FRHD Week 2 Midterm MC Part 1 PDF

 **Which of the following terms refers to a single cell formed from the fusion of two gametes?**\ a) Allele\ b) Zygote\ c) Gamete\ d) Phenotype\ *Answer: b) Zygote*  **DNA is responsible for which of the following functions?**\ a) Carrying genetic instructions to make proteins\ b) Determining cel...

 **Which of the following terms refers to a single cell formed from the fusion of two gametes?**\ a) Allele\ b) Zygote\ c) Gamete\ d) Phenotype\ *Answer: b) Zygote*  **DNA is responsible for which of the following functions?**\ a) Carrying genetic instructions to make proteins\ b) Determining cell size\ c) Controlling body temperature\ d) Regulating blood flow\ *Answer: a) Carrying genetic instructions to make proteins*  **How many chromosomes are found in a typical human cell?**\ a) 22\ b) 44\ c) 46\ d) 23\ *Answer: c) 46*  **What is the basic unit of heredity that contains instructions for making proteins?**\ a) Allele\ b) Gene\ c) Zygote\ d) Chromosome\ *Answer: b) Gene*  **A reproductive cell, such as a sperm or an ovum, is known as a:**\ a) Chromosome\ b) Gamete\ c) Genotype\ d) Phenotype\ *Answer: b) Gamete*  **What are alleles?**\ a) Sections of a chromosome that code for different proteins\ b) Variants of a gene for a particular trait\ c) Types of chromosomes\ d) Non-functional parts of DNA\ *Answer: b) Variants of a gene for a particular trait*  **The entire genetic inheritance of an organism is called its:**\ a) Genotype\ b) Phenotype\ c) Genome\ d) Allele\ *Answer: a) Genotype*  **The observable characteristics of an organism are known as the:**\ a) Chromosome\ b) Phenotype\ c) Genotype\ d) Allele\ *Answer: b) Phenotype*  **Which chromosomes determine biological sex in humans?**\ a) 21st chromosome\ b) 22nd chromosome\ c) 23rd chromosome\ d) 24th chromosome\ *Answer: c) 23rd chromosome*  **What is the chromosomal pair for a male?**\ a) XX\ b) XY\ c) YY\ d) XZ\ *Answer: b) XY*  **Monozygotic twins are formed when:**\ a) One zygote splits into two\ b) Two ova are fertilized by two sperm\ c) An ovum fertilizes two sperm\ d) A zygote fails to divide\ *Answer: a) One zygote splits into two*  **What kind of gene interaction occurs when one gene\'s effect is seen over another\'s in the phenotype?**\ a) Dominant-recessive\ b) Additive\ c) Polygenic\ d) X-linked\ *Answer: a) Dominant-recessive*  **What is the germinal period?**\ a) The first two weeks of prenatal development\ b) The third to eighth week after conception\ c) The ninth week until birth\ d) The process of cell differentiation\ *Answer: a) The first two weeks of prenatal development*  **Which prenatal stage is characterized by the development of body structures and internal organs?**\ a) Germinal period\ b) Fetal period\ c) Embryonic period\ d) Neonatal period\ *Answer: c) Embryonic period*  **The fetal period lasts from:**\ a) The ninth week until birth\ b) The first two weeks after conception\ c) The third to eighth week after conception\ d) Birth to 3 months\ *Answer: a) The ninth week until birth*  **A child inherits one brown-eyed gene from one parent and one blue-eyed gene from the other parent but has brown eyes. This is an example of:**\ a) Additive inheritance\ b) Polygenic inheritance\ c) Dominant-recessive inheritance\ d) Carrier inheritance\ *Answer: c) Dominant-recessive inheritance*  **If a woman takes folic acid supplements during pregnancy, she is most likely trying to prevent:**\ a) Postpartum depression\ b) Neural tube defects in the fetus\ c) Preterm labor\ d) Respiratory issues after birth\ *Answer: b) Neural tube defects in the fetus*  **A fetus is in the embryonic stage of development. Which of the following is likely happening?**\ a) The heart begins to form\ b) Rapid cell division occurs\ c) The fetus is viable outside the womb\ d) Hormones that define sex are being released\ *Answer: a) The heart begins to form*  **What is the likely outcome if both parents carry the gene for sickle cell anemia, but neither expresses the trait?**\ a) The child will not inherit the gene\ b) The child has a 25% chance of inheriting the disorder\ c) The child will develop a less severe form of the disorder\ d) The child has a 50% chance of being a carrier\ *Answer: b) The child has a 25% chance of inheriting the disorder*  **Which condition would a baby born at 36 weeks likely experience?**\ a) Full development of all organs\ b) Small for gestational age (SGA)\ c) Low birth weight (LBW)\ d) Cerebral palsy\ *Answer: c) Low birth weight (LBW)*  **Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of genetic vulnerability?**\ a) A child develops cerebral palsy due to anoxia\ b) A baby inherits a dominant gene for nearsightedness\ c) One twin is more affected by alcohol exposure during pregnancy than the other\ d) Both parents pass down an allele for height\ *Answer: c) One twin is more affected by alcohol exposure during pregnancy than the other*  **A couple is undergoing a prenatal ultrasound at 12 weeks. What can they likely determine from this scan?**\ a) The baby's sex\ b) The presence of congenital heart defects\ c) The likelihood of Down syndrome\ d) Fetal lung function\ *Answer: a) The baby's sex*  **A pregnant woman smokes and consumes alcohol during pregnancy. Which of the following is a possible outcome for the baby?**\ a) The baby will develop FAS, but only if the mother drinks large amounts\ b) The baby has an increased risk of being small for gestational age (SGA)\ c) Smoking alone will not affect the baby's birth weight\ d) The baby will develop cerebral palsy\ *Answer: b) The baby has an increased risk of being small for gestational age (SGA)*  **If a fetus is exposed to a teratogen during the first trimester, which of the following may be most affected?**\ a) Growth rate\ b) Formation of the brain and spinal cord\ c) Emotional regulation after birth\ d) Muscle tone and reflexes\ *Answer: b) Formation of the brain and spinal cord*  **Which of the following can reduce the risk of low birth weight (LBW) in a pregnant woman?**\ a) Avoiding alcohol and smoking\ b) Increasing caffeine intake\ c) Regularly engaging in strenuous physical activity\ d) Avoiding prenatal care\ *Answer: a) Avoiding alcohol and smoking*  **What process alters gene expression throughout life and involves the addition of chemical groups to DNA?**\ a) Transcription\ b) Methylation\ c) Genetic recombination\ d) Allele modification\ *Answer: b) Methylation*  **The timing of exposure to teratogens is crucial because:**\ a) Teratogens only affect physical traits, not cognitive abilities\ b) Certain teratogens cause damage only during critical periods of prenatal development\ c) Teratogens are always harmful regardless of the stage of pregnancy\ d) The placenta protects the fetus from all teratogens at all times\ *Answer: b) Certain teratogens cause damage only during critical periods of prenatal development*  **Which vitamin supplement is recommended to reduce the risk of neural tube defects like spina bifida?**\ a) Vitamin A\ b) Iron\ c) Vitamin D\ d) Folic acid\ *Answer: d) Folic acid*  **Heritability is a statistic that measures:**\ a) The percentage of a population carrying a recessive gene\ b) What percentage of a trait's variation is due to genetic factors\ c) The likelihood of genetic mutations in future generations\ d) The environmental impact on genetic traits\ *Answer: b) What percentage of a trait's variation is due to genetic factors*  **Which cultural practice involves delivering a baby at home with minimal medical intervention?**\ a) Doula care\ b) Water birth\ c) Home birth\ d) Epidural-assisted birth\ *Answer: c) Home birth*  **What effect does oxytocin have during pregnancy?**\ a) It signals the start of labor\ b) It stops uterine contractions\ c) It accelerates fetal brain development\ d) It helps prevent postpartum depression\ *Answer: a) It signals the start of labor*  **Which of the following is an important aspect of preconception health for women planning to conceive?**\ a) Avoiding physical activity\ b) Taking folic acid supplements\ c) Drinking moderate amounts of alcohol\ d) Delaying vaccinations\ *Answer: b) Taking folic acid supplements*  **A mother-to-be takes folic acid supplements during her pregnancy. What condition is she most likely trying to prevent in her baby?**\ a) Low birth weight\ b) Neural tube defects such as spina bifida\ c) Respiratory issues after birth\ d) Fetal alcohol syndrome\ *Answer: b) Neural tube defects such as spina bifida*  **If a couple has a family history of alcoholism, what role does gene-environment interaction play in the development of alcoholism in their child?**\ a) The child will definitely become an alcoholic due to their genetic predisposition\ b) The child's environment will have no influence on their genetic predisposition to alcoholism\ c) The child may develop alcoholism if environmental factors, like stress or exposure to alcohol, are present\ d) The child will inherit alcoholism only if both parents are affected\ *Answer: c) The child may develop alcoholism if environmental factors, like stress or exposure to alcohol, are present*  **A woman in her 40th week of pregnancy experiences a sudden release of oxytocin. What is most likely happening in her body?**\ a) Her body is preparing for the onset of labor\ b) She is experiencing preterm labor\ c) Her brain is signaling the fetus to stop growing\ d) She is about to deliver a premature baby\ *Answer: a) Her body is preparing for the onset of labor*  **A father takes three months of parental leave to bond with his newborn. This reflects a change in paternal roles over recent decades, particularly in:**\ a) The Netherlands\ b) Canada\ c) United States\ d) Australia\ *Answer: b) Canada*  **Which of the following statistics reflects preterm birth rates in Canada?**\ a) 4%\ b) 8%\ c) 12%\ d) 15%\ *Answer: b) 8%*  **If a newborn scores below 7 on the Apgar scale, what is the most likely next step?**\ a) No further action is necessary\ b) The newborn will require immediate medical intervention\ c) The newborn is ready to go home\ d) The test will be administered again in two weeks\ *Answer: b) The newborn will require immediate medical intervention*  **A pregnant woman with a history of heavy alcohol use is at increased risk of having a child with which condition?**\ a) Cerebral palsy\ b) Low birth weight\ c) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)\ d) Down syndrome\ *Answer: c) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)*  **A couple undergoes genetic counseling due to the risk of an X-linked disorder. If they have a son, what is the likelihood that he will inherit the disorder compared to their daughter?**\ a) The son is more likely to inherit the disorder\ b) Both son and daughter have an equal chance of inheriting the disorder\ c) The daughter is more likely to inherit the disorder\ d) Neither child will inherit the disorder\ *Answer: a) The son is more likely to inherit the disorder*