Foundations of Growth and Development PDF

Republic of Iraq ‫وزارة التــعـليم العـالي والبحث العلمي‬ Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research ‫جـامعــــة وارث الأنبــــياء‬ University of Wirth Al anbiya'a...

Republic of Iraq ‫وزارة التــعـليم العـالي والبحث العلمي‬ Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research ‫جـامعــــة وارث الأنبــــياء‬ University of Wirth Al anbiya'a ‫كـلـية التمريض‬ College of Nursing Foundations of Growth and Development Objectives:  Define growth and development.  Identify the principles of growth and development.  Patterns of growth and development.  Define Factors affecting growth and development:  Describe the different stages of growth and development of children at different age groups.  How the nurse can assess growth and development of children at different age groups. Introduction of Growth and development: Growth: Growth is increase in physical size of the whole or any of its parts. It results from increase in number of cells of different organs. It can be measured by centimeters or kilogram, assessed by weight and height, head circumference and skin fold thickness Development: Progressive increase in skills and capacity of function and it involves qualitative changes; It can be measured through observation. Types of growth and development A. Growth : A. Physical growth: Can be assessing through measurement of head circumference, thoracic diameter, weight, height and arm circumference. B. Physiological growth: This can be assessing through measurement of vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure). B. Development.  Motor development: e.g. sitting, standing, running, usage of fine muscles.  Intellectual development e.g. Problem solving, reasoning, mental (cognitive)  Social development: e.g. Raising and training a child in the culture, self- concept, and friend-ship  Emotional development e.g. Love , fear Human Growth & Development -1 Prepared by: MSc.N. Kholoud Hashem Salloum  Republic of Iraq ‫وزارة التــعـليم العـالي والبحث العلمي‬ Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research ‫جـامعــــة وارث الأنبــــياء‬ University of Wirth Al anbiya'a ‫كـلـية التمريض‬ College of Nursing Principles of growth and development: 1. Growth and development are continuous processes 2. Each stage of growth and development are depends upon the proceeding one. 3. Each child has his own growth patterns, which vary within the child but within the normal rate. 4. All children go through a normal sequence of growth, but not in the same rate, i.e. (individual differences) are noticed. 5. Growth and development have predictable sequences, as all human beings go through the same stages on their way for physical growth and/or development 6. Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time, e.g. during prenatal stage, head grow faster than the other organs, but after birth, the other organs are more rapid in growth than the head. 7. Although growth and development go through a fixed and precise order, they do not progress at the same rate. There are period of rapid growth and other period of slow growth. 8. Growth and development proceed in regular, related directions, which reflect the physical development and maturation of neuromuscular functions. These directions are pattern of growth and development. Patterns of growth and development: A. Cephalocaudal: Growth proceeds from head down to toes. B. Proximodistal (Proximal to distal): Growth proceeds from center of the body to the periphery e.g. stand; sit before the usage of fine muscles of hands. C. General to specific: Development proceeds from simple to complex function and activities. Human Growth & Development -2 Prepared by: MSc.N. Kholoud Hashem Salloum  Republic of Iraq ‫وزارة التــعـليم العـالي والبحث العلمي‬ Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research ‫جـامعــــة وارث الأنبــــياء‬ University of Wirth Al anbiya'a ‫كـلـية التمريض‬ College of Nursing Factors affecting growth and development: 1. Hereditary or Genetic factors: Genetic predisposition is the importance factors, which influence the growth and development. 2. Factors related to mothers : a- Mothers’ age: teenage mothers are more likely than those of older mothers to have premature children, mothers who are over 40 years are more likely than others to have infant Down syndrome. b- Nutritional deficiencies: e.g. malnutrition. c- Diabetic mother. d- Exposure to radiation: which causes gene mutations e- Smoking f- Infection with German measles during the first trimester of pregnancy can cause fetal congenital anomalies. g- Use of drugs. 3. Factors related to fetus:  Mal-position in utero.  Faulty placental implantation, which interferes with blood supply to fetus thus affecting the nutrients it needs. 4. External environmental factor: a. Socio-economic status of the family (e.g., low –socio-economic families). b. Child’s nutrition as malnutrition. c. Child’s health problems: congenital conditions. d. Exercise: it promotes the circulation, physiologic activity and stimulates muscular development. e. Mass media: they might have a positive or negative effect on children’s behavioral development. Human Growth & Development -3 Prepared by: MSc.N. Kholoud Hashem Salloum  Republic of Iraq ‫وزارة التــعـليم العـالي والبحث العلمي‬ Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research ‫جـامعــــة وارث الأنبــــياء‬ University of Wirth Al anbiya'a ‫كـلـية التمريض‬ College of Nursing Stages of growth and development: 1. Prenatal period: from conception to birth a. Germinal(zygote): conception to approximately two weeks b. Embryonic: 2 to 8 weeks c. Fetal: 8 to 40 weeks (birth) 2. Neonatal stage: from birth to 1 month 3. Infancy stage: from 1 month to 12 months 4. Toddler stage: 1 year to 3 years 5. Preschool stage: 3 year to less than 6 years. 6. School stage : from 6 year to less than 12 years 7. Adolescence stage: from 12 year to approximately 18 years How nurse can assess growth and development: Nurse can assess growth through measurement of head circumference, thoracic diameter, weight and height and observation for closure of the fontanel and teeth eruption Nurse can assess development through observation of motor, social, mental and emotional development for each stage of development. Good luck Human Growth & Development -4 Prepared by: MSc.N. Kholoud Hashem Salloum