G12 EAPP Revised Reviewer - First Qtr PDF

The reading process starts with ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC recognition of printed language. AND PROFESSIONAL After written symbols are recognized, the...

The reading process starts with ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC recognition of printed language. AND PROFESSIONAL After written symbols are recognized, the reader assigns meaning to the symbols PURPOSES based on the reader’s schemata → (the FIRST QUARTER REVIEWER reader's background knowledge + Team President, Academics Committee personal experience) The reader then fuses or relates his schemata with the author’s ideas. The reader adjusts, modifies, applies, and constructs new knowledge about LESSON 1: READING ACADEMIC the text based on the merging of the TEXTS schemata and the author’s knowledge. Nature and Characteristics of Academic Academic vs. Non-academic Texts Text What sets academic from non-academic texts? Review on the Psychological Process of ACADEMIC NON-ACADEMIC Reading and Its Application to Academic Reading Author From the same A person who Scan field of study or writes as a industry profession or ○ You look for relevant words. a layperson ○ “type of quick or rapid reading with the goal of looking for specific pieces Purpose Goes beyond For public of information in a text.” informing information ○ “Scanning is too specific.” (Verifying,Affirmin g, Skim Negating) ○ You look for main ideas. ○ “type of quick or rapid reading.” Audience Specific General ○ “The goal of the reader when he or Audience Audience she skims a material would be to get Vocabulary Uses technical Uses plain a general overview or simply the gist and language and language of the material.” Grammar jargons ○ “Skimming is too general.” Organization Structured Unpredictable Intensive and Flow format pattern ○ Intensive reading is reading for the sole purpose of academic survival. Content Specialized General ○ This form of reading would include knowledge information everything we read to assist us advance in our studies or anything Verifying - verify/validate concepts or that is academically oriented. facts if they are true or not Affirming - considered factual and tries to Extensive apply it to other situations (test if it will ○ Reading for pleasure is what yield the same results) extensive reading entails. Negating - contradict or dispute present ○ It is the type of reading we do when knowledge we need to stay occupied or when we read to start our day. Academic Text Academic texts are writings produced with Process of Reading  a definite purpose and structured in a understand academic texts too. specific way to clearly communicate a message to an intended audience. LIES about Academic Text An academic article may be read and understood across disciplines. Why do we need to read academic texts? Academic articles may be written by Retrieving data from reliable sources anyone, even without credentials. Enriching an essay, report, or any written Academic articles may employ slang assignment with valuable information language. Getting ready for a Academic articles may be highly seminar/presentation/workshop opinionated. Broadening one’s knowledge/immersing The writer of non-academic texts should in myriad perspectives be considered an expert in a field. Knowing the best topic for one’s Academic texts are the same as thesis/dissertation non-academic texts in terms of purpose. Preparing for an interview Academic texts are writings produced with Preparing ourselves for academic writing a definite purpose and structured in a specific way to clearly communicate a TRUTHS about Academic Texts message to a general audience. An academic article uses words typical to A person who is already an expert in his the field. field does not need to read academic An academic article targets a certain texts anymore. group of readers/audience. To say that academic writing is thinking Academic articles are written by means that it is created at the spur of the professionals. moment. Academic articles may be edited by an author’s peers (a.k.a. Peer review). Characteristics of Academic Text Academic articles employ formal language. 1. Academic texts begin with clear Academic articles strictly follow a format. assumptions. Academic articles list references. ○ A thesis statement Academic articles support their claims and A thesis statement is a sentence assertions by citing experts and previous that summarizes the main idea studies. of the text, which usually The psychological process of reading, like appears in the introductory bottom-up, top-down, and interactive paragraph. approaches, can be applied in reading This characteristic also explains different types of texts, but a deeper way that academic texts should of processing texts is necessary. explicitly tell the reader what it is While it is ideal to broaden one's about as well as the purpose or schemata in order to increase one’s reason for which it is written. chances of understanding a text, Example understanding may still occur even if there (Topic) Technology (Position) is no background knowledge. has decreased our level of Jargon is one of the characteristics connectedness to others present in academic texts. because it (Reasons) allows us Since academic texts are written for a to disconnect from the people in specific group of people, the content of our physical environment, and it which is specialized. does not foster the social skills Academic texts exhibit the characteristics needed in order to help us of academic writing; hence, knowing what connect to those around us. academic writing is may help us (Source: Ashford Writing Center)  “A good thesis statement should * NOTE ! be able to provide a clear and →It’s impossible to write an academic text specific argument or idea about without a reference page. what you will be discussing in the paper and why the topic is worth discussing.” 3. Academic texts use formal words. “Always remember to begin your An academic text utilizes a formal tone academic text with a thesis that ultimately serves academic and statement.” professional purposes. Thus, no one expects it to sound conversational or casual. * NOTE ! This feature of an academic text ensures →You are discouraged from using that ideas are communicated objectively first-person pronouns when you write and professionally. an academic Text. Informal & Formal Words 2. Academic texts rely on several sources. INFORMAL FORMAL Type of Resources Utilized ○ An academic text may talk about a Find out Ascertain lot of phenomena, but for it to be credible, assertions or assumptions Free Release made should be well-researched. ○ Statements and claims in an Get Obtain academic text should be supported not just by one but by several Get in touch with Contact credible sources. Example It's about It concerns ○ Scientific journals, Google Scholar, academic articles/texts, relevant Buy Purchase thesis and dissertations, critique papers, academic databases (e.g. Keep Retain UST library, JSTOR), and legitimate Leave out Omit government and educational websites (e.g. websites ending with Let Permit.gov and.edu) Unreliable Sources that Should Be Look at Examine Avoided ○ “We also have sources which are not Make up Fabricate reliable and credible and should therefore be avoided. And, as much Need to Required as possible, not utilized when we write an academic text.” Point out Indicate Example ○ Social media, novels, Wikipedia, Put off Delay unsupported or non-academic websites, websites that are highly Put up Tolerate opinionated (e.g. threads and Rack up Accumulate forums), blogs, and research papers that lack citations or are highly Ring up Call plagiarized. Sorry Apologize  developed.” Seem Appear ○ Consider whether you should split Set up Establish infinitives. Example: from “to easily save Show Illustrate money and time” to “to save money and time easily.” Show up Arrive ○ Aim for an efficient use of words. Example: from “make a Stand for Represent decision” to “decide.” ○ Limit the use of all-purpose Start Commence Expressions. Example: “so on” and “etc.” Think about Consider ○ Avoid using 1st and 2nd person ○ “We call these verbs as phrasal pronouns. verbs (those in the informal column). Example: “I,” “we,” “he,” “she,” These are verbs that usually come “it,” “they,” and “you” with a preposition at the end.” 4. Ends with valid conclusions How can you achieve formality in A well-written academic text should academic writing? provide the reader with a summary of the ○ Use expanded modal forms over main points discussed, including the contracted forms. Similarly, use relationship between and among the expanded terms over their ideas presented in the form of effective abbreviated equivalents. conclusions. Example: from “don’t” to “do not” ○ Use single verbs whenever possible. 5. Academic texts follow a structure for Example: from “looking into” to their words and paragraphs. “examining” An academic text makes use of varied ○ Avoid colloquial, trite, and idiomatic strategies for using words and different expressions. patterns of development. Example: “gonna” (colloquial ○ Nominalization expression), “better late than This refers to the act of never” (trite expression), and transforming words from verbs to “break a leg” (idiomatic nouns as much as possible. expression) Example: from “create” to ○ Use more formal negative forms. “creation” Example: from “did not observe ○ Passivization multiple strains” to “observed few Academic texts make use more strains” of the passive voice of the verb ○ Be careful when using direct rather than the active voice of quotations. the verb. Excessive quoting may give the Example: from (active) “The impression that you are not Thomasian scientists conducted proficient in the topic you are an experiment” to (passive) “An writing about. experiment was conducted by Paraphrasing and summarizing Thomasian scientists” are some of the techniques that may minimize the amount of Patterns of Paragraph Development directly quoted material in your ○ Description academic text. A text that aims to explain a ○ Place adverbs within the verb concept or phenomenon Phrase. ○ Sequence Example: “was ‘originally’ A text that focuses on the giving  of various events leading to a HOW TO USE CAUTION? culminating event or discusses ○ Cautioning verbs like tends, the unfolding of different suggests, appear to be, think, incidences believe, doubt, indicate ○ Comparison ○ Modal verbs like will, must, may, A text that aims to provide the should, could, and might readers a detailed comparison of ○ Adverbs of frequency like often, the similarities and differences sometimes, usually between and among variables Example: He has halitosis -> He and/or values appears to have halitosis. ○ Cause and Effect A text covering substantial information on how a particular LESSON 2: READING ACADEMIC occurrence leads to or a determining factor for the TEXTS existence or forming of a phenomenon ○ Problem-Solution Phases and Strategies of Reading Academic A text focusing on a set of Tests obstacles or difficulties brought by a phenomenon followed by a These refer to varying stages that thorough discussion of how they readers have to undergo when they may be systematically read academic texts. addressed Pre-reading 6. Academic texts require objectivity This refers to what the reader usually The tone of academic texts should be does before embarking on reading the impersonal and should maintain a certain academic texts. level of social distance. Understanding the academic texts is not Avoid personal pronouns such as You, I, yet expected from the reader in this stage. We Examination of the text before deciding to Avoid rhetorical questions as it marks read it occurs in this phase. closeness with the reader and constantly ○ Purpose: Get an overview of the text seeks his/her attention. and activate schemata Avoid emotive language. ○ Strategy: Scanning, skimming, and checking the features of the 7. Academic texts use explicit language. academic text Academic texts should be clear in directing readers’ attention to the points While reading he/she wants to make. 8. Academic texts use caution. One is expected to be able to arrive at An academic text avoids making hasty meaning identification or understanding of generalizations. the text. HASTY GENERALIZATIONS ARE ○ Purpose: Monitor comprehension WHEN: and organize information ○ When a hypothesis needs to still be ○ Strategy: Note-taking, highlighting, tested creating marginal notes, and creating ○ Drawing conclusions or predictions graphic organizers from your findings that may not be conclusive ○ Referencing others’ work to build on your own paper Post-reading How to Become a Critical Reader Annotate what you read. This refers to what the reader does after ○ What: The action of writing reading and processing the information comments on the text to (1) further from the academic text. the reader’s unique understanding, ○ Purpose: Evaluating and using (2) draw conclusions, and (3) identify information one’s area of confusion ○ Strategy: Critical thinking and critical ○ Why: Annotating forces your brain to reading slow down to think about what you are reading. Strategies Outline the text. These refer to the different techniques ○ How: that the reader may employ in order to (1) Identify and list down the successfully carry out the tasks main points of the writer. needed in each of the reading phases. (2) Identify the ideas that the writer has raised to support Critical Reading his/her stand. Critical reading is an active process of Summarize the text. discovery. ○ This refers to the act of writing the ○ It involves direction with the writer gist or the main essence of the text when you question his/her claims in your own words. and comment on his/her ideas. ○ Do not include your analysis of the ○ In order to read critically, one should text. not view the act of reading as a ○ Cite the general observation of what passive skill. it contains. It involves scrutiny of any information ○ It requires the clearest overview of heard or read. something to avoid ○ It means not easily believing the misinterpretations. information that you received. ○ General rule: The summary of an academic text would always have to Requirements in Critical Reading be shorter than the original. The ability to pose problematic questions ○ Characteristics of a good The ability to analyze a problem in all its summary: dimensions The ability to find, gather, & interpret data, facts, and other information relevant to the Characteristics of a good summary problem The ability to imagine alternative solutions Comprehensive Any important information in the text should not be left out. to the problem, see different perspectives and ways of answering the problem Concise Minor details are no longer The ability to analyze competing focused on approaches and answers, state arguments for and against alternatives, Coherent The summary should not look like and choose the best solution based on a string of random sentences identified values and criteria roughly joined together. The ability to write an effective argument Explicitness should be evident. justifying your choice while acknowledging counter-arguments Independent The summary should be able to reflect our identities as writers and not look like an imitation of the original text.  Evaluate the text. Explanatory Presents various information to ○ One has to be able to scrutinize Synthesis inform the readers and offer insights every bit of information from the text. or explanations. ○ For every claim provided, one may also want to consider checking Example: Systematic Review, RRL whether the claims are supported by evidence or not. Argument Presents various information to put ○ Furthermore, after checking for the Synthesis forward an argument, claim, or arguments provided to support each position claim, one also has to check whether It aims to persuade. the claims are logical. Spot flaws in reasoning. Paraphrasing ○ This refers to checking whether the ○ This is formulating someone else's arguments provided are fallacious or ideas in your own words without not. changing the meaning of the original ○ Fallacious statements may be text. defined as those arguments that may ○ Transform knowledge and avoid sound or appear sensible at first. plagiarism. However, when you analyze them, ○ Involves changing of the lexical they actually do not make sense forms, sentence structure, and order and, therefore, should not be readily of the major ideas. accepted. ○ The 4Rs of Paraphrasing: Synthesizing The 4Rs of Paraphrasing ○ What: It is a level higher than summarizing and discussing Reword This is looking for perfect commonalities that exist between replacements for all of the words and among various texts. provided in the original text. ○ Connects carious information from multiple sources to lead readers to Rearrange This is having the freedom to decide deeper understanding how and when the different ideas will ○ Two types of reference materials: be presented in the paraphrased version. Two types of reference materials Realize This is accepting the fact that there are elements or words in the text that Primary These refer to getting pieces of are non-negotiable. Some words information about something from must be presented as they were people who have had first-hand presented in the original text. experience or an account of which you would like to talk about. Recheck This is checking if the ideas one wrote are the same as the ideas Secondary These are reference materials taken provided in the original text. from people who may not have had a personal account of the topic but are still considered knowledgeable by HOW DOES CRITICAL THINKING RELATE WITH virtue of their association with primary READING sources. What is FALLACY? ○ One of the problems in critical ○ Two types of Synthesis: thinking ○ A statement that is illogical ○ A Deceptive Argument Two types of Synthesis ○ A statement that appears to be a  valid argument or claim but is “How long did you stay in your actually misleading or logically friend’s house?” flawed ARGUMENTUM Expresses the logical fallacy of TYPES OF FALLACIES: POST HOC assuming that one thing caused ERGO another merely because the first PROPTER HOC thing preceded the other. ARGUMENTUM Attack on the person rather than AD HOMINEM on the argument or the issue. Example: I ate fish, and then I got sick to my stomach. Example: The person running Therefore, the fish made me for mayor in our town should not sick. be voted because he is ugly. ARGUMENTUM Use of a person’s authority, FALLACY OF The thing to be proved right is AD expertise, or popularity to make PETITIO the one asserted as true. VERECUNDIAM an assertion more credible. PRINCIPII Example: Business Example: It is okay to use Joy administration is concerned because Judy Ann promotes it. mainly with concepts related to business. ARGUMENTUM Use of pity or sympathy or AD simply appealing to emotion. Eating healthy food is important MISERICORDIA because eating healthy food M Example: Students should not helps you stay healthy. fail in any course because their parents are working hard. FALLACY OF Statements that lack punctuation ACCENT and become open for many interpretations/ statements containing a word that may be interpreted in more ways than ARGUMENTUM Believing that the majority is one. AD POPULUM always right. Example: Please don’t stop Example: The commerce kissing me → Please don’t. Stop students should no longer have kissing me. classes during the quadri week since almost all of the other colleges have canceled theirs. TYPES OF FALLACIES (THEY COME IN PAIR ARGUMENTUM The absence of knowledge on BECAUSE THEY ARE CONNECTED): AD an issue is used against the FALLACY OF COMPOSITION IGNORANTIAM person to make a statement ○ What is true to the individual parts is correct. applied to the whole Example: Anna Sanchez is the ○ Example: The sole of his shoes is oldest university in Asia because decorated with embossed abstract a Thomasian who was designs; its insides must also have interviewed could not give proof more intricate designs. of that. FALLACY OF DIVISION ○ What is true to the whole is applied FALLACY OF Something that appears only to as true to individual parts COMPLEX have one question when there ○ Example: He spent millions for his QUESTION could be two or more. house and lot; his furniture must be Example: A parent asking his worth millions too. child, who came late, asked, ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM ○ Press an issue using one’s authority  ○ Example: You should agree with my located the Web site. plan for the school project, or I’ll make sure you don’t get any group work in the future because I am the FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION leader ○ Use of the same word twice but with FALLACY OF ADVANTAGE different meanings ○ Force an issue in exchange for ○ Example: A bat is a mammal; something they will benefit therefore, baseball players use ○ Example: Of course, we should mammals to hit baseballs lower the tax rates for large corporations. It will create more jobs LESSON 3: WRITING A CONCEPT and boost the economy. Plus, it will help me because I work for a big PAPER corporation FALLACY OF ACCIDENT Concept Paper ○ A general rule is applied to the circumstantial cases A concept paper is a prelude to a full ○ Example: All vehicles are required paper that aims to seek approval or to stop at red lights. Therefore, an funding. ambulance should stop at red lights It is a summary that tells the reader what even when it's responding to an you are proposing, why it is important, emergency. and how it will be carried out. FALLACY OF CONVERSE ACCIDENT In academic setting, concept paper may ○ A general rule is given based on come in research proposal circumstantial cases ○ Example: I met one person from Purposes of Writing a Concept Paper New York who was very rude, so It includes stipulating the meaning of a everyone from New York must be term by limiting, extending, or redirecting rude. the reference or sense in which the term FALLACY OF AMPHIBOLY is commonly understood. ○ Involves grammatical ambiguity It involves defining some terms based on ○ Misplaced and dangling modifiers the context of your research. ○ Misplaced Modifiers Explaining a Concept Misplaced Modifiers Definition is a mode of paragraph development that answers the questions: Poor It’s hard to understand why employees What is it? What does it mean? What are would not go to our technical support its special features? staff with software problems. ○ Description ○ Info Report Revised It is hard to understand why employees ○ Enumeration with software problems would not go to Definition is important because it clarifies our technical support staff. the meaning of a word or a concept and it also limits the scope of that particular ○ Dangling Modifiers: word or concept. Dangling Modifiers Techniques in Defining Formal Definition – the term is first Poor Using a search engine, the Web site assigned to a class or group to which it was finally located. belongs and then distinguished from other terms in the class. Revised Using a search engine, we finally ○ 3 part structure:  Term - actual word or Research This should include the background concept that you want to Questions (1 and issues of your proposed define par.) research, a short literature review, Class - category where and/or a summary of key debates the term is considered a and developments in a field. part of. Distinguishing detail - Research questions should be characteristics that formulated clearly, giving an separates that term from explanation as to what problems and issues are to be explored and other terms in different why they are worth exploring. categories They should not be in outline Extended Definition – used to define format. abstract concepts. It allows the writer to broaden the definition by using analogy, Research You have to provide a discussion on examples, characteristics, components, or Hypotheses your proposed answers to your something else. (1-2 par.) research questions. ○ Different types: Cause and Effect - use This should be written in paragraph form. cause and effect in definition when you are Proposed This should include the theoretical trying to explain why Methodolog resources to be drawn on, the something happened or y (1 par.) proposed research approach and to predict the likely results methods, and/or a brief discussion if an event does not occur of the advantages and limits of the Characteristics - further methods stated. explained by how it looks, smells, taste, feels, and References You do not have to include all the sounds like reference materials that you will need in your actual paper. History - focusing more on anything related to its The references listed in the concept past paper are only those source Components - created materials that were cited in the when you want to talk concept paper itself. about the different parts that make up the term that you are defining (ex. Parts of a computer: CPU, monitor, keyboard, mouse) How to Write a Concept Paper for Research How to Write a Concept Paper for Research Research You should give a clear indication of Title your proposed research approach or key question. It should be a stand-alone statement that can fully describe the study to be undertaken.  city where the material * NOTE ! →A concept paper need not be very long. was published Each of the most important parts, like the Name of the Publisher research questions, hypotheses, and methods, may be written in just one or two paragraphs each. What is important Bibliographical Entry for Books with One is that each is well-explained. Author →If, in case, you decide to create a research proposal with the intention of 1. Last name first, then comma having it funded, then you also have to 2. Initial of first name followed by a period include a research timetable and budget. 3. Year of publication in parenthesis followed These are necessary since the receiving by a period organization will have to be informed of 4. Complete title and subtitle (italicized) the amount of time you will be spending separated by colon and one space on your research and the money that it 5. Period after title will be spending. The timetable and 6. Place of publication, colon, one space, budget should be realistic and reasonable. and name of the publisher (omit the →The concept paper serves as a sneak abbreviations like inc. and cor.) peek at the research paper. 7. period Example Valencia, C. (2020). A lesson on creating LESSON 4: CITING REFERENCES bibliographical entries: The APA style. España, Manila: UST Publishing House. Preparing a Working Bibliography Bibliographical Entry for Books with Two Bibliography Authors Shows a list of reference materials used 1. Last name of the first author, then comma in a scholarly written output; it is made up 2. Initial of first name followed by a period of bibliographical entries. 3. Comma, ampersand (&), last name of the 2nd author followed by a comma and Bibliographical Entry initial of first name then period 4. Year of publication in parenthesis followed Shows pertinent pieces of information by a period about a reference material 5. Complete title and subtitle (italicized) 3 Main Parts of Bibliographical Entry separated by a colon and one space ○ Author 6. Period after title Last Name 7. Place of publication, colon, one space, Initial of First Name and name of the publisher (omit the ○ Title abbreviations like inc. and cor.) Main Title – usually the 8. Period ones more emphasized in a text Example Subtitle Valencia, C., & Cruz, J., (2020). A lesson on ○ Publication Information creating bibliographical entries: The APA style. Year of Publication – España, Manila: UST Publishing House. always get the more recent year Bibliographical Entry for Books with Three to Place of Publication – it Seven Authors is either you get the city and country of publication For books with three to seven authors, or the city and the follow steps 1-3 for books with two specific location in the authors; However, ampersand should be written not until before the last author.  Last name first, then comma Volume number (italicized) and issue Initial of first name followed by a period number in parenthesis (NOT italicized) Year of publication in parenthesis followed Comma and page number (do not include by a period the abbreviation, “pp.”) Period Example Example: Valencia, C. (2020). Another Valencia, C., Cruz, J., & Reyes, B. (2020). lesson on creating bibliographical entries: A lesson on creating bibliographical The APA style. A Sample Journal, 10(10), entries: The APA style. España, Manila: 125-138. UST Publishing House. Valencia, C., Cruz, J., Reyes, B., & Additional Information Dionisio, D. (2020). A lesson on creating Working Bibliography vs. Annotated bibliographical entries: The APA style. Bibliography España, Manila: UST Publishing House. ○ Working Bibliography refers only Valencia, C., Cruz, J., Reyes, B., Dionisio, to the list of references that you D., & Reyes, E. (2020). A lesson on used or aim to use for your paper creating bibliographical entries: The APA ○ Annotated Bibliography is a list of style. España, Manila: UST Publishing bibliographical entries with House. corresponding short paragraphs Valencia, C., Cruz, J., Reyes, B., Dionisio, summarizing each of the D., Reyes, E., & Santos, F. (2020). A reference materials’ content. An lesson on creating bibliographical entries: annotated bibliography is The APA style. España, Manila: UST especially useful when, as a Publishing House. writer, you want to recall what each of the reference materials Bibliographical Entry for Books with More Than provides. Seven Authors Bibliography vs. References For books with more than seven authors, ○ Bibliography may refer to your list after the 6th author, comma, then ellipsis of references that are made up of in place of the other authors, followed by materials that were, directly and the name of the last author. indirectly, useful for you and your Example: Valencia, C., Cruz, J., Reyes, writing. B., Dionisio, D., Reyes, E., Santos, ○ References refer only to a list of F.,...Gomez, Y. (2020). A lesson on reference materials that were creating bibliographical entries: The APA actually cited in your paper. The style. España, Manila: UST Publishing reference list is most likely shorter House. than a bibliography. * NOTE ! LESSON 5: ARGUMENTATIVE → There is no longer any use for WRITING the ampersand (&). Reviewing the Types, Elements, and Forms of Argumentative Writing Bibliographical Entries for Journal Articles Last name first, then comma Reviewing the Types, Elements, and Forms of Initial of first name followed by a period Argumentative Writing Year of publication in parenthesis followed by a period Types These refer to the different examples Complete title of article (NOT italicized) of argumentative texts. followed by a period Journal’s name (italicized) and comma Elements These are some of the different ways  ○ Introduction – the function of the by which each of the different types of argumentative texts may be introduction is to provide your written. readers with what to expect all throughout the essay. The thesis Forms These are some of the different ways statement or the main idea of by which each of the different types your essay can be found in the of argumentative texts may be introduction. The introduction written. should also serve to sustain the reader’s interest. Argumentative Writing ○ Body – it is considered as the part of the essay that provides the supporting details or the It is a form of composition that aims to subpoints that will support the persuade or convince readers to agree or thesis statement or the main idea believe a writer’s argument/position about provided in the introduction. The an issue. idea is that when you provide More often than not, it appears in the form your supporting details, they of essays. should be able to justify why the Argumentative texts are written for one readers should believe the thesis particular purpose: to persuade or statement. convince your audience to believe your ○ Conclusion – the function of the claim. conclusion is to summarize everything that has been said Basic Types of Argumentative Writing and, at the same time, provide Argumentative writing may come in simple your last or final say about the forms like editorials, opposite editorials, topic. letters to the editor, and advertisements. ○ Editorials – argumentative texts * NOTE ! written by the writers who are →There are also relatively short members of a newspaper’s argumentative texts that may not contain editorial board, “insider” the title, introduction, and conclusion. ○ Opposite editorials – But, since they are created to persuade, argumentative texts written by they still count as forms of outsiders but commissioned by a argumentation. These are propaganda newspaper company to write for and advertisements. them. These are usually found →Propaganda – these are negative write opposite the editorial section of ups about an issue that aims to misinform the readers about an issue. the newspaper. →Advertisements – these are paid ○ Letters to the editor – announcements created to persuade argumentative texts written by consumers to buy a product. readers of a newspaper who took time to write their opinions on previously published articles of a Elements of Argumentation newspaper. This includes proponent, claim/argument, ○ Advertisements counterarguments/counterclaim, and refutation. Claim/Argument – this is the thesis Basic Structure of Argumentative Writing statement. This may sometimes be The most basic structure of argumentative referred to as the argument. There are writing would be the title, introduction, different types of claims: claims of fact, body, and conclusion. policy, and value. ○ Title – the function of the title is to ○ Claim of Fact – the argument catch the reader’s attention. presented is based on verifiable  data like figures, statistics, and the like. Reviewing the Steps in Writing a ○ Claims of Policy – arguments Reaction Paper that either propose or challenge 1. Reading and studying the material. existing rules. 2. Annotate the text as you read. ○ Claims of Values – claims based 3. Ask questions as you read. solely on your opinions. 4. Free write. Proponent – refers to you as the one 5. Decide on your angle and determine your making the claim. thesis. Counterarguments/ Counterclaims – 6. Organize your paper. they are arguments that oppose your 7. Gather quotations. claim. You provide counterarguments to 8. Structure your paragraph. prove to your readers that you can refute them. Other More Academic Forms of Argumentative Refutation – are the ideas that would Writing oppose the counterclaims. There are different types of argumentative Reviews, Critique, and Position Papers writing, but regardless of the types, one Reviews common feature of which is the use of ○ These are short argumentative facts and opinions. writings that aim to provide readers with some insights about Expression of Facts and Opinions published material, and these published materials may come in In order to aid your readers in the forms of books, films, and distinguishing facts from opinions articles. provided in your argumentative writing, you should be mindful of certain Steps to Consider in Film Reviews expressions used for each. Expressions to introduce facts: “according 1. View the film more than once. to,” “it was stated,” “the fact is that,” “it 2. Express your general opinions and was reported,” “it is obvious that,” support them with examples. “studies reveal that,” “this proves that,” 3. Decide your style of writing based on your “there is no doubt that,” and “in fact” readership profile. Expressions to introduce opinions: “as far 4. Avoid spoilers. as my understanding is concerned,” “I 5. Judge the story based on its different believe,” “I think,” and “in my opinion.” elements. 6. Rate the actors. Another Academic Form of Argumentative 7. Rate the technical elements. Writing Steps to Consider in Book Reviews Reaction Papers ○ Although relatively longer than You have to mention the name of the other forms of argumentative book, the author, and your personal texts, reaction papers make up quality rating of the book. the same parts like title, You provide your personal quality rating introduction, body, and conclusion by evaluating the book on a scale of 0-5 and components like proponents, based on your personal liking/disliking of claim, counterclaim, and the book, with 0 being bad and 5 being refutation. great. ○ A reaction paper is an Break up your review into subparts: argumentative form of writing that summary, social/historical context, writing requires one’s response to a style, and your thoughts. prompt, which requires thoughtful reading, researching, and writing. Subparts of a Book Review ○ The writer of a critique, however, Summary – provides a brief detail of the is expected to be an expert in his plot, enough only to make readers still chosen material. want to read the book. Critiques may come in two different Social/Historical Context – gives the types purpose (or influences) for which the book Critique: APA Format and Art Criticism was written. Style – discusses its distinctive features Format of a Critique 1: APA Format like point of view, language, used, etc. This refers to the evaluation of academic Thoughts – mentions your personal papers published in reputable journals. reaction. I.INTRODUCTORY PART (SUMMARY / DESCRIPTION) Parts to Consider in Paper/Article Reviews ○ It presents the title of the work, the Title writer's name, and the thesis statement Abstract to create a clear topic and the problems ○ 200-300 words summarizing the or issues that may be discussed in the rationale of the review would be succeeding part. In addition, the enough. summary or description of the material Introduction reviewed or critiqued must be presented. ○ You have to be able to give the This can be materialized through importance of the topic being presenting the purpose or objective of reviewed and provide an outline the write-up. This part is highlighted by of it in order to prepare your the key findings, together with the readers on what to expect all message the material has. throughout the review. Il. THE BODY OR THE REVIEW Body ○ This part shows the analysis and ○ You are expected to discuss interpretation of the paper. While the thoroughly each of the points you summary is already presented in the mentioned in the introduction. introduction, the body serves as the This can be effectively achieved heart of the review or critique as it gives by explaining each point more meaning to the purpose. This is done by succinctly and providing reliable presenting the point of view or judgment sources to support them. of the waiter about the maternal. Like Conclusion any research, the analysis is also ○ Summarizing the review in terms offered, which becomes the basis of the of its importance, purpose, main interpretation. points, and implications is III. CONCLUDING PART (IMPLICATIONS expected. AND RECOMMENDATION) ○ The conclusion is not a summary per se, Critique Papers but it leaves personal impressions of the writer about the worth of the materials Critiques are a form of constructive and how they profit the community criticism of an expert’s work based on the involved. The writer may further discuss critical analysis and evaluation of its the implications and present even more strengths and weaknesses. tangible suggestions for improvement. Reaction vs. Critique ○ A writer of a reaction paper need Format of a Critique 2: Art Criticism not be an expert on the issue he or she is talking about. Being This is the kind of critique that you create knowledgeable enough about the when the material you are evaluating is a topic is sufficient. work of art. This is made up of:  ○ Description – you simply have to introduce the work of art to your readers by providing them with clear details of what it looks, sounds, tastes, and feels like. ○ Analysis – a more thorough description of its distinguishing elements; you have to make the readers understand what are the different elements of the art in focus that set it apart from all its contemporaries. ○ Interpretation – an explanation of what exactly you think of it; you have to be subjective by making your readers see the work of art from your perspective. ○ Evaluation – conclude it by giving a summary of the description, analysis, and interpretation together with your sincere and intelligent personal feelings and thoughts about the work. References: Content from Ma’am Cervania and Ma’am Lebeco Lesson 1-5 from 12ABM-4 Presentations Samantha Magpantay’s Notes (12ABM-04) Proofread by the Team Secretary, Team President, and Team Vice President