Energy Production And Use (FOUN1201) 2023 PDF

Energy Production and Use (FOUN1201) D W I L L I A M S & J. D. C A M P B E L L , 2 0 2 3 D E PA R T M E N T O F P H Y S I C S A D A P T E D F R O M P R O F. A. A. C H E N & L. N H E N D E RS O N...

Energy Production and Use (FOUN1201) D W I L L I A M S & J. D. C A M P B E L L , 2 0 2 3 D E PA R T M E N T O F P H Y S I C S A D A P T E D F R O M P R O F. A. A. C H E N & L. N H E N D E RS O N 1 Objectives oExplain the concept of energy (what is energy) oDescribe and analyze traditional and alternative energy sources (describe common types of energy) oAnalyze the impact of energy-based activities on the environment (discuss energy and the environment) oRecognize: o The need for a Low – Carbon Economy o The need for Caribbean people to conserve energy (the future of energy) 2 Contents o What is energy? o How do we measure energy? o What are power, work, and efficiency? o What are our typical (conventional) energy sources? o Disadvantages of conventional energy sources o Other energy sources (alternatives) and the low carbon economy o Energy conservation 3 What is energy? Energy (in the sciences) is the ability to do work Work is done whenever a force (a push or pull) moves an object through some distance ◦ Which one involves more work - pushing against a wall for 3h, or lifting a stone up a flight of stairs? Energy and work are equivalent. Work describes the process of energy being converted from one form into another 4 Work: Conversion of energy from one form to another Remember: from a purely scientific perspective, work is the product (multiple) of some force x some distance Simply put, work occurs when an energy conversion process takes place 5 Work: Conversion of energy from one form to another 6 Classifying Energy Different forms of energy can often be classified into key types (these are often referred to as forms of mechanical energy): Kinetic Energy (Energy in motion) ◦ Energy possessed by a moving, massive object Potential Energy (Energy waiting to be released) ◦ Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position, state, or condition ◦ Examples include stretched springs, or elevated objects 7 Forms of Energy Energy can be further subdivided into several different forms. These include: ◦ Mechanical – energy possessed because of an object’s motion or position/condition ◦ Thermal – energy in the form of heat ◦ Chemical – energy stored in the chemical bonds within molecules ◦ Nuclear – energy stored within the atoms making up matter ◦ Sound – energy contained in/transmitted by rapidly vibrating objects 9 ENERGY C O N V E R S IO N Chemical → Electrical → Thermal Electric motor Chemical → Electrical → Mechanical 10 The Law of Conservation of Energy The Law of Conservation of Energy states that: “Energy can neither be created or destroyed – only converted from one form to another” This means that the total amount of energy involved in an energy conversion remains the same However, not all of this energy makes it into the form we really want, because other conversions also occur (most often producing heat) 11  ELI5 https://youtu.be/YSFR7ByqTps 12  So how do we measure work/energy? Work and Energy are interchangeable – we use the same measurement standard, or unit, for both. This unit is the Joule If you weigh 70kg (about 154lbs) and pull yourself up about 0.315m (12.4 inches), you do 220.5J of work Work = m *a*h 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌(𝑱) = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒌𝒈 ∗ 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒔−𝟐 ∗ 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒎 Work = 70 *10*0.315 = 220.5J One Joule is about 0.239 calories – or 0.000239 nutritional calories This food product (at right) provides 140 nutritional calories – or about 585,000J – per serving 13 14 Power and Work Work is a measure of how much energy is converted. Power is a measure of how quickly this process takes place We say power is the rate of conversion of energy 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Power is measured in Watts, where 1 Watt = 1 Joule/1 second A more powerful device does: ◦ More work in the same amount of time ◦ The same amount of work in less time 15 How much is 1 Watt? Using our pullup example from earlier, a 70kg person lifting themselves 0.315m does about 220.5J of work If you do this in 1 second, your power is (220.5J/1s) = 220.5W If it takes you ½ of a second, your power is (220.5J/0.5s) = 441W (the power was larger, since you completed the same work in half as much time) If it takes you 2 seconds, your power is (220.5J/2s) = 110.25W (the power was smaller, since you completed the same work in twice as much time) 16 Other common units for power 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 Watts or 1000 Joules / second 1 Megawatt (MW) = 1,000,000 Watts 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts or 0.746kW 17  Examples A regular microwave might have a power rating of around 1kW A small boat motor might have a power rating of 10-20hp The JPS Rockfort Power Plant has a power rating of 40MW 18 Another unit for energy 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 Since 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = , we know that Energy = Power x Time 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 This means we can express a certain amount of energy as the multiple of power and time power Hour A commonly used unit for energy is the kilowatt-hour This is useful, because we often know the power rating of devices (in Watts). Once we also know how long we use the device, that gives us the total energy used. 19 Kilowatt-Hours (kWh) One kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy used in one hour by a device with a power rating of one kilowatt A 1,200W iron (or 1.2kW iron) being used for 2h uses (1.2kW x 2h) = 2.4kWh A 100W lightbulb (0.1kW) being used for 10h uses (0.1kW x 10h) = 1kWh Why is this important? 20 Please note - the current rates are: $7.32/kWh for first 100kWh $21.03/kWh above 100kWh 22 Difference between kWh and kW kilowatt-hour (kWh) – energy over a period of time  Measures the amount of energy (e.g., electrical energy) consumed in terms of kilowatt-hours. kiloWatts (kW) – instantaneous power  Measure of the capacity of a plant or device in terms of power  Measures the rate at which energy is produced or consumed e.g., 10,000 kiloWatt or 10 MegaWatt power plant will produce energy at the rate of 10,000 kiloWatts/sec. If you consume 300 kiloWatt-hour (KWH) per month this is equivalent to lifting yourself 25 cm a total of 5,400,000 times 24 Efficiency Remember that whenever work is done, multiple energy conversions are taking place at the same time. Not all the products are useful For instance, if you try to touch a lightbulb left on for an extended period, what will you feel/observe? Why? Efficiency is the ratio of the useful energy output (or work) to the total energy input 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 In general Efficiency is Energy we get out divide by the 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 Energy we pay for 25  Efficiency of a typical gasoline engine  Efficiency 25 - 30%  30% of energy converted to useful work in moving auto  70% lost as useless heat 26 Relative efficiencies 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 Wind turbines: 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 ◦ These are typically less than 40% efficient 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 Solar panels: 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ◦ These are typically 15% efficient 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 Power plants/stations: 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ◦ These are typically ~30% efficient Efficiency ≠100 % Some energy is always lost (due to friction, heat loss, etc) Cannot convert all energy to useful energy 2nd law of thermodynamics 28 So where do we get most of our energy from? A significant majority of our energy sources are fossil fuel based Fossil fuels: combustible products formed from the decay of organic matter under very high temperature and pressure Main categories include: ◦ Crude oil ◦ Coal ◦ Natural gas Fossil fuels are essentially non-renewable – once depleted, they cannot be replaced 29  Crude oil Crude oil consists of a mixture of several different hydrocarbons (molecules containing carbon and hydrogen) Although all flammable, these constituents must be separated into individual types. This is done in a process called fractional distillation ◦ Crude oil is heated (vaporized) and passed into a fractionating column ◦ Temperatures at each section of the column decrease moving upwards. Different vapors condense at each fraction ◦ Individual constituents are separated by boiling point – highest at base, lowest at the top 30 Fractional Distillation  Components that do not vaporize at highest temperatures are collected at the bottom; they have very high boiling points  In between the top and bottom, components with relatively higher boiling points are collected lower down and those with relatively lower boiling points are collected higher.  Fractional distillation: separation of crude oil into components by boiling point 31 Refining Process https://youtu.be/vD0kbdIS6kE 32  Coal A solid hydrocarbon, formed from the decay of plant material accumulated at the bottom of swamps and other ancient bodies of water Extracted from open pit excavation or underground mines; essentially a “flammable rock”, largely made from carbon Historically one of the cheapest fossil fuels, but also one of the most polluting in terms of greenhouse gases, acid rain, and atmospheric smog 33  Natural Gas A gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but containing amounts of butane, ethane, and other hydrocarbons Must be extensively processed before use, leaving almost pure methane. Typically stored and transported in a liquid state (becomes Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG, when cooled below -164ºC) Typically, one of the cleanest forms of fossil fuels, ahead of oil and coal; also, typically pricier Currently UWI, Mona’s primary energy generation source 34 Major regional petroleum/petrochemical suppliers  Trinidad  Oil  First oil well dug in 1907  Refining 1912  Output not significant enough for T&T to be member of OPEC  Natural Gas  Since 2000 natural gas exploration and exportation has become very important  Used in production of ammonia, methanol  T&T one of leading exporters of ammonia and methanol  Used in production of electricity in T&T  Activity largely driven by foreign investors 35  Major regional petroleum/petrochemical suppliers Barbados  Has oil wells  Oil shipped to T&T for refining and returned for domestic consumption Jamaica  Petrojam refines 36,000 barrels of oil per day  No oil or gas, but there is new interest in exploration based on new data Guyana Major reserves of oil and gas discovered in past 5 years (13 – 15 billion barrels of potential reserves, or potentially 1-2 million barrels exportable daily) If confirmed, would make Guyana the 12th largest in oil reserves league, and a member of OPEC Officially an exporter as of January 2020 36 Producing energy from fossil fuels Energy is obtained from fossil fuels through combustion. For oil and natural gas, the major products are carbon dioxide and steam: Hydrocarbons + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Steam + Thermal Energy (Heat) Coal is mostly carbon, so the main product is carbon dioxide: Carbon + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Heat The heat energy produced is used to power a generator, thereby producing electrical energy 37  The history of fossil fuels H T T P S : / / W W W.YO U T U B E. C O M / WAT C H ? V = C J - J 9 1 S W P 8 W “300 YEARS OF FOSSIL FUELS IN 300 SECONDS” 38 Limitations of using fossil fuels oFossil fuels have several advantages – well developed technology and infrastructure, and ease of energy generation especially oFossil fuels are a finite source of energy – as present rates of usage, they will run out eventually o Estimates vary, but possibly 50 – 100 years of oil supply remaining oPotential for serious accidents in extraction, transportation, and usage o Oil spills, mining accidents, and refinery fires cause lasting damage, often in vulnerable areas oMany countries (such as Jamaica and other Caribbean territories) rely on externally sourced fossil fuels – putting a strain on foreign exchange reserves, and causing local economic instabilities 39 Fossil fuel impacts worldwide 40 Limitations of using fossil fuels oFossil fuels can be incredibly polluting. Sulfur and nitrogen oxides produced in their combustion give rise to acid rain; incomplete combustion produces the poisonous carbon monoxide, and excessive usage generates smog oFossil fuel reserves often located in geographically volatile regions (coincidence, cause, or effect?), and hence availability (and hence price) can vary widely oFossil fuel usage heavily suggested to be a major cause for anthropogenic climate change o Increased levels of carbon dioxide promote an increased greenhouse effect in the atmosphere 41  ELI5 https://youtu.be/zaXBVYr9Ij0 42 KEY REASONS TO R E D U C E DE P E NDENC E ON OIL High cost of oil due to 1. Supply restrictions from OPEC 2. Surging demand 3. Financial speculation & the fear premium 4. Lack of refinery capacity 43 Case Study: Oil Price Variability in September 2019 Saudi oil facilities attacked early September 14th Saudi Arabia currently largest OPEC producer In immediate aftermath, oil prices surged 14%! 44 Case Study: Oil Price Variability on March 9, 2020 Disputes over rates of production (OPEC) and plunges in US equities combined to increase volatility in international markets Combined with global fears over spread of coronavirus epidemic Between the night of March 8th and morning of March 9th, oil prices dropped over 30% 45 WARMING BY G R E E N H O U S E E F F E C T: G R E E N H O U S E G A S E S IN AT M O S P H E R E  Water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, Oxygen, Ozone, Chlorofluro- carbons  Naturally occurring and man made  They trap the radiant heat from earth, making the earth warmer  Greenhouse effect, similar to horticultural greenhouse Recall Without naturally occurring greenhouse gases the Earth’s temperature would be about 33ºC Colder 46  ‘C LEAN ’ C O A L  Carbon Capture and Storage/ sequestration(CCS)  Capture of CO2 after burning  Storing in various physical, geological, or biological zones  For a discussion on clean coal, check out the following link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rO6S93FKIUM Dangerous, like storing Nuclear Waste 48 The Low Carbon Economy Also known as a low-fossil-fuel or decarbonized economy Would replace fossil fuels with primarily low- carbon fossil fuel sources, primarily renewables (energy sources which are naturally replenished or available) Requires consideration of economic and technical feasibility, but definitely possible with sufficient R&D and investment 49 Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy: energy sources which are naturally replenished or made available in quantities larger than we can use them up Major forms: ◦ Solar – electromagnetic energy (light, heat) generated and transmitted from the Sun ◦ Wind – energy contained in moving air currents ◦ Hydro – energy obtained from moving water ◦ Geothermal –thermal energy (heat) extracted from reservoirs underground ◦ Tidal/wave – energy from waves or tidal currents in coastal regions ◦ Biomass – energy obtained from organic matter SOLAR, WIND & HYDRO – the “big three” of renewable energy 50 Solar Power Energy obtained from solar radiation (in various types; visible light, heat, ultraviolet) Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity, using semiconductor materials (such as silicon) Solar Thermal plants collect and use sunlight to heat up a suitable material and drive a turbine (sometimes using steam) 51 Solar Power locally Solar power currently viable for many residential and commercial customers. Systems are either: ◦ Off-grid – customers are completely reliant on their own energy, including any stored in batteries ◦ Grid tied – customers can exchange electricity between themselves, and the grid as needed. Locally only net billing legally possible, not net metering Direct cost benefits – solar installation shown at right provides estimated savings of $700,000USD annually 1.6MW Solar Installation at Grand Jamaica also has Content Solar (20MW) and Paradise Park (50MW) Palladium, Hanover utility scale solar farms, which supply energy directly to the grid 52  “More radiation reaches Earth’s surface in one hour than the total energy used by humans in an entire year!!!” Worldwide Energy: Potential Resource 53 Hydropower Energy obtained from flowing water ◦ Impoundment facilities use a dam to restrict water flow across the entire body of water ◦ Diversion (run-of-river) plants divert a portion of the water flow, without disrupting the entire body of water (better for wildlife) One of the more stable forms of renewable energy – especially compared to solar and wind energy. Excellent for power grids. Jamaica currently has five small hydropower plants (about 18MW total https://www.pietrangeli.com/jamaica-5-hydropower-plant- Jamaica) Highly seasonal, site specific, and less widely distributed than the more variable forms. Typically involves significant disruption to environment 54  HYDROELECTRICITY, A CONVENT IONA L S O U R C E O F E N E R G Y This dam is so powerful, it 3 Gorges Hydroelectric slowed the rotation of the Dam, China Earth when commissioned! 22,500 MW World’s largest For more info on hydropower, check out the following link: https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=tpigNNTQix8 (Energy 101: Hydropower) 55 Wind power in Jamaica?  If the average wind speed is above 7 meters per second or about 16 miles per hour, and the wind blows both day and night, wind power to produce electricity can be cost effective for Jamaica;  Wind survey at prospective site is necessary (~1 year)  Today’s higher (100 m) and larger turbines (1MW) makes wind power in Jamaica competitive with fossil fuel  Coastal areas are usually not good sites for electricity production since the wind blows mainly in the day  Areas in St. Elizabeth, Manchester, St. Thomas and Portland are good  Many areas in Jamaica are good to use wind power for irrigation or water pumping.  Many Caribbean nations have similar wind energy distribution, although limited space is an issue 56 Wigton Windfarm  Consists of 44 wind turbines provided by three suppliers (NEG Micon, Vestas, and Gamesa)  Total wind capacity is 62.7MW from three phases:  Phase 1 (20.7MW): 23x 900kW turbines  Phase 2 (18MW): 9x 2MW turbines  Phase 3 (24MW): 12x 2MW turbines  Largest windfarm in the English-speaking Caribbean, and largest renewable energy power plant in Jamaica 57  BIOGAS  Gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in biomass in the absence of oxygen.  One type of biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials  manure or sewage,  municipal waste,  green waste and energy crops. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v Bio-gas generator =xDF8VSRgapI Currently being promoted for home and industrial use by Scientific Research Council of Jamaica 63  HomeBiogas Turn Your Waste Into Energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDF8VSRgapI 64 Local and regional prospects for renewables All Caribbean countries have some renewable energy potential. Solar and wind most widely distributed, but also most variable. ◦ Solar thermal largely not feasible, except for food/agro-processing/hot water use (what are some challenges with using solar power?) ◦ Offshore wind a potential option for some Caribbean territories (how do our regional environmental conditions affect these?) High capital costs still an obstacle. Reduced tariffs and favorable pricing help alleviate financial strain on development (especially for independent and small customers) Energy storage is a major requirement to provide grid stability and support increased RE capacity (due to the highly variable nature of RE) 65  Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RnvCbquYeIM (“Can 100% renewable energy power the world?”) What are the limits of renewable energy? 66 Nuclear Energy Technically NOT a renewable source of energy, but an alternative to fossil fuels Energy generated from fission (splitting) of heavy, radioactive atoms in a controlled manner, inside a nuclear reactor Excellent for providing stable, long term power at relatively cheap rates, but very expensive and time consuming to build Usually safe – but the risk of contamination after a disaster still persists. Most reactors too large for island territories. For more info: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poPLSgbSO6k 67  New Sources of Energy Other sources of energy also exist. Additional research and development is necessary, but potential is there Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): exploits the difference in temperature between warm surface and cold subsurface seawater to drive a turbine Fuel Cells: Operate similarly to batteries; are supplied with a “fuel” (hydrogen gas, fossil fuels, biogas, or alcohols) and produce electricity. Essentially a silent electrical engine 68 Electric cars – the transportation of the future? Often discussed as a solution to the use of fossil fuels in transportation – although critiqued since owners typically recharge from the grid (fossil fuels) Challenges with range, cost, reliability – questions over safety Currently commercially viable. Examples include the Nissan Leaf and Tesla Motors Tesla. Hybrid cars, such as the Chevy Volt, use both electricity and an internal combustion engine For more info, check out the following link: https://blogs.iadb.org/energia/en/jamaica-electric-mobility- critical-to-energy-security/ 69 A S W E L L A S N E W S O U R C E S , C O N S E R VAT I O N O F E N E R G Y I S A L S O I M P O R TA N T  Use energy efficient equipment  Fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent lamps  Energy Efficient buildings  Reduction of waste  Turn of lights, A/C, fans not needed  Reduction of electricity theft  Conservation:  Reduces amount of existing energy source (savings)  Makes it easier (cheaper) to implement clean energy solutions 70  Selling Power to the Grid: Net Metering vs. Net Billing In Jamaica, Net Metering is currently not offered; however, residential suppliers can apply to sell the utility supplier electricity, but at a rate significantly less than it costs to buy electricity from the grid. This arrangement is known as Net Billing. Net metering is much more attractive to residential (and even commercial) customers interested in installing renewable energy systems – since they get a better rate for the electricity they produce. Whether net metering or net billing is used, the advantage of such a grid tied system (one where the utility grid is used as a backup when the panels are not producing) is that the cost of using batteries as a backup supply is avoided 71 Conservation in practice: Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex The complex has several design components to promote conservation and wise use of energy and resources. These include: ◦ Entry of sunlight (heat energy) limited by outer metal blinds/scaffolding ◦ Entire building painted in light, reflective colours (to absorb less heat energy) ◦ Open construction and central ventilation shaft produces natural ventilation ◦ Teaching and workspaces provided with large windows, arranged along outer perimeter to make use of natural lighting ◦ Where electric lighting is necessary, energy efficient options (mostly LED) are employed ◦ Uses solar thermal water heating, photovoltaic, water harvesting 72 Energy conservation – What can you do?  Conserve  Use energy saving devices, e.g. fluorescent lamps  Turn of all unnecessary energy consuming device: lights, fans, a/c, radios, tv, etc  Do not leave doors open when room is air conditioned  Switch to energy saving (i.e. EnergyStar certified) devices  Limit usage time of high wattage devices  Use renewable sources of energy (natural lighting/ventilation, use solar lighting for outdoor locations, etc) where possible  Become proactive  Lobby for net metering  Promote conservation 73 74