Freshwater Aquaculture (CLSU 2023) PDF

AQUACULTURE INTRODUCTION What is Aquaculture? According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization): Aquaculture is organized production of a crop in the aquatic medium. The crop may be that of animal or plant. Naturally, the organism cultured has to be ordained by nature as aquatic. Aquaculture is t...

AQUACULTURE INTRODUCTION What is Aquaculture? According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization): Aquaculture is organized production of a crop in the aquatic medium. The crop may be that of animal or plant. Naturally, the organism cultured has to be ordained by nature as aquatic. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organism, including fish, mollusks (scallops, oyster), crustaceans (crabs, shrimp), and aquatic plants (seaweeds) What is Aquaculture? According to FAO: Farming implies some of the form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as stocking, feeding, protection from predators Aquaculture Farming also implies corporate individual ownership of the stock being cultivated or Aquaculture has been defined by the Japanese Resource Council, Science and Technology Agency as under: “Aquaculture is an industrial process of raising aquatic organisms up to final commercial production within properly partitioned aquatic areas, controlling the environmental factors and administering the life history of the organism positively and it has to be considered as an independent industry from the fisheries ” Other Definition Aquaculture is the controlled process of cultivating aquatic organisms, especially for human consumption. It’s a similar concept to agriculture, but with fish instead of plants or livestock. Aquaculture is also referred to as fish farming. Salient Characters of Aquaculture: (1) High Productivity: In comparison to agriculture or veterinary practices, aquaculture has been found to be more productive. (2) Integrated Farming: Aquaculture with agriculture, horticulture or animal husbandary is found to be more profitable, (3) Recycling: Aquaculture gives efficient means of recycling domestic and/or agriculture wastes and thus, helps in protecting our environment. (4) Rural Development: Aquaculture helps to integrate rural development by generating employment opportunities and would thus help to arrest the exodus of population from rural to urban areas. (5) Intensive Fish Culture: In aquaculture practice, owing to the fishes three-dimensional utilization of the water body can be crowded more closely and grown through water recirculation system. This gives high yield. (6) Earning Foreign Exchange: Commercially important items, such as ornamental fishes, Artemia cysts, prawns, lobsters, crabs, frog legs, etc., produced through aquaculture are highly valued and can earn good foreign exchange. (7) Ranching: Fish seeds and larvae of economically important fishes of capture fisheries are artificially recruited in fish hatcheries through aquaculture, called ranching or aquarange farming. It involves restocking of the wild stock for harvesting. Ex. Sea cucumber, scallops (8) Replenishment of Coral Reefs: Coral reefs that have been destroyed naturally are being replenished through construction of artificial coral reef. (9) Creating Leisure-Time Activities: Leisure-time activities can be maintained through sport fishing and creating home and public aquaria. (11) Promoting Agro-Industrial Development: Aquaculture can promote agro-industrial development through: (i)Processing and marketing of fishery products, feeds and equipment for aquaculture (ii) Seaweed culture for the production of marine celluloids, (iii) Pearl oyster culture, etc. History of Aquaculture in the Philippines The exact period when aquaculture gained a foothold in the Philippines may never be known. It is generally accepted however that the earliest fishponds were brackishwater fishponds and the earliest species to be grown was bangus or milkfish, Chanos chanos Förskal, using naturally occurring fry that came in with tidal waters. The generally held belief is that brackishwater fishponds probably had their origins in the island of Madura or in East Java. Herre and Mendoza (1929) cited the Dutch author C. Th van Deventer as having recorded that a Javanese law codified in 1400 A.D., already provided punishment for “him who steals from a tambak.” It is likely that when the Spanish conquistadors, led by Ferdinand Magellan, set foot on the island of Cebu in 1521, there were probably already fishponds on Mactan Island where he was slain. The Indonesian word for fishpond, tambak, also means an embankment, an earthen dam or to bank up earth (Echols and Shadily, 1989). Tambak also means embankment, heap of earth or to pile up in Tagalog (English, 1986). Different Types of Aquaculture Practices Mariculture Floating Cages Raft Longline Brackishwater Pen Tidal ponds Raft Cages Freshwater Earthen Pond Recirculating Raceways Integrated(ex. Rice-fish, Poultry-Fish) Different Types of Aquaculture Practices Mariculture Brackishwater Freshwater OBJECTIVES OF AQUACULTURE Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily digestible human food benefiting the whole society through plentiful food supplies at reasonable cost. Providing new species and strengthening stocks of existing fish in natural and man-made water-bodies through artificial recruitment and transplantation. Production of sportfish and support to recreational fishing. Production of bait-fish for commercial and sport fishery. Production of ornamental fish for aesthetic appeal. Land and aquatic resource utilization: this constitutes the macroeconomic point of view benefiting the whole society. Providing means of sustenance and earning livelihood and monetary profit through commercial and industrial aquaculture. Types of Aquaculture Systems Systems and species. Aquaculture Intensity has been used for years as a means to gauge how much production a site makes using three terms: extensive, semi‐intensive and intensive aquaculture production systems. Farming systems Water-based systems (cages and pens, inshore/offshore). Land-based systems (rainfed ponds, irrigated or flow-through systems, tanks and raceways). Integrated farming systems (e.g. livestock-fish, agriculture and fish dual use aquaculture and irrigation ponds). Recycling systems (high control enclosed systems, more open pond based recirculation). Aquaponics Various aquatic organisms are grown in different ways including: Fish (ponds, tanks, cages, integrated pond systems). Seaweeds and macrophytes (floating/suspended culture, onshore pond/tank culture). Molluscs (bottom, pole, rack, raft, long-line systems also culture based fisheries) Crustaceans (pond, tank, raceway) Invertebrates such as echinoderms, coelenterates, seahorses, etc. (tanks, ponds, culture based fisheries) Seaweeds. There are two groups of farmed seaweeds in the Philippines, those which are extracted for industrial chemicals, such as Eucheuma spp., and edible species, mainly Caulerpa spp. Research on new seaweed strains (Kappaphycus spp. used in industrial gums and as a smoothening agent used in ice cream, toothpaste, jellies, medicines and paint.) Seaweeds. There are two groups of farmed seaweeds in the Philippines, those which are extracted for industrial chemicals, such as Eucheuma spp., and edible species, mainly Caulerpa spp. Phases of Aquaculture Phases of Aquaculture Hatchery Nursery Grow-out Hatchery - a place where the hatching of fish eggs is artificially controlled for commercial purposes. Nursery – a stage in fish farming operation of fry or larvae are grown to fingerlings and thought how to feed. The time spend by fish in nursery varies from species to species. And are moved to grow-out once they reach an ideal weight. Grow-out – refers to the farming of fingerlings or juvenile to marketable size. Note: Grow-out is the longest production phase in aquaculture and the husbandry procedures applied affect significantly the overall performance There are four main aquaculture grow out systems/techniques (or combinations of these): pond, cage, flow through and Recirculating Aquaculture System RAS Extensive = 1 to 2 Semi-intensive = 3 to 4 Intensive = 5 to 10 Different Aquaculture Production (by commodity) Finfish aquaculture Finfish is the most complicated of all aquaculture farming. From salmon to catfish to tilapia, farmers need to be able to control an environment as much as possible to raise healthy fish. Most of these fish come from hatcheries: artificial breeding facilities where the fish are hatched and raised until they’re fingerlings. They’re then transferred to a farm where they’ll continue to grow until harvested. Depending on what the fish needs to grow, the farm may raise them in fresh or salt water—and either onshore, on the coast, or in the ocean. Algae (seaweed) aquaculture Although Asia is the world’s largest producer of algae, these farms are gaining traction across the world as our understanding of its nutritious value grows. Seaweed, a type of algae, is also particularly easy to grow as it doesn’t require much attention. Grown mainly on longlines, or horizontal ropes, studded with spores that are submerged several feet below the water’s surface. It’s a fast growing, annual crop and has a two-month harvesting window. When it’s ready, farmers harvest the seaweed by pulling up the longlines and cutting it off. Seaweed is mostly sold fresh and directly to restaurants. What are macrophytes? Macrophytes are aquatic plants growing in or near water. They may be either emergent (i.e., with upright portions above the water surface), submerged or floating. Examples of macrophytes include cattails, hydrilla, water hyacinth and duckweed. What can macrophytes tell us about the condition of water? The depth, density, diversity and types of macrophytes present in a system are indicators of waterbody health. The absence of macrophytes may indicate water quality problem such as excessive turbidity, herbicides or salinization which interfere with plant growth and development. However, an overabundance of macrophytes can result from high nutrient levels and may affect ecosystem health, recreational activities and the aesthetic appeal of the system. Shellfish aquaculture Farmers obtain shellfish seedlings from a hatchery or wild, which is where the shellfish are bred from sperm to larvae to a plantable size. Once in a farm, shellfish, seaweed, don’t require farmers to provide any food or fertilizer beyond what the ocean naturally offers. Farmers do, however, use different methods to grow each type of shellfish. Mussels: Most grow mussels at the top of the water on ropes that hang down from a floating barge or structure. The lines are covered with mussel seed and then placed in the water, where they’ll grow to market size in about two years. Oysters: Some farmers cultivate oysters in bags or cages that float at the top of the water, while others string lines below the water’s surface, almost like a suspended clothesline hung with oyster bags. These shellfish can also be grown uncaged or in bags on the sea floor. Clams: Clams are exclusively bottom-cultured creatures, meaning they’ll burrow themselves on the water’s floor, either loose or in bags. Oyster Culture Oyster try culture method (chicke wire or bamboo tray) Oyster long-line culture method on a wooden rack Oyster horizontal rack culture method Bottom cultured oysters can be hand-picked or dredged. Oysters in racks or rafts are manually harvested unless the strings or trays are too heavy and require some form of mechanization. Oysters are best marketed immediately or briefly after harvest, however they may be stored either wet or dry, shell-on or shucked. Oyster Bamboo Raft Technology Collaborative project of NFRDI-BFAR-BAR Bamboo poles Plastic drum 3D Model of Oyster Bamboo Raft Deployed oyster bamboo rafts with oyster-seeded straps tied to rafts Concrete sinkers Reusable plastic straps Coastal Fish Pond Guidelines for the selection of a suitable site for coastal fish ponds: Site Selection Proper site selection is recognized as the first step guaranteeing the eventual success of any aquaculture project and forms the basis for the design, layout, and management of the project (SCSP, 1982a). For fish ponds, especially those to be used for coastal/brackishwater aquaculture of high-value species like shrimps, site selection is critical and should be given utmost attention. Soil Quality: preferably, clay-loam, or sandy-clay for water retention and suitability for diking; alkaline pH (7 and above) to prevent problems that result from acid-sulphate soils (poor fertilizer response; low natural food production). Land elevation and tidal characteristics; preferably with average elevation that can be watered by ordinary high tides and drained by ordinary low tides; tidal fluctuation preferably moderate at 2-3 m. (Sites where tidal fluctuation is large, say 4 m, are not suitable because they would require very large, expensive dikes to prevent flooding during high tide. On the other hand, areas with slight tidal fluctuation, say 1 m or less, could not be drained or filled properly.) Vegetation; preferably without big tree stumps and thick vegetation which entail large expense for clearing; areas near river banks and those at coastal shores exposed to wave action require a buffer zone with substantial growths of mangrove. (The presence of Avicennia indicates productive soil; nipa and trees with high tannin content indicate low pH.) Water supply and quality: with steady supply of both fresh and brackish water in adequate quantities throughout the year; water supply should be pollution-free and with a pH of 7.8-8.5. Accessibility: preferably readily accessible by land/water transport; close to sources of inputs such as fry, feeds, fertilizers, and markets, fish ports, processing plants, and ice plants; Availability of manpower for construction and operation. DIFFERENT KINDS OF AQUACULTU RE Pond Culture/ Static Pond Static culture is a type of fish farming where fish are reared in a static pool of water. The benefits of static culture include lower capital costs, reduced energy consumption, and lower water usage compared to other types of fish farming systems Examples are: Tilapia farms in Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia Source: FAO Static freshwater ponds The water supply for these ponds can come from various sources: Sky ponds: the water comes from a rainfall to fill them. Run off: these ponds are pits of gravel and sand and water from the surrounding land fills them. Natural water: the water supply is channeled from streams, rivers or lakes, or comes from underground sources like wells. Spring water: they are located in places where underground water has found a way out to the land surface and has become a stream. Usually this water has good quality, since it has been uncontaminated of unwanted fish eggs. Features of a fish pond Pond walls or dikes, which hold in the water; Pipes or channels, which carry water into or away from the ponds; Water controls , which control the level of water, the flow of water through the pond, or both; Tracks and roadways along the pond wall, for access to the pond; Characteristics of Pond Dikes It should be able to resist the water pressure It should be impervious, water seepage through the dike being kept to a minimum It should be high enough to keep the pond water from ever running over its top TYPES OF PONDS EARTHEN FISH POND ALSO CALLED NATURAL POND BECAUSE IT CAN ONLY BE CONSTRUCTED IN A PLACE WHERE THERE IS ENOUGH CLAY- SOIL. A SWAMPY ENVIRONMENT IS THE MOST FITTING FOR AN EARTHEN FISH POND. Advantages IT IS NOT EXPENSIVE TO CONSTRUCT IT CAN CONTAIN A LARGE NUMBER OF FISH FISH ARE BRED IN AN ENVIRONMENT SIMILAR TO THEIR NATURAL HABITAT THE GROWTH RATE OF FISH IS FAST Disadvantages THERE IS POOR SECURITY IT IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOODING FISH MIGHT ESCAPE VIA THE FLOWING WATER IF ANYTHING HAPPENS TO THE POND BOUNDARY TYPES OF PONDS 2. PLASTIC TANK FISH POND BREEDING OF FISH IN A TANK MADE OF PLASTIC OR RUBBER. Advantages Disadvantages NO BURDEN OF A MANUAL LABOR CONSTRUCTION OVERCROWDING OF FISHES VERY EASY TO MAINTAIN IT CAN BE USED INDOORS IT IS EASY TO MOVE THE POND AROUND WATER MANAGEMENT (PERIODIC CHANGE OF WATER) IS DIFFICULT TYPES OF PONDS 3. FIBERGLASS TANK FISH POND TRANSPARENT TANK WHICH HAS A SPECIAL USE; IT IS MEANT FOR BREEDING FINGERLINGS AT A PARTICULAR TEMPERATURE BEFORE THEY CAN BE MOVED TO THE OUTDOOR TANKS Advantages Disadvantages THEY CAN BE MOVED AROUND WITH CASE THEY CAN ONLY BE USED FOR FINGERLINGS FISHES CAN BE MONITORED AT A GLANCE THEY CAN'T CONTAIN A LOT OF FISH TYPES OF PONDS 4. CONCRETE FISH POND MADE OF CONCRETE AND IS VERY POPULAR IN FISH FARMING. IT IS NOT A SIMPLE POND AND THE CONSTRUCTION IS VERY COMPLICATED. Advantages IT IS EASY TO KEEP PREDATORS AWAY FROM THE FISH THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FISH CAN BE EASILY MONITORED IT CAN BE USED FOR A LONG TIME WITHOUT NEEDING ANY MAJOR MAINTENANCE Disadvantages CONSTRUCTION COSTS A LOT OF MONEY TYPES OF PONDS 5. SYNTHETIC LEATHER/TARPAULIN FISH POND THIS POND TAKES THE SAME PROCESS AS THE E ARTHEN POND, THE DIFFERENCE IS IN THE RUBBER M ATERIAL USED TO LINE THE POND WALLS TO PREVENT WATER SEEPAGE. Advantages WASTAGE OF WATER IS REDUCED IT IS EASY TO BUILD Disadvantages THE FISH POND IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE HAZARDS OF FLOODING. FISH POND ---- COMPARTMENTS OF A FISHPOND AND FUNCTIONS Compartments 1 NURSERY POND The smallest and the cleanest compartment where fish are reared from fr y up to fingerling. 2 TRANSITION POND A compar t m ent where fish are reared from p r e - fingerling size to post fingerling size before stocking them in to other larger compartments, it is also known as Stunting pond 3 REARING POND The largest com partment of a fishpond where fishes are reared from post fingerlings up to marketable. Compartments 4 BREEDING POND A compar t m ent where spawners are confined and are used purposely for the pr oduct ion of fr y 5 CATCHING POND An area that ser ves as catchment basin for fish har vest 6 HEAD POND An area that ser ves as water reser voir where water is stored before going to other pond compartments 7 WATER SUPPLY CANAL Canal used to supply water t h r o u g h o u t the whole fish pond system Running Water Culture Culture occur in running water ponds. Water supply must be sufficient throughout the whole year and the maximum possible flow rate should be used. Irrigation channels and streams are commonly used to supply further the pond It is strongly suggested that the ponds are not close to industrial and agricultural lands to avoid water pollution. The species of fish suitable to be reared in running water system must have the following characteristics: (a) the fish should be strong enough to live with the fast water current and sociable in habit so that it could live in dense population, (b) the fish should be highly disease-resistant due to high density, stocking (c) the fish should have the ability to accept artificial feed such as pellet or other feeds given to it and have the ability to transform the feed into meat efficiently. Suitable fish: Carp Culture in Recirculating System Culture in Recirculating System This system is comparable to running water culture system except that in the latter, water goes waste whereas here the same water is reused. The water is filtered continuously and recirculated, often after aeration, to the fish pond. Oxygen is the limiting factor in recirculating aquaculture systems and with less than the required levels most fish and other aquatic organisms will die in a very short period of time. Advantages Reduced water requirements as compared to raceway or pond aquaculture systems. Reduced land needs due to the high stocking density Site selection flexibility and independence from a large, clean water source. The two primary water pollutants that need to be removed are: (1) fish waste (toxic ammonia compounds) excreted into the water (2) uneaten fish feed particles. Culture in Rice Fields Culturing fish and growing rice together in the same paddy fields is an old practice in Asia and the Far East. Interest in producing rice and fish together had declined in recent years because of use of fish-toxic pesticides required to protect high yielding varieties (HYV) of rice introduced as DIFFERE KINDS NT AQUACULTU O F RE Introduction to Aquaculture ľ k c mosť s"iťablc riskcs roí i⭲ťcgíaťcd risk a⭲d po"lťíQ raími⭲g aíc ťkosc riskcs ťkať ca⭲ rilťcí a⭲d rccd o⭲ pkQťopla⭲kťo⭲, zoopla⭲kťo⭲, a⭲d bacťcíia ríom po⭲d waťcí. Caťla, Sil:cí caíp, a⭲d Rok" riskcs aíc íccommc⭲dcd i⭲ i⭲ťcgíaťcd risk raími⭲g. TYPES OF AQUACULTU RE SYSTEM TYPES OF AQUACULTURE SYSTEM Adoption of techniqu traditional aquaculture of es dependence on e.g productivity and natural. control overlittle the stocks. Extensive Adoption of midtechnology, level dependence on parti productivity, natural al fertilization, supplementary feeding, with stock manipulation, medium rate medium level of inputs and production. Semiintensi ve Adoption of complement of ful techniques culture l scientificpondincludi design, ng fertilization, only feeding supplemental fertilization; full feeding without of stock ormeasure diseas contr manipulation, e ol, high level inputs scientif harvestin and high ic g, rate of production. Intensive DIFFERENT KINDS OF AQUACULTURE Monocult ure Monoculture, as the name implies, in the culture of a single species of an organism in a culture system of any intensity, be it in any type of water, fresh, brackish or salt. For example: Tilapia nilotica in several countries of Asia Rainbow trout (Salmon gairdneri) culture in North America. Catfish, Clarias gariepinus in Africa. Polyculture * Is the culture of several species in the same waterbody. The culture system generally depends on natural food of a waterbody sometime augmented artificially by fertilization and/or by supplementary feeding. If artificial food is given it is a common food acceptable to all or most species that are cultured. For example: ▪ Polyculture of Clarias gariepinus and tilapias in Africa. ▪ Polyculture of several species of Chinese carps in China, Ornamental Fish Culture The Culture of Ornamental Fish is also known as AQUARICULTURE Ornamental fish farming or culture is the culture of attractive, colorful fishes of various characteristics, which are reared in a confined aquatic system Farmers and hobbyist mainly grow these fishes Ornamental fishes can also be called LIVING JEWEL Ornamental Fish Culture Ornamental fish keeping is a hobby in the world with a demand for ornamental fishes steadily increasing annually. Around 2,000 species are traded yearly with 65% coming from Asia The Philippines is a major player in the ornamental fish industry being one of the largest exporters of marine ornamental fish species in the world (Orchavillo et al. 2004). A substantial volume of freshwater ornamental fish is also imported from other countries with 83.113 MT in 2015 worth PHP 7.533M (USD 150,663) which is about 5.27% of total import trade in fisheries. Methods of Fish Feeding By Hand By Automatic Feeder By Demand Feeder – controlled by fish themselves according to their appetite ENVIRONMENT & FISHERIES LAWS RELATED TO AQUACULTURE THE PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE (1988) provides the foundation for all measures dealing with the Philippine's natural environment, encompassing the management of air quality, water, land use, natural resources and waste AIR QUALITY WATER QUALITY NATURAL RESOURCES LAND USE MANAGEMENT WASTE MANAGEMENT THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE (1998) DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION UTILIZATION The Code integrates all laws that are relevant to these issues. Chapter II, Article III (Sections 45-57) of the Code deals with aquaculture THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture. Within the Department, the Undersecretary for Fisheries and Aquatic Resources is responsible for setting policies and formulating standards and for exercising overall supervision. BFAR agency tasked with the management and development of fisheries and aquatic resources. NFRDI serves as the primary research arm of BFAR. AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES MODERNIZATION ACT (1997) which prescribes the measures to modernize the agriculture and fisheries sectors in order to enhance their profitability. Whereas the Fisheries Code prioritizes the management, conservation and protection of fisheries and aquatic resources, the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act places priority on increase in production and encourages a rapid shift towards industrialization. Authorizations to engage in and set up an aquaculture facility are granted by the body that has jurisdiction over the venue of the aquaculture operation. In municipal waters, the construction and operation of fish pens, fish cages, fish traps and other structures for the culture of fish and other fishery products is the responsibility of LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT (LGUS) Beyond municipal waters, fish pens and fish cages should be constructed and operated within fish pen and fish cage belts designated by BFAR and after corresponding licenses therefore have been issued by BFAR and fees have been paid. BFAR also has the responsibility of granting so called FISHPOND LEASE AGREEMENTS (FLAS) for public lands, primarily cooperatives/associations. to fisher folk Generally, public lands "such as tidal swamps, mangroves, marshes, foreshore lands and ponds suitable for fishery purposes" are under the jurisdiction of DENR. The latter may declare public lands as alienable and disposable for fishpond purposes and release them to the jurisdiction of BFAR. The conditions governing the lease of public lands for fishpond development are stated in the Fisheries Code and are further specified and detailed in Fisheries Administrative Order No 167 (2000). According to the Fisheries Code, fishpond leases are subject to the following conditions: Areas leased for fishpond purposes shall be no more than 50 ha for individuals and 250 ha for corporations or fisher folk organizations. The lease shall be for a period of 25 years and renewable for another 25 years. In case of the death of the lessee, his spouse and/or children, as his heirs, shall have pre-emptive rights to the unexpired term of the FLA subject to the same terms and conditions provided herein and provided that the said heirs are qualified. BFAR shall determine the lease rates for fishpond All fees collected shall be remitted to NFRDI The area leased shall be developed and producing on a commercial scale within three years from the approval of the FLA. All areas not fully producing within five years from the date of approval of the FLA shall automatically revert to the public domain for reforestation. The fishpond shall not be subleased, in whole or in part, and failure to comply with this provision shall mean cancellation of the FLA. GENERALLY, any aquaculture structure whether it concerns fish cages, fish pens, fish traps or fishponds – may not obstruct the navigation or "defined migration paths" of migratory fish species. Fisheries Administrative Orders 216 and 217 (2001) contain more specific and detailed rules on these issues. Private fishpond Fish hatcheries Fish breeding These must be registered with the LGUs, which should prescribe minimum standards for such facilities in consultation with BFAR. BFAR conducts a yearly inventory of all fishponds, fish pens and fish cages, whether in private or public land. Moreover, all fishpond, fish pen and fish cage operators must annually report to BFAR about the type of species and the volume of production in the areas devoted to aquaculture. Fisheries Administrative Order 218 (2001) contains more specific and detailed rules on the annual report. Thank YOU