a separate sheet. Identify what application of mitosis and meiosis is found in column A and explain why these events are significant applications of mitosis/meiosis. Write your answer into two or three sentences in column B. A. Significance or Applications of B. My explanation. Mitosis and Meiosis 1.___________ and 2.____________ Source: https://saylordotorg.github.io 3.______________________________ Source: https://saylordotorg.github.io 4._________ Source: https://saylordotorg.github.io 5._______________________________ Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 8 Rubrics: Score Description 5 Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no misconception. 4 Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception. 3 Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions. 2 Explanation is not consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions. 0 No discussion. Activity 2. Identify, Illustrate and Describe Objectives: 1. Identify and describe disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle. 2. Illustrate the karyotype of a person with disorders and diseases. What you need: paper and pen What to do: Copy the table below in a separate sheet. Complete the table by filling in the blank. For column 3, provide two or three symptoms or descriptions, while in column 2 draw the karyotype. Disorder Photo/Illustration Symptoms/Descriptions https://www.medicinenet.com/cancer_101_pictures_slide show/article.htm 1._____________ Down (karyotype) Syndrome (Trisomy 21) 2._____________ It causes severe intellectual disability and many physical abnormalities, such as congenital (karyotype) heart defects; brain or spinal cord abnormalities; very small or poorly developed eyes (microphthalmia); extra fingers or toes; cleft lip with or without cleft palate; and weak muscle tone (hypotonia). 3.______________ Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 9  https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry- genetics-and-molecular-biology/turner-syndrome 4.______________ Activity 3. Relatable Objective: 1. Relate the significance or application of meiosis and mitosis in real life. What you need: paper and pen What to do: Cite a specific real-life application of mitosis or meiosis that could help improve the lives of the people in your community. Discuss in your science journal the key concept of this application and how this could possibly improve the lives in your community. Scoring Rubrics This scoring rubric will guide you in accomplishing your expected outputs. 10 8 6 4 0 Practical application Practical Practical is scientifically application is application is Practical application explained consistent scientifically scientifically is scientifically No explained explained explained consistent to the concepts, and discussion at consistent to the consistent to the to the concepts, but has no all concepts, but with concepts, but with with more than two misconceptions. minimal one and two misconceptions. misconceptions. misconceptions. Reflection As a senior high school student, how would you help to protect the persons with the disorders caused by malfunction of cell during cell cycle (ex. persons with down syndrome etc.) and prevent from bullying and discrimination. Rubrics: Score Description 10 Ideas are expressed scientifically, consistent with the concepts and has no misconception. 8 Ideas are expressed scientifically, consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception. 6 Ideas are expressed scientifically but contain several contradictory concepts. 4 Ideas are poorly expressed scientifically. 2 Ideas are vague and unprecise. 0 No discussion. Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 10 Key Answer Activity 1 Activity 2 Column 1 Column 1 1. Gamete formation 1. Cancer development 2. Zygote development 2. Trisomy 21 3. Crossing over 3. Patau syndrome 4. Chromosome assortment 4. Turner syndrome 5. Mutation 6. Stem cells regeneration Answers in column 2 7. Growth are illustrations while 8. Cell repair/tissue answers in column 3 9. Tissue culture may vary. 10. Cloning Column 2 Answers may vary References A. Books Campbell, Neil A. and Reece, Jane B., et al. Biology – 7thEdition, Pearson Education, Inc., 2005. K to 12 MELCS with Corresponding CG- Codes. Department of Education: Curriculum and Instruction Strand, 2020. Accessed on: June 10, 2020, Retrieved from: https://commons.deped.gov.ph/melc B. Web Sources https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zqv6gdm/revision/6. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/replication-and-distribution-of-dna-during- meiosis-6524853/. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. https://biologywise.com/what-is-crossing-over-why-is-it-important-in-meiosis. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/cell-cycle-and-cell-division/mitosis/. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. https://www.labiotech.eu/more-news/downs-syndrome-cause-switzlerland/. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/genetic-disorders. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/26631-research-cell-division-provides-new- clues- common-cancer-treatment-works/. Accessed on: July 28, 2021. Image credits https://www.dreamstime.com/cell-division-prenatal-development-human-embryonic- zygote-fertilized-egg-to-stage-three-day-fertilization-vector-image209203872 https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html https://www.brainkart.com/article/Meristematic-Tissues-(Meristems)_39900/ https://byjus.com/biology/difference-between-spermatogenesis-and-oogenesis/ https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological- chemistry/s22-05-mutations-and-genetic-diseases.html Author: REY D. ARBOLONIO School/Station: Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School Email address: [email protected] Page 11