Fundamentals of Information System PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM WHAT IS INFORMATION SYSTEM? - A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective; It combines technology (like computers and software), people (like users...

FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM WHAT IS INFORMATION SYSTEM? - A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide feedback to meet an objective; It combines technology (like computers and software), people (like users and IT staff), and processes (like procedures for data entry) to manage information efficiently. Significance of Information Systems to Business - Can use information systems to increase revenues, improve customer service and reduce costs - Improved Decision-Making - Increased Efficiency and Productivity - Better Customer Service - Data Management and Security - Cost Reduction What is Data? - Raw facts - Unprocessed facts - Figures without context What is Information? - Data that has been: - Processed - Organized - Structured What is Process? - Set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome What is knowledge? - Awareness and understanding of a set of information and the ways information can be made useful. 1. Accessible -- Information should be easily accessible by authorized users 2. Accurate -- Error free 3. Economical -- should be relatively economical to use 4. Flexible -- can be used for variety of purposes 5. Relevant -- important to the decision maker 6. Reliable -- can be trusted by users 7. Secure -- should be secure from access by unauthorized users 8. Simple -- should be simple, not overly complex 9. Timely -- delivered when needed 10. Verifiable -- should be verifiable Value of Information - Directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organization's goals Valuable Information - Can help people and their organizations perform tasks more efficiently and effectively Input - Activity of gathering and capturing raw data Processing - Converting data into useful outputs Output - Producing useful information Computer-Based Information System - Single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures: - That are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information Technology infrastructure - Includes all hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information. Hardware - Computer equipment used to perform input, processing, storage and output activities Software - Computer programs that govern the operation of the computer - System software controls basic computer operations - Application software allows you to accomplish specific tasks Database - Organized collection of facts and information, typically consisting of two or more related data files. Telecommunications, network, and the Internet - Electronic transmission of signals for communications Networks - Connect computers and equipment to enable electronic communication Internet - World's largest computer network - Consists of thousands of interconnected networks - All freely exchanging information Web - Network of links on the Internet to documents containing text, graphics, video, and sound. Intranet - Internal network the allows people within an organization to exchange information and work on project. Extranet - Network that allows selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers to access authorized resources of a company's intranet. People - The most important element in most computer-based information systems Procedures - Include strategies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEM Most common type of information system - Designed for electronic and mobile commerce, transaction processing, management information, and decision support E- commerce - Any business transaction electronically between: - Companies (B2B) - Companies and Consumers (B2C) - Consumers and other consumers (C2C) - Business and public sector - Consumers and the public sector ELECTRONIC AND MOBILE COMMERCE Mobile Commerce - The use of mobile, wireless devices to place orders and conduct business E-commerce - Offers many opportunities for streamlining work activities Electronic business (E-business) - Uses information systems and the internet to perform all business-related tasks and functions What is E-Commerce? - Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce, is the trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. - Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS What are enterprise Software Systems - Help corporation solve widescale problems and are typically large platforms - Handle many operations within a company to facilitate its business and management reporting task TYPES OF ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS 1. CRM -- Customer Relationship Management, a software that helps organizations present a consistent message about customer insights. 2. ERP -- Enterprise Resource Planning, designed to facilitate a company's cross-functional processes. 3. SCMS -- Supply Chain Management Systems, facilitate integrated partnerships amongst all the goods - Internet -- 1960 - WWW -- 1991 - First Web Browser -- Netscape, 1994 - Google -- 1998 - Facebook -- 2004 - Smartphones (iPhone) -- 2007 - Tablets (iPad) -- 2010 STATIC and DYNAMIC WEB PROGRAMMING Basic Web Programming - HTML - CSS - JavaScript Dynamic Web Programming - ASP.NET - SQL - AJAX - PHP Scripting Languages - Series of commands that can be executed without the need for compiling. - e.g PHP, Perl, Python Popular Scripting Languages 1. Node.js -- a framework to write network applications using JavaScript. 2. Ruby -- flexible, allows developers to create innovative software 3. Python -- easy, free and open source. It supports procedure-oriented programming and Object-oriented programming. 4. Perl -- With innovative features to make it different and popular. 5. PHP -- a general-purpose, open source scripting language used in backend web development. SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING VS CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING Server side - Run on a web server - Responds by sending content via HTTP - Not viewable by the public - Focuses on faster processing, access to data, and resolving errors. Client-side - Run on a web browser - Can reduce demand on the server, allowing web pages to load faster - More focused on user interface and functionality EXAMPLES OF SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING LANGUAGES 1. PHP -- The most popular server-side language used on the web 2. ASP.NET -- Web-application framework developed by Microsoft 3. Node.js -- Can run on multitude of platforms, including Windows, Linux, Mac, etc. 4. Java -- Used in everything from your car stereo's Bluetooth to NASA applications. 5. Ruby -- Dynamic, Focuses heavily on simplicity 6. Perl -- A bit a mashup between C, shell script, AWK, and sed 7. Python -- Great for beginners to learn. Users shorter code. 8. HTML -- The foundation of web development 9. CSS -- Improves appearance and graphics on pages in your web browser 10. JavaScript -- Though typically client-side, can occasionally be used on server as well What is HTML? - Hypertext Markup Language What is CSS? - Define styles for your web pages - Cascading Style Sheets - Add style to a web page Main Function of PHP - Generate a dynamic page content that can be easily updated - Ability to collect data - Sending and receiving cookies - Used for controlling user access - Encrypting sensitive user data Advantages of Using PHP - Has cross-platforms applications, running on Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, and other OS - Compatible with almost all modern servers (Apache, IIS, etc) - Open-source and free to use - Easy to learn and runs/modulates efficiently on the server-side XAMPP - It is a free and open-source cross-platform web server solution stack package - Developed by Apache Friends - **Cross-platform, Apache, MariaDB, PHP, and Perl** Web Protocols - Internet protocols are a set of rules that governs the communication and exchange of data over the internet Why do we need protocols? - To manage the flow control of data, access control of the link being shared in the communication channel. COMMON WEB PROTOCOLS - TCP/IP- Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol - Set of standard rules that allows different types of computers to communicate with each other - IP -- ensures that each computer that is connected to the internet have a specific serial number called the **IP Address.** - TCP -- specifies how data is exchanged over the internet and how it should be broken into IP packets - FTP -- File Transfer Protocol - The transfer of files between devices over a network. - e.g..docx - HTTP -- Hypertext Transfer Protocol - Transfer hypertext over the internet - Defined by **www.** - HTTPS -- Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure - An extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Used for secure communication over a computer network with the SSL/TLS protocol for encryption and authentication. REVIEW ON DATABASE What is a database? - An organized collection of structured information - Data stored electronically in a computer system. - Controlled by a DBMS Structured Query Language - Used by nearly all **relational databases** to query, manipulate, and define data, and to provide access control. - First developed at IBM in the 1970 with Oracle as a major contributor DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATABASES - Relational Database - Became dominant in the 1980s - Organized as a **set of tables with columns and rows** - Provides the most efficient and flexible way to access structured technology - Object-Oriented Database - Represented in the form of objects, as in OOP - Distributed Database - Consists of two of more files located in different sites. - May be stored in multiple computers, located in the same physical location, or scattered over different networks - Data Warehouse - A central repository for data - Specifically designed for fast query and analysis - NoSQL Database - Nonrelational database - Allows unstructured and semi-structured data to be stored and manipulated - Graph Database - Stores data in terms of entities and the relationship between entities - OLTP Database - a speedy, analytic database designed for large numbers of transactions performed by multiple users. What is a database software? - Used to create, edit, and maintain database files and records - Enables easier file and record creation, data entry, data editing, updating and reporting - Handles data storage, backup and reporting, multi-access control, and security. What is Database Management System? - Serves as an interface between the database and its end users or programs, allowing users to retrieve, update and manage how the information is organized and optimized - Facilitates oversight and control of databases What is a MySQL Database? - An open-source relational database management system based on SQL - Designed and optimized for web applications and can run on any platform