GADGRC-MODULE-1-Evolution-of-Gender-and-Development PDF

MODULE 1 Evolution of Gender and Development  Objectives: Trace the history of women struggles/issues Explain the Gender And Development (GAD) Key Concepts, the Women In Development (WID) and Women and Development (WAD) Identify key concepts of gender and environment relevant to gender a...

MODULE 1 Evolution of Gender and Development  Objectives: Trace the history of women struggles/issues Explain the Gender And Development (GAD) Key Concepts, the Women In Development (WID) and Women and Development (WAD) Identify key concepts of gender and environment relevant to gender and climate change, and impact of development in the environment. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Content: Lesson 1.1. Women Struggles/Issues A. WOMEN SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES B. Women in History Who Shape our Country C. Philippine Women After 100 Years Source: pcw.gov.ph/statistics MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Content: Lesson 1.2. Gender and Development Key Concepts A. History of Gender & Development B. Gender and Development in the Philippines Lesson 1.3. Gender and Environment A. Brief History B. Key Concepts of Gender & Environment MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Lesson 1.1.Women Struggles/Issues MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Guide Questions: 1. What does history tell us about women in the society? 2. Who were the women who played a vital role in our country’s history. 3. How does women being treated by the society now a days? MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  A. WOMEN SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES Women at early times in the Philippines are expected to do: house work, childcare and some domestic work. They are restricted to join politics and some public works. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development In 1907, Filipinas started to invoke their right to vote and they slugged it out against the male- dominated legislative body for 30 years until the Women’s Suffrage Bill was passed in 1937. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  After the suffrage debate was resolved, Filipinas and women around the world moved on to broader issues that affected them, including: a. reproductive health, b. gender equality, c. violence, d. greater job opportunities ……and so much more. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  In the global level, the United Nations recognized the need to protect women against discrimination and declared the year 1975 as International Women’s Year MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  In connection with the UN’s actions, President Ferdinand Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 633 on January 7, 1975 which created the National Commission on the Role of the Filipino Women now Philippine Commission on Women (PCW). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Presidential Decree No. 633 National Commission on the Role of the Filipino Women The decree was also the first in the Philippines that recognized the Filipina’s contribution to the nation and the need to promote equality between men and women. Its basic roles were: - To promote economic, social and political empowerment of women. - To review and implement laws regarding women. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Greater women empowerment was later supported by President Corazon Aquino with the signing of the Presidential Proclamation No. 227 on 17 March 1988 that made March officially ‘Women’s Role in History Month.’ MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Women in History Who Shape our Country MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Women in History Who Shape our Country Gabriela C. Silang- National Hero (1731– 1763) - Considered a national hero; the ‘Joan of Arc of Ilocandia;’ La Generala of Ilocano uprisings against the Spanish Empire. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Women in History Who Shape our Country Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)- National Hero (1812– 1919)- Considered a hero of the revolution; Grand Woman of the Revolution;’ The Mother of Balintawak;’ ‘Mother of the Katipunan; ’Mother of the Philippine Revolution’ MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Women in History Who Josefa Llanes Escoda- Shape our Country Civic participation (1898– 1945) - Founder of Girl Scouts of the Philippines; advocate of the women’s suffrage. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Women in History Who Shape our Country Fe del Mundo-Medicine (1911– 2011)- National Scientist of the Philippines, Pioneered Pediatric Care in the country, First woman admitted as student in Harvard Medical School, Founder of Children’s Medical Centre; Order of Lakandula and Ramon Magsaysay Awardee. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Women in History Who Shape our Country Corazon Aquino - Politics (1933– 2009)- 11th President of the Philippines, First Female President of the Philippine Republic, Icon of Philippine Democracy;’ Time Magazine’s 1986 ‘Woman of the Year’ MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Philippine Women After 100 Years Source: pcw.gov.ph/statistics MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 49.6% of the total population are women - about 46.4 million (2010 census) Woman life expectancy 73.14 (2010 census) MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Women - Dominated Professions MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Midwife MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Dietitians MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Social Workers MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Librarians MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Guidance Counselors MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Dentists MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Interior Designers MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Nurses MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Teachers MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 38.9% of employed Filipinos are woman (2010) MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 47.8 of our OFW are Woman (2011 Statistics) MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 75.7 % of the registered woman voters have actually voted in 2010 National Election. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 18.4 % of elected post were won by woman (2011). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development One (1) on every twenty-five (25) who have had sex experience forced in their first sexual encounter. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 16% of the woman have initiated violence against their husband. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 15, 969 cases of rape, threats and harassment, were filed by woman at the PNP in 2012. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Instructions: Click the link below to watch the video clip on the global history of women’s rights. If you are unable to do so, the transcript of the video is provided below. After watching the video or reading the transcript, make a reflection on your personal views regarding various gender issues and concerns guided by the questions provided after the transcript. Write your answer on the learning activity answer sheet. Global History of Women’s Rights: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_UjYOfmkn8 LESSON 1.2. Gender and Development Key Concepts MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  GUIDE QUESTIONS: What is WID? What is the difference between WID & WAD? How does Gender and Development came to be implemented? How is GAD being implemented at CHMSU? MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development A. HISTORY OF GENDER & DEVELOPMENT MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID) Origin: The term “Women in Development” came into use in the early 1970s. By the 1970s it had become clear that women were being left out of development. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Ester Boserup was the first to systematically delineate on a global level the sexual division of labor that existed in agrarian economies. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  WID is understood to mean: Integration of women into global processes of economic, political and social growth change. (Boserup, 1970). To improve women’s access to resources and their participation in development. Emphasize on income-generating projects for women as a means of integration. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT (WID) WID concentrated narrowly on the inequalities between men and women and ignored the social, cultural, legal and economic factors that give rise to those inequalities in society. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT (WAD) Origin: The term “Women and Development” emerged in the second half of the 1970s. Achola Okello Pala noted in the mid-1970s that the notion of “integrating women into development” was inextricably linked to the maintenance of economic dependency of Third World on the industrialization (1977). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  WAD is understood to mean: Focuses on the relationship of women and development process rather than on strategies to integrate women into development. It sees women’s positions as primarily within the structure of international and class inequalities. Does not adequately address the social relations between men and women and their impact on development. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) Origin: The term “Gender and Development” emerged in the 1980s as an alternative to the earlier WID focus. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) Theoretical roots in socialist feminism and has bridged the gap by modern theorist, linking the relations of production to the relations of reproduction and taking into account all aspects of women’s lives (Jaquette 1982). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  GAD is understood to mean: The “totality of social organization, economic and political life in order to understand the shaping of particular aspects of society” (Young 1987: 2) GAD represented a coming together of many feminist ideas. It sought to bring together both the lessons learned from, and the limitation of WID and WAD approaches. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  GAD is understood to mean: GAD looks at the impact of development on both women and men. It seeks to ensure that both women and men participate in and benefit equally form development and so emphasizes equality of benefit and control. Deep and important changes to relations dealing with gender inequality within society. GAD also focuses on the social or gender relations (i.e. the division of labor) between men and women in society. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development B. Gender and Development in the Philippines MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Philippine Plan for Gender and Development Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995- 2025, is a National Plan that addresses, provides and pursues full equality and development for men and women. Approved and adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on September 8, 1995 MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Philippine Plan for Gender and Development It is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for Women, 1989-1992 adopted by Executive No. 348 of February 17, 1989. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development DENR Administrative Order No. 98 – 15 came up as the Revised Guidelines on the Implementation of Gender and Development (GAD) Activities (May 27, 1998) in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in order to strengthen the DENR GAD Focal Point System and accomplishing the GAD vision “Partnership of Empowered Men and Women for Sustainable Development”. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Republic Act No. 9710 Magna Carta of Women was approved on August 14, 2009 which mandates non-discriminatory and pro- gender equality and equity measures to enable women’s participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local development. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development A Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 was released addressing dated October 21, 2011 to all Government Departments including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus, State University and Colleges (SUCs), Government-Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the GAD Focal Point System (GFPS). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  CHMSC & Gender & Development Carlos Hilado Memorial State University had established a very strong and active Gender and Development (GAD) Office to answer the needs of students, faculty and personnel on gender – related concerns and issues. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development CHMSU GAD Focal Persons DR. NORBERTO P. MANGULABNAN SUC President III MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development CHMSU GAD Focal Persons DR. ELVIE S. SAMSON GAD Director MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  CHMSU GAD Coordinators MS. ROSE F. REGALA GAD COORDINATOR MS. ZION ROSE E. PARPA BINALBAGAN CAMPUS GAD COORDINATOR DR. ANN CHARYL M. GALLO TALISAY CAMPUS GAD COODINATOR FORTUNE TOWNE CAMPUS MS. MA. HANNA GRACE M. LOPEZ GAD COORDINATOR ALIJIS CAMPUS  CHMSU GAD Focal Persons ROSE F. REGALA, Ph.D -TM GAD Coordinator - Binalbagan Campus MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development CHMSU GAD BINALBAGAN CAMPUS Focal Persons MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development CHMSU GAD BINALBAGAN CAMPUS Focal Persons MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development IN – TEXT QUESTION: Differentiate comprehensively WID, WAD and GAD concepts. (15 pts) MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Lesson 1.3. Gender & Environment MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Objectives: A. Define gender and environment B. Enumerate and discuss gender mainstreaming MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Guide Questions: How does environmental issues link to gender? What are the different areas of the environment in which male and female are affected? How can climate change affects women? What mitigation can be applied to conserve our natural resources? MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Introduction The importance of the linkages between environmental security and gender roles Women play decisive roles in managing and preserving biodiversity, water, land and other natural resources at the local scale. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Introduction Environmental degradation has severe consequences for all human beings, it particularly affects the most vulnerable, mainly women and children who constitute the majority of the world’s poor. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Introduction This is especially dramatic in conflict and post- conflict contexts where women usually face the burden of securing survival for themselves and their families with no or little resources, information d decisional power for rescue or rehabilitation. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  A. Brief History of Gender & Environment Third United Nations Women’s Conference in Nairobi in 1985 was one of the first international forums that made explicit the linkages between sustainable development and women’s involvement and empowerment as well as gender equality and equity. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  A. Brief History of Gender & Environment United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, a number of advocacy activities were undertaken to reflect that women not only bear the highest costs of environmental problems, but as managers of primary resources, also have the greatest potential for contributing to the solution of the crisis. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Brief History The advocacy activities during the UNCED process resulted in a reasonably engendered Agenda 21 –a road map for sustainable development for the 21st Century– that included more than 145 references to the specific roles and positions of women in environment and sustainable development as well as a separate chapter 24 entitled ‘Global action for women towards sustainable development’. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT -defined as equality of access to and control over natural resources and development benefits; and equality of access to decision-making and representation for environmental and natural resources Source: World Bank. 2010. Gender and Environment. Washington, DC. © World Bank MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  GENDER MAINSTREAMING A strategy for developing policies, legislation, program, projects, society and community’s development plans from gender equality perspective in order to benefit both women and men. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 5 AREAS OF GENDER & ENVIRONMENT 1. Gender & Water 2. Gender & Energy 3. Gender & Management 4. Gender & Chemical Management 5. Gender & Climate Change MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  1. Gender & Water Women and men have different and changing gender roles in water resources management. They derive different benefits from the availability, use and management of water. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Gender & Water Women are often the primary users of water in domestic consumption, subsistence agriculture, health and sanitation Women in many cases also take the primary role in educating children and in child and family health, including sanitation. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  The goals of gender mainstreaming for water resources management are: 1. to ensure that women and men have equal representation in decision-making with regards to policy and policy instruments aiming at improving water management at all levels; and 2. to ensure that all policies and policy measures take into consideration the gender impact of water scarcity and pollution. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Women and men Gender & energy have different energy needs due to their differing household roles, responses to crises and coping mechanisms. A gender-sensitive energy policy aims at offering energy technologies and services that match those needs. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Gender & energy The feminization of poverty in transition countries has been further aggravated by male labour migration and forced resettlement. With the prices of electricity and fuel constantly rising, women will suffer more than men from a deepening of “fuel (or energy) poverty”. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development The goals of gender mainstreaming for energy projects are: To ensure that women and men have equal representation in decision-making with regards to policy and policy instruments aiming at changing the established patterns of energy production and consumption. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  The goals of gender mainstreaming for energy projects are: To ensure that corrective measures intended to mitigate negative effects of energy production and consumption take into consideration their gender impact in order to avoid undermining the opportunities to improve the lives of targeted women and men population. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development The goals of gender mainstreaming for energy projects are: To identify new possibilities of improving income and employment for both women and men that could be brought about by new sources of energy and/or new energy efficient methods and technologies. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  3.Gender and Management. Land degradation leads to a significant reduction in the productive capacity of land. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Human activities contributing to land degradation include: 1. unsustainable agricultural land use, 2. poor soil and water management practices, 3. deforestation, removal of natural vegetation, 4. frequent use of heavy machinery, 5. overgrazing, improper crop rotation and 6. poor irrigation practices. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  3.Gender and Management. Aim for gender-balanced division of labour in sustainable land management; Ensure balanced empowerment of men and women in decision-making processes; Transform conflicts over resources into potential gains in land use involving both women and men; Strengthen and combine existing knowledge systems and communication networks of women. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Natural disasters, including drought, floods and landslides also contribute to land degradation. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 4.Gender and Chemical Management Efforts to ensure sound management of chemicals within the context of sustainable development have important gender dimensions. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development In daily life, women, men and children are exposed to different kinds of chemicals in varying concentrations. The level of exposure to toxic chemicals as well as the resulting impact on human health are determined by social as well as biological factors. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 4.Gender and Chemical Management Social factors, primarily gender-determined occupational roles and household responsibilities have a direct impact on human exposure to toxic chemicals, including the kinds of chemicals encountered as well as the level and frequency of such exposures. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 4.Gender and Chemical Management The biological factors, notably size and physiological differences between women and men and between adults and children, also influence susceptibility to health damage from exposure to toxic chemicals MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  The goals of gender mainstreaming in chemicals management are: To raise awareness of linkages between chemical exposure, the effects on human health and the environment and gender differences in risks and impact. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  To promote a participatory approach to ensure the participation of women and vulnerable populations in policy-development and decision- making processes. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development 5.Gender and waste management Management of household waste is more the responsibility of women than of men. Therefore training and awareness raising activities related to domestic waste management need to have a special focus on women. The removal of waste is often the unpaid work of women, but as soon as it is slightly mechanized. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  5.Gender and waste management Waste Men is often chemically and and women may differ in their contaminated. biologically attitudes towards When public healthwomen and and men are trained to community manage the waste, it is important that cleanliness and have awareness markedly differentof health hazards is included in the awareness-raising preferences for how activities and to training address public curriculum. health and environmental problems. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Main issues and entry points for gender mainstreaming in urban waste management are: Integrating a gender perspective in assessment studies, planning, implementation and monitoring of waste management projects. This should include a gender- specific analysis of how available waste and resources are valued and used. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Consultations prior to the introduction of new policies, procedures and technologies and equal representation of women and men in these consultations. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Creation of equal opportunities for men and women to benefit from the awareness-raising and training initiatives for waste management. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  6.Gender and Local Environmental Governance The scope of governance goes beyond technical or even political decision-making processes on the delivery of basic services such as health, water supply or education. It extends to civil society empowerment, processes of collective action, collective bargaining and social expression. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  6. Gender and Local Environmental Governance Good governance requires a bottom-up process of participation in decision making. It becomes meaningful as a system operating on democratic principles, with values and practices that stress people’s empowerment and participation, gender equality, legitimacy, transparency, accountability and effectiveness. Civil society is an important actor in this process. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development With reference to gender there are four criteria which form the basis of good and gender-sensitive governance: a. Participation: equal participation in governance institutions and processes, freedom of association and space for an active women’s movement. b. Transparency: transparency and gender equity in the allocation of resources. c. Legitimacy: legislation on gender equality and the promotion and protection of women’s rights. d. Effectiveness: gender-sensitive policies and institutional structures. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  The goals of gender-sensitive local environmental governance are: 1.To increase women’s participation in environmental politics, not only in formal political structures but also in other forms of civic engagement in environmental politics. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  2.To strengthen environmental and gender-awareness and capacities among both women and men politicians and civil servants. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  3.To services that address the specific needs and interests of women and men in the community, which require gender sensitive environmental planning and allocation of resources. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  7.Gender and Climate Change Gender is a significant aspect to be taken into account both when considering actions to adopt and to mitigate climate change. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Climate change impact is not only physical and economic but also social and cultural. Because of gender differences in social and economic roles and responsibilities, the effects of climate change affect women and men in varied ways, often affecting women more severely. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  In Gujarat, India, the Self Employed Women's Association launched a campaign in 1995 to improve the local water supply systems and reduce how much time women spent gathering water. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  In Bolivia's high-altitude plains, a program encouraged traditional specialist farmers, called yapuchiri, to train others on how to observe plants and animals to predict the weather in the coming year. The training helped prevent farmers from losing too much of their crop yield. Female yapuchiris contributed to the program by spreading their traditionally gendered knowledge of storing and timing the sowing of different seeds. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  7.Gender and Climate Change Women tend to be affected differently, and more harshly, by climate change because of their social roles and more impoverished status. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Increased costs of energy, transportation, health-care and food caused by the disrupting effects of climate change disproportionately affect women negatively by increasing their poverty and insecurity. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  On the other hand, women are able to contribute significantly to mitigation of and adaptation to climate change through their central role in food production and involvement in agriculture and biomass energy. Furthermore their experience and knowledge make them MODULE one of the key stakeholders 1: Evolutionclimate in mitigating of Genderchange. & Development  Throughout the world’s history, climate has been known to change. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  While the earth’s climate has always experienced a natural variation of colder and warmer periods, there is overwhelming scientific consensus that the current increase in the earth’s average temperature is caused by human activity. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - a global group of scientists who publish an authoritative report on climate change every 5–7 years - reveals that each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  In the Northern Hemisphere from 1983 - 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years.” MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  The main causes of climate change are: 1.burning fossil fuels 2.deforestation The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are released into the atmosphere by human activity contribute to what is frequently called the greenhouse effect. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  This effect describes the process by which thermal radiation that was absorbed by the planet is then radiated into the atmospheres and trapped by GHGs. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Greenhouse Gas (GHG) These GHGs that absorb and reemit infrared radiation include: 1. carbon dioxide, 2. methane, and 3. nitrous oxide. Although GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, the elevated levels, especially of carbon dioxide and methane, have increased significantly in recent decades. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Two major sources of GHGs are: 1. Direct emissions: a. Agriculture: livestock emit tons of CH4 by passing gas b. Land use: cutting down trees for logging or agriculture releases CO2 stored in biomass, wet rice cultivation c. Waste: organic matter in landfills or open lagoons emits tons of CH4 MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Two major sources of GHGs are: 2) Fossil-fuel- related emissions: Burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) in power plants, industries, residences, and vehicles MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development What are the consequences of climate change? 1. Climate change is already increasing the frequency and intensity of: a. 1. tropical cyclones, b. 2. drought, flooding, and c. 3. other extreme weather events (including heat waves). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  2. A rise of just 2 degrees Celsius (°C) in average temperatures by 2050 would not only alter weather patterns but induce rapid melting of Arctic sea ice and lead to significant sea- level rise. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Sea-level rise could force the relocation of many coastal communities and submerge some of the world’s most populated MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  The goals of gender mainstreaming in climate change are: To ensure that women and men participate equally in decision-making with regards to policy and policy instruments aiming to improve the adaptation capacities of communities. To ensure that women and men participate equally in decision-making with regards to policy and policy instruments aiming to mitigate the risk of drastic climate change and destruction of ecosystems at all levels. To ensure that all policies and policy measures take into consideration the gender impact of climate change. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Climate Adaptation and Mitigation MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Climate Adaptation To forward a better climate, people must bring in efforts to mitigate GHG emissions and adapt to climate impacts. Climate adaptation refers to the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate changes and their associated effects; adaptation seeks to moderate harms or exploit beneficial opportunities from a changing climate. There is a wide variety of adaptation actions. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  One example is protecting coastal communities from storms by preserving their coastal vegetation and building dams. Another example is adjusting to soil erosion and droughts by planting more resilient crop seedlings and alternating crops. These activities aim to manage the unavoidable. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Mitigation Mitigation refers to a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of GHGs. Mitigation measures or policies are aimed at, but not limited to, reducing GHG emissions. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Actions associated with mitigation can be grouped into two categories: » GHG emission reduction » Carbon capture, fixing, and sequestration MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Examples of Mitigation activities: a. Reforestation: This is the process of replanting trees on marginal crops and pasturelands to absorb carbon from atmospheric CO2 into biomass. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  It is essential that carbon must not return to the atmosphere from burning or breakdown of dead trees. To this end, the trees must grow in perpetuity or the wood from them must be sequestered (e.g., into biochar, bioenergy with carbon storage, or landfill). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  b. Improved agricultural practices Soil can act as an effective carbon sink. Examples of improved agriculture include: 1. practicing zero till farming, 2. increasing crop yields, 3. reducing overuse of fertilizers, 4. reducing soil disturbances, 5. improving irrigation, and breeding crop strains based on locally beneficial traits. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  b. Improved agricultural practices Emissions can be reduced by: 1. covering crops, 2. concentrating livestock in paddocks and 3. covering bare paddocks with hay or dead vegetation (covered paddocks protect soil from the sun and allow the soil to hold water and be more attractive to carbon-capturing microbes), or 4. restoring degraded land which slows carbon release while returning land to agriculture or other natural uses. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  c. Energy-efficient technology: Investing in renewable energy sources to produce electricity (such as solar, wind, or hydro) and supporting the use of efficient low- carbon technology in the industrial (more efficient cement production), commercial (more efficient heating processes), MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Transportation (more efficient cars and public transport systems), MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  residential (more efficient household appliances) sectors can reduce or prevent emissions in the frame of economic development MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  d. Wetland restoration Wetlands are important carbon sinks; 14.5% of the world’s carbon is found in wetlands, while only 6% of the world’s land is composed of wetlands. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  e. Carbon sequestration processes Peat bogs are important because they can store carbon. Creating new bogs or enhancing existing ones can help sequester carbon. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Why do we have to relate gender and climate change? The roles and responsibilities ascribed to women and men in a society impact their respective dependence on their natural environment, shape their capacity to adapt to a changing climate, and lead to specific knowledge of how to influence their environment. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  When these inequalities between men and women are removed and their specific abilities and knowledge promoted, their full potential to contribute to fighting climate change can be unlocked. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  There is growing recognition that by empowering women to actively participate in reducing emissions and strengthening community resilience, climate change projects become more Women’s contribution in particular successful, more has been neglected by mitigation sustainable, and measures in the past. more equitable. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development How does climate change affect men and women? Gender-specific roles and responsibilities ascribed to men and women within a given society lead to inequalities in the access to resources affected by environmental change, to barriers to participation, and to unequal adaptive capacities. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  In other words, women are not naturally weaker than men. Rather, especially poor women face social discrimination that makes them more vulnerable to the effects of climate change and can hinder their capacity to adapt. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Women are disproportionately affected by climate change because of their different roles and status in a society. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Poor women often have less access to land rights, education and extension services, an income, etc., which makes them more vulnerable to droughts, floods, crop failure, and increasingly limited supplies of natural MODULE 1: resources, among others. Evolution of Gender & Development  Their limited access to resources and economic security and their responsibility for their family’s food and energy security often means that they have less capacity to adapt to climate change, to recover from disasters, or to adjust their lives to changes in their environment. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Why integrate gender to climate change adaptation? MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Climate action that recognizes men and women’s knowledge of resource management and their potential to effect long- term change is not only more just, but also more successful and sustainable. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Gender inclusive mitigation is recognized as because it targets women as essential stakeholders, harness their knowledge and potential, and empower them to contribute to poverty reduction, sustainable development, and effective climate change responses. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Why integrate gender to climate change adaptation? a. More effective – because it identifies all relevant target groups and stakeholders b. More efficient – because it achieves greater outputs with allocated resources c. More equitable – because it identifies and reduces inequalities d. More sustainable – because it leads to long-term social and economic development MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  Climate Change Act in the Philippines (RA 9729) – was enacted by the government in response to the urgency for action on climate change - provides the policy framework with which to systematically address the growing threats on community life and its impact on the environment. was signed by the President on 28 April 2010. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  The National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (2010 – 2022) - was adopted by the Climate Change Commission and is the country’s roadmap towards climate change resiliency. It is to be implemented at the local level with the LGU as the frontline agency in the formulation, planning and implementation of its climate change action plan. It targets building an economically stable and ecologically sustainable town, known as Ecotown, is a key approach. MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development  National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) - outlines the country’s agenda for adaptation and mitigation for 2011 to 2028; It addresses a realistically achievable country-driven program of action for integrated climate change adaptation and mitigation. Identified seven (7) strategic priorities to address the impacts of global warming MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Seven (7) strategic priorities to address the impacts of global warming (NCCAP) MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development Intext questions: a. Based on your own understanding, discuss the impact of climate change on both men and women. (15 pts). b. Explain the consequences of Development to the Environment. (15 pts). MODULE 1: Evolution of Gender & Development