University of the Western Cape PSY123 Final Assessment (November 2018) PDF

# UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE ## FINAL ASSESSMENT **NOVEMBER 2018** **MODULE NAME:** Introduction to Research Methodology and Statistics **MODULE CODE:** PSY123 **DURATION:** 90 Minutes **TOTAL MARKS:** 60 **Examiner/s:** Ms. Thelma Fennie **Internal moderator:** Dr Athena Pedro **External mo...

# UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE ## FINAL ASSESSMENT **NOVEMBER 2018** **MODULE NAME:** Introduction to Research Methodology and Statistics **MODULE CODE:** PSY123 **DURATION:** 90 Minutes **TOTAL MARKS:** 60 **Examiner/s:** Ms. Thelma Fennie **Internal moderator:** Dr Athena Pedro **External moderator:** Name and Surname **Departmental chairperson:** Dr. M. Florence/ Prof. S Savahl ### 1. EXAMINER'S INSTRUCTIONS: - This examination consists of Section A: 40 Multiple Choice Questions and Section B: Short-Format questions of 20 marks. - Please answer ALL the questions. - Shade the circle to indicate your answer on the answer sheet provided for the Multiple Choice Questions. - **STUDENTS ARE ALLOWED TO USE CALCULATORS FOR THIS EXAMINATION.** - Please hand in ALL question papers, MCQ sheets and answer books SEPARATELY. ### GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: - This examination paper consists of 8 printed pages, please ensure that you have all of them. - Please ensure that your Student Number is clearly printed on the examination answer booklet/s and that you have completed the attendance form (control form). Also ensure that your student number is correctly captured on the multiple choice answer sheet should you be required to complete one. - You may not have any books, writing paper, notes, manuscripts, electronic media (cellphones, smart devices, laptops, etc.) on your possession, unless otherwise stipulated on this examination question paper. - Please ensure that your answer booklet and question paper are collected by an invigilator at the end of the examination session. Examination answer booklets must be intact when collected by the invigilator. No stapled, paper clipped or glued booklets will be accepted. - Answer all questions (unless indicated otherwise) and it is in your interest to write in a legible manner. ### SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS **Please answer ALL the questions** 1. Which of the following comprises one of the key ethical concerns in psychological research? - Psychologists must avoid deception on sensitive human subjects. - Psychologists must publish all of their data. - Psychological harm is acceptable if it is followed by counselling. - Psychologists must treat all subjects with respect and dignity. 2. One advantage of the experimental method in research in psychology is that: - it is scientific and rational - we can establish correlational relationships - we can establish cause and effect relationships - we can make valid guesses about the outcome of the experiment. 3. In a distribution of measurement scores, the ______ is the middlemost score when the scores are arranged from lowest to highest, the ______ is the average score, and the ______ is the most commonly occurring score. - median; mean; mode - mode; median; mean - mean; mode; median - median; mode; mean. 4. What is the ethical principle that states that participants must not be harmed in any way, either physically or psychologically, through their participation in a research project? - the principle of fidelity - the principle of autonomy - the principle of non-maleficence - the principle of beneficence. 5. When researchers randomly assign subjects to groups, it means that: - they have been assigned to both experimental and control groups - they have been assigned to groups that are significantly different - they each have an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental or the control group - None of the above. 6. The ethical procedure for research psychologists includes: — indulging in deception if necessary - conducting anonymous observations - withholding results to subjects if it will cause psychological harm - providing results and interpretations to subjects. 7. To estimate the degree of the relationship between regional and political support for a political party, a researcher would do a(n) ______ study. - experimental - naturalistic observation - correlational - survey and interviews 8. A researcher trying to establish a causal relationship between alcohol abuse and aggressive behaviour would use a(n) ______ method. - survey - clinical - experimental - observation 9. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency? - The extraneous variable - The median - The mode - The mean 10. A distribution of scores that contains a cluster of extremely low scores is referred to as ______ - bimodal - a positively skewed distribution - a negatively skewed distribution - normal distribution 11. A simple experiment consists of two groups of subjects called ______ - the independent and the dependent groups - the control and the experimental groups - the extraneous and independent groups - the observable and non-observable groups. 12. When psychologists develop ______ they are attempting to summarise and organise a series of observations in a meaningful way. - hypotheses - experiments - theories - analyses 13. What theory allows researchers to select representative samples from populations of interest? - sampling theory - the theory of generalisability - probability theory - psychometric theory 14. If you were asked to determine the most common score in a set of scores, what measure of central tendency would you use? - the median - the mode - the range - the mean 15. What measure of central tendency is known by most people as the 'average'? - the variance - the mode - the mean - the median 16. Which of the following principles does NOT underlie most professional codes of conduct? - Integrity - Beneficence - Maleficence - Competence. 17. In a normal distribution the mean and the median fall ______ - at the same point - at different points - within 5 points of the mode - at unpredictable points. 18. 'Reliability' and 'validity' refer to ______ - an instrument's attributes and characteristics - an instrument's accuracy and consistency - an instrument's psychometric properties - the quality of an instrument's administration 19. In a research report, the manner in which ethical issues were addressed should be discussed in ______ - the introduction - the methodology - the appendices - the discussion 20. The process whereby researchers repeat a study is referred to as ______ - 'reliability' - 'replication' - 'reactivity' - 'repetition' 21. Which statement most accurately reflects when a grouped frequency distribution can be used? - When data is sorted and separated into groups called classes. - When there are many scores. - When a listing is made by pairing up each data value with the number of times that the data value occurs. - When the range of scores is wide. 22. In terms of ethical practices, researchers have a responsibility to explain their study's aim and objectives to participants. They are also required to explain the participant's role in the study and all known benefits and risks of participating. This is known as ______ - beneficence - consent - informed consent - recruitment 23. Mathematical summaries of results are called ______ statistics, whereas statistics that inform about the entire population, based on information collected from small samples are called ______ statistics. - inferential; descriptive - inferential; correlational - correlational; descriptive - descriptive; inferential 24. Which correlation is the strongest? - +.10 - -.95 - +.90 - -1.00 25. The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is: - positive - negative - perfect - They are not correlated. 26. A set of principles to guide and assist researchers in deciding which goals are most important and in reconciling conflicting values when conducting research is called ______ - research ethics - deontological approach - social justice - internal request board 27. If a correlation coefficient is .96, we could probably say that the relationship is ______ - weak - strong - statistically significant - Both (b) and (c) 28. A graph that uses vertical bars to present data is called a ______ - line graph - bar graph - scatterplot - vertical graph 29. ______ is the set of procedures used to explain or predict the values of a dependent variable, based on the values of one or more independent variables. - Regression Analysis - Regression Coefficient - Regression Equation - Regression line. 30. The use of mathematics to organise, summarise and interpret numerical information is referred to as ______ - calculus - functional analysis - statistics - algebra 31. ______ are used when you want to visually examine the relationship between two quantitative variables. - Bar graphs - Pie graphs - Line graphs - Scatterplots 32. Your psychology 123 online test was generally very easy, except for a few students who had very low scores, then the distribution of the scores would be ______ - positively skewed - negatively skewed - not skewed at all - normal 33. A frequency distribution ______ - depicts correlation between two variables - typically lists the frequency of each score on a horizontal axis - is a way to present data visually in a table - is the same as a scatterplot 34. For the set of numbers 2; 4; 6; 6, the ______ - mean is greater than the median - median is greater than the mean - mean is equal to the mode - median is equal to the mode ## Questions 34 – 36 pertain to the frequency distribution of scores presented below. The frequency distribution represents the number of years particular families reside in a particular suburb in Cape Town. | (Number of years of residence) | X | |:---|:---| | 7 | 49 | | 8 | 64 | | 8 | 64 | | 7 | 49 | | 3 | 9 | | 1 | 1 | | 6 | 36 | | 9 | 81 | | 3 | 9 | | 8 | 64 | 35. The total value of Σ² is ______ - 246 - 426 - 3600 - 360 36. The value of is Σ(X)² ______ - 246 - 426 - 3600 - 360 37. The standard deviation is equal to ______ - 2.21 - 1.93 - 2.57 - 3.08 38. The following scores were obtained by students in a Grade 11 History class test: 90; 85; 90; 90; 75; 80; 85; 70; 90. The score 90 is the ______ - mode - mean - median - range 39. What do the range and the standard deviation have in common? They are both ______ - descriptive statistics - inferential statistics - measures of variability - Both (a) and (b) 40. If the variability of a distribution is equal to zero, then ______ - the median is equal to the mean - the mode is equal to the mean - all of the scores are identical - All of the above. ### SECTION B: SHORT-FORMAT QUESTIONS **Answer BOTH of the following questions** **Question 1:** The shape of a distribution plays a crucial role in the selection of appropriate statistical techniques. Discuss the THREE most common shapes of the distribution of scores focussing on the bell-shaped curve. **Question 2:** Define and discuss each of the following possible methodological flaws (types of bias) within the research process: - Interviewer bias (4) - Participant bias (6) **TOTAL: 40 + 20 = 60 MARKS** **<br>** **STATISTIC 123** **FORMULAE** $S = \frac{\sum x^2}{N-1}$ $S = \frac{\sum X^2 - (\sum X)^2}{N-1}$ $p_r = \frac{B * X 100}{N}$ $z = \frac {X- X}{S}$ $Y’ = a + bX$ $a = \frac{—bX} { \frac{N \sum XY - (\sum X)(\sum Y)}{ N \sum X^2 - (\sum X)^2} }$ $s_x = \frac{S}{\sqrt{N}}$ $CI = X + Z \times S_x$ $r = \frac{ \sum XY}{ \sqrt{ ( \sum X^2 ) ( \sum Y^2 ) } }$ $r = \frac{N \sum XY - ( \sum X )(\sum Y)}{ \sqrt{ [ N \sum X^2 - ( \sum X)^2] [ N \sum Y^2 - ( \sum Y)^2 ] } }$ $o^2 = \frac{\sum x^2}{N}$ $o’^{2} = \frac{\sum x^2 - ( \sum X )^2}{N}$