Fracture PDF

 Background (muscle, bone ,joint) Definition of fractures Common types of fractures include: Signs and symptoms Complications: First aid of fractures  BACKGROUND: The body’s skeleton is made up of bones, muscles, and the tendons and ligaments that connect t...

 Background (muscle, bone ,joint) Definition of fractures Common types of fractures include: Signs and symptoms Complications: First aid of fractures  BACKGROUND: The body’s skeleton is made up of bones, muscles, and the tendons and ligaments that connect them. They give the body shape and stability. Bones and muscles give the body shape and mobility. Tendons and ligaments connect to muscle and bones, giving support. They all work together to allow the body to move. Muscles Muscles are soft tissues. The body has over 600 muscles, most of which are attached to bones by strong tissues called tendons Bones Approximately 200 bones in various sizes and shapes form the skeleton. The skeleton protects many of the organs inside the body. Bones are hard and dense. Because they are strong Joints: The ends of two or more bones coming together at one place form ajoint.Strong, tough bands called ligaments hold the bones at a joint together. a fracture is a complete break, a chip or a crack in a bone. A fall, a blow or sometimes even a twisting movement can cause a fracture. In young children, the break may be incomplete and is referred to as a greenstick fracture.  Types of fractures 1- Closed fracture : the skin is not broken  Types of fractures 2- Open, compound fracture: involves an open wound. It occurs when the end of a bone tears through the skin. An object that goes into the skin and breaks the bone, such as a bullet.  Types of fractures 3-.Stable fracture: The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place.  Types of fractures 4- Transverse fracture. This type of fracture has a horizontal fracture line.  Types of fractures 5- Oblique fracture. This type of fracture has an angled pattern.  Types of fractures 6- Comminuted fracture. In this type of fracture, the bone shatters into three or more pieces.  Other types Dislocations: is the movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal position, this movement usually is caused by a violent force tearing the ligaments that hold the bones in place.  Sprains: is the tearing of ligaments at a joint, mild sprains may swell but usually heal quickly.  Strains: is a stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons. Strains often are caused by lifting something heavy or working a muscle too hard Causes: Trauma. A fall, a motor vehicle accident, or a tackle during a football game can all result in fractures. Osteoporosis. This disorder weakens bones and makes them more likely to break. Overuse. Repetitive motion can tire muscles and place more force on bone. This can result in stress fractures. Stress fractures are more common in athletes.  Sings and symptoms 1- Severe pain at or near the site of the fracture, 2- Localized tenderness. 3- Deformity at the site of fractures as a result of displacement. 4- Swelling as a result of blood loss in the tissues. 5- Loss of function. 6- Crepitus (coarse bony grating) is heard or felt upon examination. 7- Blood drained from orifices e.g. nose, ear, in case of fracture base of the skull. 8- Shock in severe injuries.  Immediate complications Early complications occurs at the time Late complications of the fracture occurring in the initial few days after occurring a long the fracture. time after the fracture.  1- Treat life-threatening problems. 2- Treat shock. 3- Cut clothing surrounding injured area, if needed. 5- Check signs and symptoms of fracture. 6- Control bleeding & cover all wounds before splinting. 7- Check for pulse, sensation & capillary refill & compare with uninjured part.  8- All fractures should be splinted before moving the victim. 9- Never reduce open fracture, cover with sterile dressing then apply splint. 10- Tie the bandages firmly enough to prevent movement but not so tight as to interfere with the circulation. 11- After immobilization, where possible elevate the affected pare above heart level to minimize bleeding or swelling. 12- Arrange transfer to hospital.  Massage the affected area Straighten the broken bone Move without support to broken bone Move joints above / below the fracture Give oral liquids / food Dr.Heba Elsayed