Veterinary Terminology Foundations PDF

Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Introduction to Veterinary Terminology © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 1 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holding...

Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Introduction to Veterinary Terminology © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 1 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Veterinary terminology is, for the most part, a medical terminology. The veterinary field adds terms from zoology and animal husbandry. This is an introduction to medical terminology used in the veterinary field. Your study material will provide methods for defining most of the medical terms you’re likely to encounter. Your studies will also discuss specific types of terminology such as directional, locational, procedural, and medical shorthand. By the end of this lesson, you’ll be able to: Identify component parts, such as prefixes, roots, combining vowels, combining forms, suffixes, and affixes Define diagnostic, procedural, and adjectival suffixes and quantitative, qualitative, and locational prefixes Define terminology for structures of the body, medical specialties, and locational terms Define specific and general veterinary terminology, and medical shorthand abbreviations In this lesson, you'll be graded on: Lesson Quiz: Introduction to Veterinary Terminology There’s one required quiz at the end of this lesson. You need an overall average of 70% to successfully complete this course. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 2 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Introduction to Medical Terminology For veterinary terminology, individual words and groups of words have specific meanings that depend on the order of parts. You’ll study word analysis which includes the prefix, suffix, affix, or root of a word. In addition, there are also words that use combining vowels or combining form. You’ll identify these parts and how they impact words and their meaning. Proceed through this lesson. There is no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 3 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Word Analysis Word analysis is the process of breaking words into component parts, and a key skill you’ll be using to understand medical terminology. The meaning of every word can be determined in three steps: 1. Break the word into parts 2. Determine the meaning of each part 3. Add the meanings of each part together There are component parts you’ll need to identify when analyzing medical terms. These parts include the prefix, the root, the combining vowel, the combining form, and the suffix. Read each part. Pre x: A unit of meaning attached to the front of a word. For example, the pre x AB- means “away from,” so AB-normal is “away from normal.” Root: e core or foundation of the word’s meaning. (In the past, you may have heard roots called “stems.”) e root of abnormal is NORM, meaning “rule, order.” Combining vowel: A vowel (most often “o”) added to the end of the root that doesn’t change the meaning. A combining vowel is placed between two roots, or between a root and a su x that begins with a consonant, to help make the newly combined word easier to pronounce. For example, ovary and hysterectomy are joined by o to form ovariohysterectomy. Combining form: e root and combining vowel together, as in NORM/O. Su x: A unit of meaning attached to the end of the word. e -AL in norm-AL is a su x meaning “pertaining to.” A x: A unit of meaning attached to the pre x or su x that modi es the root in some way. Not every word begins with a prefix or ends with a suffix, so try not to think of the prefix as the beginning of a word or the suffix as the end of a word. Words can begin or end with roots—and often do. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 4 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Suffixes, Prefixes, Roots To help advance your skills with analyzing word parts, begin with a word you already know. Without looking it up in the dictionary, you’d probably define diagnosis as something like “the process of finding out what’s causing a patient’s symptoms.” Call that your plain-English translation. When you break down words into parts, those parts will be hyphenated or contain slashes. The hyphen after the prefix—or before the suffix—indicates that the term isn’t a complete word. Another common practice being used is to show combining forms with a slash between the root and combining vowel. AB- The hyphen shows that the prefix must be attached to the beginning of a root to be part of a complete word. NORM/O The slash shows that the vowel has been added to the root in a combining form. -AL The hyphen shows that the suffix must be attached to the end of a root to be part of a complete word. Here’s an example using the term diagnosis: DIA- GNOS/O -SIS Prefix Root Suffix + Combining vowel = Combining form (complete) (knowledge) (process) Now, using the word diagnosis, determine the meaning of each part. "Dia" means complete. "gnos/o" means knowledge or information. "sis" means a process. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 5 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology So, you have “complete knowledge process”? That doesn’t seem quite right compared with the plain-English definition? Instead, “process of complete knowledge” is more accurate. It may seem out of order to begin reading on the right of a word, since you’re trained to begin on the left when reading English, but that’s what you’re supposed to do when analyzing a medical term. The most important rule in analyzing such terminology is to begin at the end. To determine the meaning of a term, look at the parts in this order: 1. Su x 2. Pre x 3. Root(s) Since the combining vowel doesn’t carry a meaning of its own, you don’t have to add that into the definition. Thus, the term diagnosis means “process of complete knowledge.” In the case of medicine, the term refers to the complete knowledge resulting from the process of examining and testing a patient. Now, for another example, read the word electroencephalography, better known as EEG. ELECTRO/O ENCEPHAL/O -GRAPHY Combining form Combining form Suffix (electricity) (brain) (process of recording) (Note from this example that there can be more than one combining form in a medical term.) Thus, you have “the process of recording electricity of the brain.” So, why wouldn’t encephaloelectrography be acceptable? That would mean “the process of recording brain electricity,” —and isn’t that the same thing? Not quite. “Brain electricity” follows the natural adjective-preceding-noun pattern of English, and our plain-English translation might be “the process of recording brain-wave activity.” But you can’t always plug English word patterns into medical terminology. Therefore, you should define electroencephalography as “the process of recording electricity of the brain.” This definition emphasizes that it’s the electricity, not the brain itself, being measured. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 6 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Word Analysis: Examples Remember, when analyzing medical terminology to begin at the end of the word. Here, you’ll read a word analysis on the words panleukopenia and cystocentesis to practice these skills. Panleukopenia Step One: Break the Word into Parts The most important rule to remember when analyzing medical terminology is to begin at the end. If a medical term is long enough to break down, it usually describes a condition, an action, or a relationship. The end of such a term tells you which of the three you’re talking about. Consider the word “panleukopenia.” The suffix is “-penia.” The root is “leuko-,” and the prefix is “pan-.” Step Two: Identify the Meaning of Each Part Beginning at the end, you determine that “-penia” refers to a decrease or deficiency. “Leuk” refers to white (blood cells), and the letter “-o” is added as a combining form. The prefix “pan-” refers to all. Step Three: Add the Meaning of Each Part Together The final step is to determine the relationship among all parts of the word. So, you know that the breakdown of “panleukopenia” is defined literally as “all white blood cells decreased.” Simply, you can then define panleukopenia as a decrease in all white blood cells. Cystocentesis Now, you’ll practice word analysis with the word “cystocentesis.” Step One: Break the Word into Parts In this word, the suffix is “-centesis,” and the combining form is “cysto.” Not all words begin or end with a prefix! Some words begin or end with a root word. Recall that the combining form contains the root (or foundation of the word's meaning) and the combining vowel. In this case, “cysto” is the foundation of the word. Step Two: Identify the Meaning of Each Part The suffix “-centesis,” means to puncture and the root word “cysto-,” which refers to the urinary bladder. Step Three: Add the Meaning of Each Part Together Put together the meaning of each part of the word to make sense of the entire thing. Reading from the end to the beginning, cystocentesis will literally mean “puncture of the urinary bladder.” Lesson 3 Section 1 Practice Practice: Analyzing Terminology Question 1 © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 7 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Which of the following units of meaning is attached to the prefix or suffix that modifies the root? Question 2 Which of the following is the core of a word? Question 3 Which of the following best explains why you should not assume the beginning of a word is always the prefix of that word? Answers Question 1: A unit of meaning attached to the prefix or suffix that modifies the root is known as the affix. Question 2: The core of a word is called the root. Question 3: Not every word begins with a prefix or ends with a suffix. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 8 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Practice: Analyzing Terminology Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 9 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Key Points A pre x is a unit of meaning that’s attached to the front of a word. A su x is a unit of meaning that’s attached to the end of a word. Remember, not every word begins with a pre x or ends with a su x. The core or foundation of a word’s meaning is known as the root. Words can begin or end with roots. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 10 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Learning Medical Terms Identifying the meaning of medical terminology means putting its word parts in various orders. You’ll study how to organize medical terms into parts specifically words with suffixes and prefixes. Proceed through this lesson. There’s no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 11 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Suffixes A suffix is added to the end of a root to modify its meaning. You’ll remember that a medical term with a suffix usually describes a condition, an action, or a relationship. More technically, a suffix turns a medical term into a diagnosis, a medical procedure, or an adjective (usually an adjective that means “pertaining to” or “characteristic of”). If a suffix begins with a consonant, it’s usually added on to the combining vowel, as in carcinogenic. (CARCINO- or “cancer” plus - GENIC or “producing” equals “cancer producing”). A root word and a su x combine to help infer the meaning of a word. If a suffix begins with a vowel, that vowel takes the place of the combining vowel (usually “o”), as in bronchitis. (BRONCH- or “bronchial tubes” plus the aforementioned -ITIS equals “inflamed bronchial tubes”). e su x -itis is used to mean in ammation, such as bronchitis (in ammation of the bronchi). © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 12 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Some of these vowel suffixes stand in for the combining vowel, since they begin with “o.” However, the most widely used vowel suffixes don’t and they’re easy to spot because they all begin with the same extremely popular vowel. Versatile Suffixes The letter i transforms many words from singular to plural. Many nouns ending in -US, like radius, bacillus, and octopus, become plural (radii, bacilli, octopi) by dropping the -US and adding -I. This letter becomes even more versatile when you add another letter to it. Add an “a” and you have the suffix -IA, meaning “pathological condition.” Since medicine exists because of pathological conditions, -IA is one of the most popular suffixes. The suffix -IA is also present in other common medical suffixes like -ALGIA, or “pain.” You’ll recognize -IA in many suffixes where the “pathological condition” part of the suffix is assumed (pain, for instance, being a known pathological condition). Change the “a” in -IA to a “c” and you have -IC, which means “characteristic of.” A person who suffers from hypothermia (low body temperature) is hypothermic. Most -IA nouns can be thus transformed, but -IC also transforms other noun suffixes like -OSIS (condition of, to review) and -LEPSY (seizure or attack), often with the help of an intervening “t.” Therefore, one suffering from psychosis (abnormal condition of mind) is psychotic, and one suffering from epilepsy (“disease of the nervous system marked by seizures”) is epileptic. Many of these -IC adjectives also function as nouns; one can have an epileptic (adjective) seizure and also be an epileptic (noun). The suffix -ICAL is usually just a four-letter way of saying -IC. Also, consider the suffix -ID, meaning “body” or “particle.” Words like plasmid (a specialized ring of DNA) and chromatid (part of a chromosome strand) are an uncommon extension of the versatile “i” suffix. You’ll often encounter -INE, another suffix that means “relating to.” Equine means “relating to horses,” bovine to cows, and porcine to pigs. Since -INE also means “chemical substance,” many chemicals and medications end with it. Two suffixes resembling -IC and -INE are -IAC and -IAN, both of which mean “relating to” in such words as cardiac (relating to the heart) and avian (relating to birds). You can see by these two suffixes that not every suffix with “ia” in it denotes a disease. The suffix -ITE has many meanings. In medical terminology, you’ll most often encounter either its chemical or its biological meaning. Chemically, the suffix -ITE describes “salt or ester of an acid with a name ending in - OUS,” so nitrite is “a salt or ester of nitrous acid.” Biologically, -ITE means “segment of a body part,” as a dendrite is part of a nerve cell. But while dendritic means “characteristic of a part of a nerve cell,” most -ITIC words are not derived from -ITE. This brings you to the first four-letter “i” suffix, one you’ve already met because it’s a superstar of medical terminology: -ITIS. The suffix -ITIS meaning “inflammation,” is incredibly common. The adjective form, -ITIC (as in arthritic), means “characterized by inflammation” only when it comes from -ITIS. Other than arthritic, the adjective form of -ITIS isn’t common, but beware of confusing it with words that are derived from -ITE. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 13 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Diagnostic Suffixes Diagnostic suffixes tell you that something about the body isn’t the way it’s supposed to be. They may indicate an abundance or deficiency or a presence or absence. Occasionally, you’ll encounter a suffix like -PNEA, which refers only to a body process (“breathing”) and depends on a prefix like A- or DYS- to supply the diagnosis. Since -PNEA seems restricted by specific words diagnosing breathing problems, it’s included it here. Remember to pay special attention to the examples. Suffixes can help you better understand a variety of medical conditions. The following table includes diagnostic suffixes. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_03A.pdf ) The following suffixes describe medical procedures. You can select to expand the full table. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 14 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_04A.pdf ) Most of the adjectival suffixes mean one thing: “pertaining to.” Sometimes, the context of the word makes a “pertaining to” suffix more a “characteristic of” suffix. The word plastic in medical terminology denotes “capability of being molded or developed” or “tending to build up tissues.” The following adjectival suffixes describe anatomy of the body and time periods in life. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_05A.pdf ) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 15 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Prefixes Many medical terms don’t have a prefix; they combine only a root and a suffix. But sometimes, you need to know more than what a root-suffix combination reveals. Prefixes tell you many things about the condition, procedure, or relationship expressed in the suffix. You can break down these things into two main subcategories: 1. Pre xes that tell you more about what 2. Pre xes that tell you more about where “What” Prefixes Think of this first category of medical prefixes as the answers to questions attempting to quantify or qualify the condition, procedure, or relationship being described. How many? Too many? Too few? What percentage of the whole? Is it too fast? Too slow? Too big? Too small? What color is it? What does it do to something else? Think of “what” prefixes as the answers to a big medical press conference about the root and suffix in question. The following table provides quantitative and qualitative prefixes. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_06A.pdf ) “Where” Prefixes The second category of prefixes asks only one question: Where? The body presents a vast array of locations, and medical professionals must be able to understand and describe a particular location or direction within it. Roots that denote body structures also, of course, describe locations, but medical language must often describe a site within or relative to a structure. Therefore, you have locational prefixes, or prefixes whose function is to describe location or direction. The following table includes locational prefixes. You can select to expand the full table. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 16 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_07A.pdf ) Lesson 3 Section 2 Practice Practice: Identifying Medical Terms Question 1 What does the term “equine” mean? a. Related to pigs b. Related to cows c. Related to horses d. Related to canines Question 2 What does the term “bovine” mean? a. Related to cows b. Related to pigs c. Related to felines d. Related to canines Question 3 The term “cardiac” is related to the a. lungs. b. heart. c. skeleton. d. muscles. Answers Question 1: The term “equine” means related to horses. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 17 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Question 2: The term “bovine” means related to cows. Question 3: The term “cardiac” means related to the heart. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 18 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Practice: Identifying Medical Terms Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 19 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Key Points Medical su xes are usually diagnostic, procedural, and adjectival. Analysis of medical terms begins at the end (su xes), moves to the beginning (pre xes), and then turns to the root(s). In addition to knowing what a word means, it’s also important to know how to properly pronounce medical terms. Locational pre xes describe where a condition is occurring. Qualitative pre xes describe stages and presence or absence of conditions. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 20 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Structures, Positions, and Planes of the Body Animals have brains, hearts, lungs, livers, blood, tissue, and cells—all the structures of the human body, though they’re arranged differently. The basic building blocks of anatomy and physiology are the same for the entire animal kingdom. Your study material discusses the different organ systems. You’ll also study positional and directional terms which you’ll use often in the veterinary field. Proceed through this lesson. There is no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 21 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Take a Break You’re almost there! Did you know? Puffer fish are poisonous to humans, and you can't eat most parts of the fish. The liver is the most poisonous organ in the puffer fish. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 22 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Organ Systems The body is a complex machine made up of many parts. Each part is called an organ, and each organ is part of a grouping of organs with similar function called an organ system. Each organ is made up of tissue and tissues are made up of cells. An organ system is a group of organs working together for a common purpose. The major body systems work together to fulfill the ultimate goal of bodily functions: to maintain a healthy organism. Because these systems work together, their functions can be difficult to separate and categorize. There are 11 organ systems. You’ll study more about these in Animal Anatomy and Physiology. Here are the basic functions of the body systems. Lymph System The lymph system is responsible for carrying nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases to and from body cells and providing protection and immunity from harmful organisms. Corresponding organs: Bone marrow Spleen Tonsils Lymph uid, nodes, ducts, vessels Lymph System Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system circulates blood throughout the body to deliver nutrients to and remove wastes from organs. Corresponding organs: Heart © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 23 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Other cardiovascular structures: Arteries, blood, capillaries, and veins Cardiovascular System Endocrine System The endocrine system secretes hormones. Corresponding organs: yroid Pituitary Adrenal glands Endocrine System Digestive System The digestive system processes food for nutrient absorption. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 24 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Corresponding organs: Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Intestines Accessory organs: liver, gallbladder, abdomen Digestive System Integumentary System and Sensory Organs The integumentary system and the sensory organs encase the body, regulate its temperature, and communicate touch and many other sensory functions. Corresponding organs: Skin Hair Nails © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 25 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Integumentary System Nervous or Sensory System The nervous or sensory system communicates actions between body systems and carries nerve impulses to and from the brain. Corresponding organs: Eyes Ears Brain Nerves Nervous or Sensory System Musculoskeletal System © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 26 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology The skeletal system supports the body structures, while the muscular system carries out nerve commands to produce movement. Corresponding organs: Muscles Bones © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 27 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Skeletal System Muscular System Respiratory System © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 28 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology The respiratory system conducts oxygen into, and carbon dioxide out of, the body. Major corresponding organs: Lungs Trachea Respiratory System Reproductive Systems The reproductive systems enable the organisms to reproduce. Corresponding organs: Male reproductive organs: Testes Penis Prostate Female reproductive organs: Mammary glands Ovaries Uterus Vagina © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 29 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Urinary System The urinary system produces and excretes urine. Corresponding organs: Kidneys Bladder © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 30 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Urinary System Lesson 3 Section 3 Practice Practice: Organ Systems Question 1 How many organ systems are there? a. 9 b. 10 c. 8 d. 11 Question 2 Which organ system provides protection and immunity? a. Respiratory system b. Cardiovascular system c. Lymph system d. Nervous system Question 3 The ____________ system circulates blood throughout the body. a. nervous b. cardiovascular c. lymph d. endocrine Answers Question 1: There are 11 organ systems. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 31 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Question 2: The lymph system carries nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases to and from the body cells and provides protection and immunity. Question 3: The cardiovascular body system helps circulate blood throughout the body. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 32 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Practice: Organ Systems Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 33 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Anatomical Roots Now that you’ve reviewed the various organ systems, it’s time to name the component parts the way medical terminology does with anatomical roots. The following table includes anatomical roots. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_23A.pdf ) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 34 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Terms Relating to Tissues, Organs, and Systems At this point, you should be able to define some of the following terms before you even see the definition. But make sure to review them all; you’ll find a few surprises. The following table includes terms related to tissues, organs, and systems. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_24A.pdf ) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 35 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Roots of Medical Specialties Now that you’re acquainted with the structures and systems of the body, it’s time to combine this knowledge with a few new terms: the roots of medical specialties. It helps your understanding of anatomical and physiological roots to know how they function in naming specialized branches of medicine. Please note, only some of these examples represent formal specialties in veterinary medicine. Anatomical combining forms work to name medical specialties, but naming body sites by organ or structure is often insufficient. For example, which medical history would you rather have the surgeon double-check before picking up a scalpel? “The patient has abdominal pain on the left side.” “The patient has abdominal pain in the left inguinal region.” Words like inguinal (pertaining to the groin) help denote the precise physical locations necessary to medical practice. Medical reports need to be ultraprecise about physical locations to ensure accurate documentation of diseases, injuries, and medical procedures. The following terms are ones you’ll encounter frequently. The following table includes roots of medical specialties. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../../img/696520_02A.pdf ) Lesson 3 Section 3 Practice Practice: Root Words Question 1 Which term refers to air tubes of the lungs? © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 36 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Question 2 The term ________ relates to the vessels for passage of bodily fluids. Question 3 Nephrology deals with the study and treatment of diseases of the Answers Question 1: The term “bronchial” pertains to the air tubes of the lungs. Question 2: The term “vascular” is related to the vessels for passage of bodily fluids. Question 3: Nephrology is the study and treatment of kidney diseases. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 37 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Practice: Root Words Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 38 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Positions of the Body Medical location terms need to be incredibly precise, which can be a challenge since the body is three- dimensional. There are positional terms and directional terms that you’ll need to know. Positional Terms Veterinarians often refer to the position of a patient’s body during examination and treatment. When the animal is lying down, it’s recumbent. When the animal is lying on its side, either left or right, it’s in lateral recumbency. If it’s lying on its belly, it’s in sternal recumbency. If it’s lying on its back, it’s in dorsal recumbency. Reference Links:- Sternal Recumbency Dorsal Recumbency © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 39 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Directional Terms Veterinarians refer to the direction of anatomical parts in relationship to other body parts. It’s important to apply directional terms to anatomical position: standing on all four legs, neck straight, head up, and facing straight ahead. But directional terms remain constant regardless of what position the animal is in. Directional terms tend to be paired in opposites, relative to anatomical position, like the following: Cranial-caudal Cranial refers to “toward the head.” Caudal means “toward the tail.” For example, the neck is cranial to the shoulder; the shoulder is caudal to the neck. When referring to areas on the head, you still use caudal; but instead of cranial, you use rostral, which means “toward the nose.” For example, the eyes are rostral to the ears. Dorsal-ventral Dorsal refers to the dorsum, or back, of the animal. Ventral refers to the ventrum, or belly, of the animal. Left-right This refers to the animal’s left or right side. Palmar-Plantar Palmar refers to the bottom of the animal’s front foot. Plantar refers to the bottom of the animal’s hind foot. Dorsal can also be used to describe the top surfaces of the feet (distal to the carpus or tarsus). Here's a hint: You high-five with your palms, and you plant your feet firmly on the ground. Medial-Lateral These are “middle to the side” oppositions Medial means “toward the midline of the body ” while © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 40 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology These are middle-to-the-side oppositions. Medial means toward the midline of the body, while lateral means “away from the midline of the body.” Your torso is on the midline of your body: Your big toe is medial to it, while your little toe is lateral to it. Proximal-distal These are “closer-farther” oppositions. They refer to the closeness or distance of a part to its point of origin. For instance, the proximal end of the thigh bone joins with the hip bone; the distal end of the thigh bone joins with the kneecap. Super cial-deep These refer to the distance from the surface of the body. A superficial, or external, wound is one close to the surface; a deep, or internal, wound extends far below the surface. Skin is superficial to the thigh muscles, whereas the thigh bone is deep to the same muscles. Right Lateral Recumbency © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 41 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Planes of the Body Medical professionals use planes to picture the relative locations of organs in the body. There are three major types of planes for animals’ bodies. The three types are: 1. Dorsal plane which divides the body into dorsal (top–facing the ceiling) and ventral (bottom-facing the ground) areas. 2. Sagittal plane which divides the body into left and right parts. A midsagittal plane (or median plane) goes through the exact midline of the body, dividing it into two near-mirror images. 3. Transverse plane or cross-sectional plane which divides the body into cranial and caudal parts. A transverse or cross- sectional plane can also be created on an extremity. Select each tab to learn more about anatomical planes. Anatomical Planes and Directional Terms (Horse) Dorsal plane, sagittal plane, and transverse plane of a horse Anatomical Planes and Directional Terms (Dog) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 42 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology A Dog’s Body Divided into the Transverse Plane, Sagittal Plane, and Dorsal Plane Region, position, and location descriptions help you understand where a patient’s condition is occurring. The following table provides the various terms and descriptions. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_28A.pdf ) Vet Tech Connection It’s important to know directional and positional terms in the veterinary field. You’ll use these terms in your day-to-day practice as a veterinary technician. Some examples of when you’ll use these terms are when taking radiographs and describing where lesions and structures are located on an animal. Being proficient in using these terms will help with patient care and communicating with the veterinary team. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 43 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Lesson 3 Section 3 Practice Practice: Positional and Directional Terms Question 1 An animal is lying on its belly. What position is it in? a. Sternal recumbency b. Dorsal recumbency c. Lateral recumbency d. Recumbent Question 2 The term “caudal” means a. toward the abdomen. b. toward the head. c. toward the foot. d. toward the tail. Question 3 Which of the following is related to the term “costal”? a. Tail area b. Ribs c. Head d. Abdomen Answers Question 1: If an animal is lying on its belly, it’s in sternal recumbency. Question 2: The term “caudal” means toward the tail. Question 3: The term “costal” is used to describe the ribs. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 44 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Practice: Positional and Directional Terms Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 45 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Optional: Fill in the Blank Activity Positional and Directional Terms Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 46 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Optional: Pronunciation Activity Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 47 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Optional: Spelling Activity Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 48 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Key Points An organ system is a group of organs working together for a common purpose. Anatomical roots help describe conditions occurring with di erent body structures. Positional terms help veterinarians refer to the position of a patient’s body during examination and treatment. Veterinarians refer to the direction of anatomical parts in relationship to other body parts. Medical professionals use planes to picture the relative locations of organs in the body. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 49 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Veterinary Procedure Terminology Additional terminology you’ll study relates to surgical procedures, surgical instruments, the metric system, and common abbreviations used in medical shorthand. These terms are also used often in the veterinary field. You’ll need to familiarize yourself with these terms and definitions to communicate effectively and do your job. Proceed through this lesson. There is no textbook reading for this lesson. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 50 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Surgical Terminology Many veterinary practices perform routine surgery on a daily basis. As a veterinary technician, you may be called upon to assist with surgical preparations or the surgery, or to provide support and education to the pet owner. Whether or not your job as a veterinary technician requires you to assist at surgery, you need to know the basic surgical and medical equipment. There are several instruments used during surgery to examine or remove harmful materials in the body. The following table lists and describes various surgical devices. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../../img/696520_03A.pdf ) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 51 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Reproductive and Genetic Terminology Much of a veterinarian’s work concerns the reproductive process of animals, from delivering offspring to neutering pets. It’s particularly important for veterinary assistants to know the vocabulary of reproduction. You may frequently come across terms that pertain to reproduction and offspring development. The following table lists and describes reproductive and genetic terms. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_30A.pdf ) While it’s important to know the anatomical and physiological terms that were covered, you might go an entire career without using some of them. However, there are terms you’ll likely come across more often than others during your career. The following table provides some additional general veterinary terms you'll need to know. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../img/696288_31A.pdf ) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 52 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 53 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Medical Shorthand The medical profession uses its own shorthand to abbreviate the most frequently used terms. Abbreviations are used for procedures, directions, orders, patient history, and more. There are many abbreviations that are used to describe procedures or medication intake. The following table provides some of these terms and definitions. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../../img/696520_04A.pdf ) There are some medical abbreviations you may come across more than others. In addition to the medical abbreviations you've already read, the following table provides several examples of commonly used medical abbreviations. You can select to expand the full table. Click to expand full table.(https://courses.portal2learn.com/content/enforced/32846-VET104_RS_1/VET102LB/html/../../img/696520_05A.pdf ) © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 54 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Metric Abbreviations Abbreviations allow for concise medical records and standardization of pharmaceutical prescriptions. The metric system is an important component of these records and prescriptions. Named for its basic unit of length, the meter (39.37 inches), the metric system denotes units of weight and liquid volume. Metric weight is measured in increments relative to the gram (0.035 ounce), and liquid volume is measured in increments relative to the liter (1.057 liquid quarts). Most medical offices use the metric system to denote quantities of medications, sizes of injuries, and various other particulars. The following table of common metric terms may remind you of medical terminology nomenclature, especially if you take special note of the prefixes. Abbreviation Abbreviation Measurement m meter length (39.37 inches) cm centimeter 1/100 meter (0.39 inch) mm millimeter 1/1000 meter (0.039 inch) cc cubic centimeter volume (0.061 cubic inch) (cc = mL) L liter capacity (1.057 liquid quarts) mL milliliter 1/1000 liter (mL = cc) g, gm gram weight (0.035 ounce) kg kilogram 1,000 grams (2.2046 pounds) mg milligram 1/1,000 gram Notice that the metric system forms new units with prefixes denoting multiplication or division by 10. This process is known as base-10 mathematics. Whether you’re multiplying or dividing a meter, gram, or liter, these prefixes mean the same thing. CENTI- always means “one one-hundredth,” MILLI- always means “one one-thousandth,” and KILO- always means “one thousand.” This simplicity explains why the metric system has become more than just standard medical measurement. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 55 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Vet Tech Connection As a veterinary technician, you’ll frequently use medical abbreviations and acronyms to quickly and concisely record patient information and treatment instructions. Lesson 3 Section 4 Practice Practice: Terms Related to Medical Procedures Question 1 Which of the following devices is used to prevent hemorrhaging? Question 2 The abbreviation for the metric term “millimeter” is Question 3 If a patient is experiencing red blood cell deficiency, which term will you use to identify their condition? Answers Question 1: A hemostat is a device used to stop or prevent hemorrhaging. Question 2: Laboratory assistants use the metric system extensively. The abbreviation mm is used for the metric term “millimeter.” Question 3: Anemia refers to red blood cell deficiency. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 56 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Practice: Terms Related to Medical Procedures Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 57 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Optional: Fill in the Blank Activity Reproductive and Genetic Terminology Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 58 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Optional: Pronunciation Activity Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 59 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Optional: Spelling Activity Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 60 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Key Points Surgical device terms are used in the veterinary eld. Anatomical and physiological terms are used in the veterinary eld. The medical profession uses its own shorthand to abbreviate the most frequently used terms to allow for concise medical records and standardization of pharmaceutical prescriptions. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 61 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Reminder: Before Your Lesson Exam Before taking your lesson exam, try taking the pre-assessment again. It will help you identify topics to review. You can go back through any of your study material to review any concepts you’re still unsure of. When you feel you’re ready, then take your lesson exam. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 62 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology More Practice: Introduction to Veterinary Terminology A pre x is a unit of meaning attached to the beginning of a word. e root or core of the word is the basis of its meaning. A combining vowel, typically “o,” may be added at the end of a word to make it easier to combine. A su x is a unit of meaning attached to the end of a word. An a x is a unit of meaning attached to the pre x or su x that modi es the word. Medical terms should be analyzed by looking at the word’s parts in this order: su x, pre x, root. Medical su xes are most commonly diagnostic, procedural, and adjectival. Medical pre xes are most commonly qualitative, quantitative, and locational. © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 63 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive Foundations of Veterinary Technology / Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Graded Quiz: Introduction to Veterinary Terminology Open Link © 2024 PF High School, LLC Page: 64 of 64 © 2024 Career Step, LLC © 2024 Education Holdings 1, LLC © 2024 Sokanu Interactive