First Aid 10-14 - PDF

Injuries and Wounds Dr. Onur Cukurluoglu  Types of wounds Sharp object injury : knife, glass, razor blade (laceration) penetrating injuries : long and sharp tools (knife drill screw nails ) Crushed wounds: the impact of a hard object such a...

Injuries and Wounds Dr. Onur Cukurluoglu  Types of wounds Sharp object injury : knife, glass, razor blade (laceration) penetrating injuries : long and sharp tools (knife drill screw nails ) Crushed wounds: the impact of a hard object such as a stone, club, fist, etc. (Contusion) Infected wound: Deep and dirty wounds wounds caused by bites and stings.  Abdominal and Chest injuries Abdominal and chest wounds can be quite serious İnternal organs may be damaged immediate medical help is needed Monitor vital signs İf there is bleeding use a clean towel and press on the wound Give the patient shock position  Abdominal and Chest injuries İf the object embedded in the body do not remove it İnternal organs may be damaged Do not give them water for drink Do not try to put the protruding organs inside, cover them with a large, damp, clean cloth. Cover the patient with blanket for keep them warm  Wound Management Help the person to remain calm. Lei down person if the bleeding heavily İf the cut on an arm or leg, rise the limb above the heart level İf the wound small , clean it with water and soap Do not clean large wound İf the object embedded in the body do not remove it  Bleeding / Hemorrhage External bleeding: The skin and blood vessels are cut and blood is escaping the body Arterial bleeding: Pulsatile flow, Bright red Veins bleeding: steady flow, dark red Capillary Bleeding: slow, oozing  Minor Bleeding Minor bleeding : Venous or capillary clean the wound with water and soap, make a pressure till the bleeding stop Cause : clean cut (laceration) or abrasive trauma apply wound dressing Monitor for infection  Bandaging for bleeding Use steril gauze and bandages If not available towels and clean clothes Check capillary refill or limb temperature Check swelling Don't remove bandages but loosen a bit First dressing becomes soaked with blood do not remove original one put another one on the top  Severe Bleeding Arterial or multiple vascular injuries Take the wound covering dresses off RED Protocol Rest the person for decrease blood pressure Elevate the limb above the heart level Direct Pressure on the wound with clean clothes  Tourniquet Amputated limb If all bleeding stopping procedures are inadequate If the patient needs to be transported over a long distance if there is only one first-aider with many injured persons.  Tourniquet Belt, clothes, rubber above the cut , on the arteries Do not completely stop the circulation (except amputation) Check the capillary refill 10 min.  Amputation Wash with clean water Cover the piece with clean wet towel or clothes put the amputatde piece in a clean bag Put this on the ice pack. Be sure it goes the hospital with patient  Bleeding / Hemorrhage Internal bleeding: Under the skin or intracranial , chest or bladder , stomach etc. Cause: blunt trauma , Falling, car accident Its not obvious but life threatening  Symptoms of internal bleeding pain at the injured site Intracranial bleeding swollen, tight abdomen headache , dizziness nausea and vomiting (bleeding) Loss of memory pale, clammy, sweaty skin Confusion breathlessness Wounds on the head extreme thirst nausea and vomiting unconsciousness unconsciousness  First aid for internal bleeding check response and ABC Call an ambulance Give them shock position Never give water  Nose bleeding / Epistaxis Have the person rest Have them sit down Lean forward slightly Pinch the nose nostril Check bleeding every 5 min Send the patient hospital if bleeding is not stop in 30 min  Ear bleeding / Otorrhagia Have the person rest İf bleeding minor clean the ear İf sever do not plugging ear , it covered with gauze without Need medical assistance Remember : ear bleeding can be a warning of a possible brain hemorrhage. Tahnk you for your attention FRACTURES, DISLOCATIONS AND SPRAINS Dr. Onur Cukurluoglu  Fracture Broken Bones: a brake or crak in the bone high energy impact Stress fracture  Signs of Fracture Swelling, bruising Pain , it may increase with movement Movement difficulties Losse of function Deformity in the effected limb Visible bone fragment for open fracture Bleeding  Types of Fracture Closed Fracture : Bone is broken but skin is intact Open Fracture : Skin integrity is compromised. Bone parts may protrude and there is a risk of bleeding and infection. Commutated Fracture: Bone is broken into several fragments  Types of Fracture Green stick Fracture : closed fracture mostly in children Complicated Fracture : Broken bone fragments damage blood vessel, nerve and soft tissues. Closed or open Skull Fractures: skull damage mostly with brain damage Shape of Fractures  Skull fractures Severe trauma Disseness , blackout, fainting Losse of vision Nausea and vomoting Seizure Associated with brain damage  Complication of fractures Vessel damage and loss of pulsation Nerve injury loss of sensation or motor function Bleeding and shock (big bone fracture) Infection in open fractures Life threatening for skull fractures  First aid for fractures Do Not move the injured person Try to immobilize the injured body part Remove the rings and bracelets İf the fracture is open, first clean the wound and close with clean clothes , control the bleeding  First aid for fractures Make a stabilization to broken bone include upper and lower joint with split Do not try to realign broken part Keep warm the casualty You may use cold pack for broken part Monitor for shock İf the broken leg do not rise this leg  Splints Anatomical splint : using a non injured body part to immobilize injured part. For example tie the legs together for the broken leg immobilization Soft splints: thick clothes , jacket, blanket wrap around the broken part, it works ankle and hand Rigid splints: using firm object ,piece of wood, hard cover magazines , umbrella  Dislocation Luxation Joint injuries, the bon has pooped out its socket İt may solitaire or accompanied fracture İt may pop back init spontaneously some times not  Dislocation Do Not move the injured person Try to immobilize the injured joint Dont try to push it back inside th joint To solder or el bow dislocation make a sling  Sling Triangular sling: First place the open bandages across the chest with the point beyond the elbow and one end over the hand. Tuck the base comfortably under the forearm. Take the end behind the elbow across the back and tie to the first end with the knot just in front of the shoulder , open the injured side fix the bandages with safety pin or tape Improvised sling : lower edge of the casualty’s coat or shirt may be turned up and pinned to support the arm  Sling Slings are used to support and limit movement of the upper limb Larg arm sling: forearm fracture and rib fracture When applied only finger tips should show Collar and cuff sling : Support the wirst only forearm flexed and fingers touch the opposite shoulder , a clove hitch made from a narrow bandages is placed round wirst , the end of the bandages are taken around the neck and tied in hallow just above the collar bone, on the injured side  Sprain / Strain When a ligament or the capsule around the joint is torn its called a sprain Mostly occurs in ankle When a tendon tears it is called strain Mostly finger, popular one Achilles tendon Ligaments and tendons healing takes long time  RICE Rest the injured body part Immobilize the body part Cold compress over the injury zone Elevate the injured part  Bandages Gauze bandage : bleeding or cover the wound Elastic bandage : strain and sprain to immobilize After bandaging check the circulation every 10 min Ask the person numb or tingly Check the swelling , temperature of limb  Bandages To secur dreesing in position To form sling for support To keep right position for pads or cold pack Keep immobile limb  Bandages Finger : 2,5 mm Head and arm : 5mm Leg: 10 mm Torso :15 mm  Pattern for bandaging Circular form : had and trunk Simple spiral : part of uniform thickness , wrist finger Reverse spiral usd for limbs , forearm legs Figure of eight :like reverse spiral Spica : shoulder hip and thumb Divergant spica: flexed joint elbow ,knee  Spinal Injury Vehicle accident motorcycle accidents Diving shallow water Sports injury Direct impact  Symptoms of Spinal Injury Pain or numbness on the back Bleding , brusing on the head or neck Movement difficulties Lose of sensation Tinglin or burning feeling Unconsciousness  Spinal Injury Do Not move the person Knee beside the person and hold head stabilized Support body with some clothes or blankets Call medical help Monitor patient with vital signs İf unresponsive , ABC and start CPR Patient Transfer in First Aid Dr. Onur Cukurluoglu  Transporting injured person Seek for assistance İf the person aware : explain to him what you are planing to do İf there are more than one first aider you need only one leader for carry Do not move sudently , if there isn’t dangerous situations  To away from danger. Dragging techniques Ankle drag Armpit drag Keep the person straight , be gentle Beaware of self-harm  Remove from car wreck Remove the injured if only fire and risk of explosion ABC Check the legs trapped unfasten the seat belt put your hand under the armpit of the injured person and hold the head with opposite hand  Carry injured with one first aider Cradle method Recomended for kids and minor injured adults If the person unconscious , Support head and neck with your arm or elbow  Carry injured with one first aider Human Crutch method Keep close the injured Hold his waist or hip Keep injured hand on your neck and lift him  Carry injured with one first aider Pick and back method Responsive injured Fold the legs around your waist Arms around your shoulder  Carry injured with one first aider Carry with blanket Put the injured on the blanket Drag blanket from head side  Carry injured with one first aider Firefighters method Hug the person first Lift on your shoulder Hold leg and arm  Carry injured with Two first aiders Two handed method One person front other at behind  Carry injured with Two first aiders Four handed seat method Responsive injured Catch each other wrist Ask injured to sit here  Carry injured with Two first aiders Cross handed method Hold the head Catch other wrist opposite Hold the legs  Carry injured with Two first aiders Fore and AFT method Behind person hold the injured at the chest Front one, hold knees  Carry injured with Two first aiders Chair method Use regular chair Tight the person on it  Carry injured with more than one first aiders Blanket method Two or more person Put the injured on the blanket Only one leader  Carry injured with more than one first aiders Blanket and stick method Two stick and blanket Fold it tightly Or Use safety pin  Carry injured with more than one first aiders One person head and nec One person chest One person legs Keep stable Tahnk you for your attention First aid for uncommon condition Dr. Onur Cukurluoglu  Workplace injuries Safety first Be sure all precautions taken Every workplace has to first aid kit İf you don’t first aid certificate do not involve It's always legal issue and if you do any first aid be sure witnesses  Drowning Complate immersion of the nose and mouth in water Try to take out the water from the lungs And star CPR  Hanging, strangulation and throttling Legal issues Remove the object from the neck Do not move the head in case of spinal injuries ABC CPR  Fever Body temp over 37 coldness at the hand and feet shivering Headache , general body pain Unconsciousness Fever seizure  Fever Use cold pack Not cold but warm shower Wet towels compress paracetamol  Meningitis Flu like symptoms Mild fever Stiff neck nausea and vomiting rush at the limbs  Diabetic emergency Blod sugar may be high or low Hyperglycemia : high level Hypoglycemia : low level  AED It is available somewhere , airports -public transportation area - museum -workplace it's fully automatic Tahnk you for your attention