Foundations In Occupational Therapy 2 Past Paper PDF

FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP Topic Outline DOMAIN OF CONCERN Applies the following concepts to I. Biomechanical FOR...

FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP Topic Outline DOMAIN OF CONCERN Applies the following concepts to I. Biomechanical FOR II. Rehabilitative FOR occupational engagements: III. Motor Control Model ○ Kinetics - how forces produce IV. Neurodevelopmental Model motion in body parts V. Spatiotemporal Adaptation FOR VI. Occupational Adaptation FOR ○ Kinematics - motion of body VII. PEOP Model parts VIII. Client Centered Model Main concern: Musculoskeletal system and Physical health I. BIOMECHANICAL FOR Focus: ROM, strength, and endurance of Based on PHYSICS occupational performance as well as Voluntary movement and control are capacity for functional motion the result of a combination of muscle Concerns: strength and function, joint integrity 1. Structural Ability and range, and physical endurance or 2. Low Level Endurance tolerance 3. Edema Control The capacity for one's motion consists 4. High Level Endurance of the following: ASSUMPTIONS ○ Joint If ROM, strength, and endurance are ○ Range of Motion (ROM) regained, the person will automatically ○ Endurance use these prerequisites skills to regain Objectives for occupational functional skills performance: Successful human motor activity is ○ PREVENT deterioration and based on (1) physical mobility, and (2) maintain existing movement strength ○ DEVELOP or RESTORE movement Purposeful activity - prescribed to THEORETICAL BASE remediate loss of ROM, strength, and A&P determines function ; Kinesiology endurance Humans are biomechanical beings Progressive grading whose ROM, strength, and endurance Participation in activities involves the (identified concerns of the client) has following to maintain and improve physiological and kinetic potential function: ADLs require a basic level of strength , ○ Repetition endurance, and ROM ○ Specific and graded movements Humans can participate in occupations The body must be rested, and then efficiently when they are able to assume stressed correct biomechanical positions and The person must have an intact brain movements that can produce isolated, coordinated ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP movements. (Client must be awake and ▪passive Passive ROM Maintained conscious) ROM FUNCTION-DYSFUNCTION ▪active FUNCTION assistive Capacity for movement and ability to ROM ▪active ROM produce adequate ROM, strength, and ▪scar endurance for activities prevention Ability to produce effectively ▪orthoses & biomechanical positions and efficient positioning movement that positively impact ▪heat ROM Increased occupational performance ▪scar DYSFUNCTION remodeling Decreased capacity for movement and ▪passive inability to produce adequate ROM, stretch strength, and endurance for activities ▪active Impairments to strength, ROM, stretch ▪orthoses & coordination/endurance that negatively positioning impact occupational performance ▪activities POSTULATES OF CHANGE ▪ active ROM Strength Maintained What the OT Target Result ▪ activities uses ▪isometric Strength Increased ▪Orthoses Structural Prevented ▪active ▪positioning damage assistive ROM ▪Orthoses Structural Regained ▪progressive ▪positioning stability or regressive ▪rest then resistive stress exercises ▪Increased Endurance Regained duration ASSESSMENT and/or ☆ RANGE OF MOTION intensity of activities - Act of movement through which a joint move ▪Elevation Peripheral Reduced - Allows bending, pulling, lifting and ▪pressure edema grasping ▪temp. - Joint stability (if the joint is intact) control ▪ROM ACTIVE ROM - voluntary muscle contraction; independently ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP PASSIVE ROM - outside force moves a REHABILITATION joint; assistive Return to ability - return to the fullest physical, mental, social, vocational, and ☆ MUSCLE STRENGTH economic usefulness that's possible for - The power of muscle to resist movement an individual - Optimal performance requires adequate Ability to live and work with remaining strength to do the tasks that make up capabilities occupations Focus: treatment of abilities (what the client currently have / what is left ☆ MUSCLE ENDURANCE despite the disability) - Ability to sustain muscle activity THEORETICAL BASE - The extent to which someone can do the Teaches patients to compensate the tasks that make up their occupational underlying deficits that cannot be life remediated Embraces the philosophy of Areas of Occupation that the client need these: rehabilitation 1. Standing and posture ASSUMPTIONS 2. Symmetry of posture Use of compensation strategies and 3. Equilibrium (balance) techniques to restore an individual's independence when the underlying (Exclusion of application to practice due to impairment cannot be remediated laziness) Involves teaching-learning process Practitioners make use of clinical II. REHABILITATIVE FOR reasoning: FOR Identifies the following: 1. Identify the individual's functional ○ Impairment, disability, and abilities handicap 2. Know the environment in which the ○ Disease, illness, and sickness person will function To enable a person with physical or 3. Types of compensatory strategies the mental disability or chronic illness to person needs to use their abilities achieve maximum function in the FUNCTION-DYSFUNCTION performance of their daily activities OT focuses on performance area more (philosophy of rehab) than on performance components Key components: Aim of OT program: minimize disability ○ Compensatory techniques barriers to role performance ○ Adaptive and assistive devices OT assesses the patient's capabilities ○ Environmental modifications and determine how to overcome the effects of disability (e.g., checklist or play evaluation). ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP ☆ Basic but most important domains that are CLIENT MUST: ENVIRONMENT occupation based: MUST: ADLs (self care & home care) Leisure tasks ▪Be motivated ▪have necessary Work tasks (nature of how a person ▪Be able to use equipment & objects compensatory ▪support system does it) techniques & ▪feedback system EVALUATION strategies Assesses client's functioning (self-care, ▪have underlying work and leisure) cognitive & Involves (1) observation, (2) client perceptual skills interviews, and (3) client's self-report Focus of OTs: POSTULATES REGARDING CHANGE AND ○ Characteristics of the client's INTERVENTION environment ☆ First ○ Equipment and client's economic Biomechanical or sensorimotor resources principles can be applied during ○ Level of assistance/supervision rehabilitation activities to enhance and available for the client reinforce the restoration of the ○ Developmental expectations for sensorimotor and cognitive components client performance ☆ Second ○ Absent or Limited performance Treatment progra, often focuses on components (skills & abilities) performance areas and performance POSTULATES OF CHANGE components simultaneously Client's impairment is stable ☆ Last Can alter function through The restoration of sensorimotor, compensatory strategies and adaptive cognitive, and psychosocial functions equipment are combined to improve functioning in OT teaches new ways to perform daily the performance areas tasks TREATMENT Seven general rehabilitative methods: Purposeful activities 1. Assistive devices Compensatory strategies 2. Ambulatory devices Collaborative relationship (therapist & 3. Adaptive procedures client) 4. Wheelchair modification Environmental modification techniques 5. Environmental modification 6. Safety education 7. Upper extremity orthotics ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP III. MOTOR CONTROL MODEL Theories: describe the processes The ability of an individual to control involved in motor skill acquisition, their own body while simultaneously retention, and generalization doing their daily activities MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Common client cases: Examines how motor behaviors, evolve ○ CNS damage over a lifetime, shaped by factors and ○ Orthopedic cases environment THE ROOD APPROACH Theories: motor skill development is Developed by MARGARET ROOD influenced by the interaction of the Normalizing muscle tone by using factors rather than following a rigid sensory stimuli maturation sequence Developmental progress DOMAIN OF CONCERN Repetition reinforce learning ☆ TASK-ORIENTED APPROACH Focus: goal/purpose of an activity Functional task performance BRUNNSTROM'S MOVEMENT THERAPY Motor learning and skill acquisition Developed by SIGNE BRUNNSTROM ☆ POSTURAL CONTROL & STABILITY Using motor patterns that are available Balance and postural adjustments to the client i order to progress through Fall prevention the recovery stages ☆ FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT & TASK PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE FACILITATION ADLs Developed by DR. HERMAN KABAT IADLs Diagonal Patterns ☆ NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISM ○ Treatment of choice Reflexes ○ Involve natural movements Neuromuscular responses THEORETICAL BASE ASSUMPTIONS Gentile developed a model of skill Functional tasks help organize children's acquisition based on knowledge from behaviors and their ability to engage in movement science meaningful activities MOTOR CONTROL Successful performance of meaningful ability to regulate or direct the tasks emerges from the interaction of mechanisms essential to movement multiple personal j environmental Theories: describes viewpoints systems regarding how movement is controlled Observed motor problems are the result MOTOR LEARNING of all the systems interacting and A set of processes associated with compensating for some damage practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled movement ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP FUNCTION-DYSFUNCTION DIRECTIONAL POSTULATES Movement patterns A child's motor skill acquisition will ○ Consequence of the dynamics improve if there is a match among the that occur between a person with tasks requirements, environmental specific abilities and limitations demands, and the child's abilities Closed tasks The child should be able to perform ○ Those in which the environment is closed motor tasks prior to performing stationary during task open motor tasks performance SPECIFIC POSTULATES ○ Variability could be less or more OT encourages the child to self-evaluate ○ Function: performs necessary their movements for them to improve tasks within the closed motor skill performance environment OT provides randomized practice of ○ Dysfunction: unable to tasks in situations in which they perform/difficulty performing a typically occur task within a closed environment OT provides open tasks with variability Open tasks and unpredictability during practice ○ Those in which the environment is APPLICATION TO PRACTICE in motion and include intertrial Examines occupational performance variability and underlying systems to understand ○ Function: performs necessary how they constrain needed performance tasks within the open Techniques used in therapy requires environment individualized understanding of the ○ Dysfunction: unable to client's situation across many perform/difficulty performing a dimensions task within an open environment POSTULATES OF CHANGE GENERAL POSTULATE Early stages of learning ○ OT focuses feedback on movement outcome and environment to improve skill acquisition Late stages of learning ○ TO summarize feedback and provides tasks that require performance IV. NEURO-DEVELOPMENTAL FOR ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP Developed by BERTHA BOBATH & DR. ○ Smooth and coordinated KAREL BOBATH movement patterns necessary for Intended population: functional activities. ○ CNS abnormalities Selective Movements ○ Cerebral palsy ○ Ability to isolate and control ○ Neuromotor disorders specific joints and muscles. ○ Neuromuscular conditions Automatic Responses Focus: improving mobility, posture, and ○ Presence of reflexive and motor function automatic movements that aid in THEORETICAL BASE balance and coordination. DYNAMIC SYSTEM THEORY OF MOTOR Weight Shifting CONTROL ○ Ability to shift weight effectively Children with neuropathology may rely in various directions to support on compensatory motor synergies due movement and balance. to limited movement options Muscle Tone NEURONAL GROUP SELECTION THEORY ○ Normal range of muscle tone (not Repeated experiences and interactions too high or too low) that supports shapes neural networks for efficient efficient movement and postural movement stability. Neuro-developmental treatment Dynamic Trunk and Limb Control enhances motor control and strengthens ○ Capability to move the trunk and neural pathways through limbs independently yet somatosensory input cohesively in functional activities. SENSORY PROCESSING IMPAIRMENTS DYSFUNCTION Nervous system's ability to perceive and Abnormal Muscle Tone organize sensory inputs ○ Hypertonia (increased tone), SECONDARY IMPAIRMENTS hypotonia (decreased tone), or spasticity and imbalanced muscle fluctuating tone that hinders recruitment can negatively impact functional movement. skeletal growth and alignment Poor Postural Control ○ Inability to stabilize the trunk or FUNCTION-DYSFUNCTION maintain alignment, leading to FUNCTION balance and coordination issues. Postural Control Inefficient Movement Patterns ○ Ability to maintain stable, upright ○ Use of compensatory or posture and align the body inefficient movement strategies against gravity to support due to difficulty with normal movement. movement patterns. Asymmetry in Movement Movement Patterns ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP ○ Lack of symmetry in postures or ○ Helps children imrpove their movements, which can lead to postire and movement functional limitations and ○ OTs use their hands to applied long-term musculoskeletal issues. controlled pressure, teaching Limited Range of Motion and children new movement patterns Flexibility Qualities of Touch ○ Joint stiffness or contractures ○ Touch often combines with that restrict movement and proprioceptive inputs functional abilities. Delayed or Abnormal Reflex Development ○ Persistence of primitive reflexes or delay in postural reflexes, impacting motor milestones and coordination. Poor Weight Shifting and Balance ○ Inability to shift weight effectively, resulting in compromised stability and coordination. Difficulty with Motor Planning and Sequencing ○ Challenges in organizing movements to perform complex tasks or adapt to changes in the environment. APPLICATION TO PRACTICE NDT-FOR is centered on encouraging children to actively engage in their therapy, with support from their therapist NDT focuses on connecting sensory input to movement. Main components of this treatment: ○ Preparations ○ Facilitation ○ Inhibition Therapeutic Handling ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP V. SPATIOTEMPORAL ADAPTATION FOR Hierarchical Properties of the CNS Mostly focuses on the pediatric set-up ○ The CNS has a structured Process of modifying a child's actions by hierarchy where basic functions facilitating higher levels of functioning are controlled at lower levels, and Link strategies and sequences to be complex functions are managed adapted for skilled performance with at higher levels. This organization play, work, and self-care tasks allows for coordinated, refined Spatial - space adaptive behaviors as a person Temporal - time matures. Adaptation - continuous adjustment of Neuroplasticity bodily processes ○ The brain’s ability to reorganize Key components: and form new connections allows ○ Assimilation for continuous learning and Taking in stimulus adjustment, essential for ○ Accommodation adapting to new experiences and Adjustment of body to new recovering from challenges. stimulus Growth and Maturation ○ Association ○ Physical and psychological Relates sensory development, including increases information with motor act in muscle strength, cognitive being experienced as well abilities, and emotional maturity, as relating past support higher-level adaptive experiences responses over time. ○ Differentiation ○ Maturation Discriminating the Dependent upon the qualities of specific child's attention to and behavior pertinent to the active participation with given situation events of the environment SENSORY MOTOR SYSTEM Neuromuscular Properties of makes use of cranio-spinal sensory Movement receptors, effectors of muscle and ○ Elements like muscle tone and glands and sensory afferent or circuits coordination enable smooth to facilitate feedback movement patterns, which are Feedback loop crucial for effective adaptation ○ Allows body processes to readjust to spatial and temporal demands in an ongoing way to each new in various tasks. piece of sensory information resulting in motor behavior DEVELOPMENTAL NATURE PURPOSEFUL NATURE ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP Strategies and movement and posture ○ PERSON that allows activation of mobility from An occupational being posture for performance of actions who has a natural desire Postural strategies control movement, to become an expert at and movement strategies give rise to the things they perform purposeful action throughout their lives SPIRALING CONTINUUM 3 Person System: Encompasses the sensorimotor-sensory 1. Cognitive System feedback process, the maturation 2. Sensorimotor nervous system and the integration of System old with new developments 3. Psychosocial the CNS must process, organize, and System modulate sensory intake from the body ○ OCCUPATIONAL and environment ENVIRONMENT VI. OCCUPATIONAL ADAPTATION FOR Settings and situations Developed by SCHKADE & SCHULTZ that affects a person's OA as the ability to achieve appropriate capacity to execute and occupational identity and gain engage in daily tasks necessary competency along with ○ OCCUPATIONAL acquiring efficiency in the environment PARTICIPATION Focus: relationship between occupation Occupations are and adaptation distinguished by 3 key Goal: improvement in adaptiveness, not characteristics: just functional skills 1. Active participation Intended population: 2. Have personal ○ Physical disabilities significance ○ Cognitive impairments 3. Goal-oriented ○ Mental health conditions ○ PRESS FOR MASTERY ○ Chronic illness When an individual ○ Developmental delays identifies a need a THEORETICAL BASE mastery for their 2 interrelated key principles environment, leading them 1. Occupational adaptation as a to evaluate their talents normative, internal human process and adjust 2. Occupational adaptation as an intervention process 4 concepts in OA as a normative process OCCUPATIONAL ROLE ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP Set of behaviors defined by individuals, ADAPTIVE RESPONSES (OCCUPATIONAL shaped by societal expectations, and FUNCTION) significantly impacted by cultural and an individual is considered functional contextual factors when they demonstrate effective OCCUPATIONAL CHALLENGES adaptation to occupational challenges. May occur depending on the individual's DYS ADAPTIVE RESPONSES current abilities, desire to master the (OCCUPATIONAL DYSFUNCTION) occupation, and surrounding conditions. Imbalance between desire and demand ROLE DEMANDS OR EXPECTATIONS for mastery includes internal and external needs When a person is unable to generate OCCUPATIONAL RESPONSES appropriate adaptive response due to Individuals assess the amount of personal/environmental factors professional problems, the societal DESIRE FOR MASTERY responsibilities, and the accompanying A person's ability to function is based on role expectations when they interact the inherent desire to master with their surroundings. occupations through transactions with DOMAIN OF CONCERN the environment PERSON Function cognitive abilities ○ The individual has a strong Physical abilities innate desire for mastery, Emotional abilities allowing for successful OCCUPATION performance in their ADLs occupational roles IADLs Dysfunction Work ○ The individual is overwhelmed or Education lacks the desire for mastery, ENVIRONMENT leading to feelings of failure or inadequacy Physical environment Social environment DEMAND FOR MASTERY Cultural environment Dynamic & experiential context within ADAPTATION the person engages in occupations and occupational roles that influence Skill development occupational performance and Environmental modification participation Assistive technology Function Adaptive strategies ○ Can manage the demands placed upon them resulting in successful performance FUNCTION-DYSFUNCTION Dysfunction ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP ○ Demands exceed the person's occupational challenges in the adaptive capabilities environment PRESS FOR MASTERY APPLICATION TO PRACTICE Upon which the person creates an Empower OA process by making the internal adaptive response to the client the agent of change situation and an occupational response ○ Active involvement enhances is produced motivation and ownership Function ○ Interventions based on client's ○ A person creatively responding to goals and values occupation Occupations are central in eliciting Dysfunction adaptive responses ○ Hinder the person's ability to ○ Meaningful occupations promote generate an effective learning of new skills occupational response ○ Help build and adapt to changes RELATIVE MASTERY Focus and reestablishment of 4 aspects occupational roles ○ Efficiency ○ Reinforces existing roles or Use of time, energy, and establish new ones resources ○ Provides order and meaning in ○ Effectiveness life changes Extent to which the Increase relative mastery and adaptive desired goal was achieved capacity ○ Satisfaction to self ○ Boosts confidence and ○ Satisfaction to society self-efficacy in handling stressors 3 components ○ Builds adaptability through ○ Effective participation training and experience Assessed based on how Holistic assessment well people achieve their ○ Considers physical, emotional, occupational engagement and social circumstances and participation goals ○ Informs tailored interventions for ○ Efficiency overall well-being ○ Satisfaction Evidence supporting the use of OA Extent to which people are ○ Experiences of disability content with their ○ Life changes occupational performance ○ Therapeutic interventions ADAPTIVE CAPACITY ○ Specific settings and populations Person's ability to perceive the need to change, modify, or refine responses to ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP VII. PEOP MODEL BRONFENBRENNER'S ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM Person Environment Occupation MODEL & WEISMAN'S ENVIRONMENTAL Performance Model DESIGN THEORY Developed by CAROLYN BAUM & Focus: a person's social development CHARLES CHRISTIANSEN across their lifespan. Applicable to all ages Highlights the interconnectedness of THEORETICAL BASE familial, educational, occupational, and FIT BETWEEN THE PERSON AND THE communal environments ENVIRONMENT AS PEOPLE AGE HANCOCK AND DUHL'S HEALTHY functional performance results from COMMUNITIES CONCEPTUAL MODEL considering the characteristics of the Focus: the development of social individual and their environment policies that cater to the distinct needs Adaptive & maladaptive behaviors arise of a community due to interaction and overlap between ASSUMPTIONS the individual and their environment Person MOOS' SOCIAL ECOLOGY MODEL ○ A person is dynamic, motivated, Focuses on observing environmental and evolving being, and factors that influence the behavior of engaging with its environment people in psychiatric or elderly settings constantly KAPLAN'S MODEL OF Environment PERSON-ENVIRONMENT COMPATIBILITY ○ The environment is dynamic in perception, attention, and planning, which it can facilitate or restrict greatly influence how well a person the impact of the occupational functions in their environment performance of the person Goal: to understand how individuals and Occupations their environment interact and fit each ○ tasks that are done to other accomplish a purpose. IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTION ON Occupational performance THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE & ○ dynamic and complex THEIR ENVIRONMENTS phenomenon Focused on the importance of an ○ influenced by the interactions individual's internal environment in that take place between the shaping their relationship with the individual, their surroundings, external world and occupation in which the person engages. Person -Environment-Occupation Fit ○ there are three major components ( person, environment and occupation) ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP that interact continuously across PERSON (INTRINSIC FACTORS) time and space in ways that ☆ The well-being makes them more or less physiological congruent Cognitive PEOP MODEL COMPONENTS Spiritual The three main elements; person, Neuro-behavioral environment, and occupation, Psychological constantly interact throughout time and ENVIRONMENT (EXTRINSIC FACTORS) space, with their degree of alignment ☆ the quality of life influencing the overall effectiveness and social support efficiency of occupational performance. Social & economic systems The closer these three elements "fit" or Culture & values align, the more optimal the Built environment and technology occupational performance will be. Natural environment POSTULATES OF CHANGE The interaction between the person and environmental components positively or negatively influences occupational performance. People engage with their environment while performing their occupations. The client and therapist work together to facilitate change. ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP VIII. CLIENT CENTERED MODEL Congruence Developed by CARL ROGERS ○ This is when people are able to emphasizes respect for clients and their perceive themselves, other active participation people, and their experiences THEORETICAL BASE with no conflict. Carl Rogers Personality Theory: Self Real Self Actualization ○ The way a person perceives Self-insight themself affects how a person ○ Perspective to the situation thinks, feels, and acts in this which they are in. world ○ the understanding of one’s own Positive Self Regard emotions, thoughts, and ○ The condition under which we behaviors. grant ourselves acceptance and Actualizing Tendency approval. A feeling of ○ Basic human motivation to contentment with oneself and is actualize, maintain, and enhance related to positive mental health. the self Unconditional positive regard Organismic Valuing Process ○ Approval granted regardless of a ○ a person is able to weigh out person’s behavior. It is in the whether the life experience has a reciprocal nature of a person. positive or negative value Conditional Positive Regard depending if they would rather ○ Approval, love, or acceptance avoid or repeat it. granted only when a person Experiential World expresses desirable behaviors ○ The more a person is exposed to and attitudes. the world, the actualization Ideal Self tendency flourishes and grows. ○ A person’s dynamic ambitions ○ Experiences become the basis of and goals. judgment and behaviors. Conditions of worth Self-Concept ○ A belief that a person is worthy ○ the image of what we are, what of approval only when they we should be, and what we would express desirable behaviors and like to be attitudes and refrain from Incongruence expressing those that brings ○ This is when a person’s disapproval from others. self-concept is in conflict with Fully-functioning person their experience. ○ The capability to operate their valuing processes fully people would begin to experience self movement and growth ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP ASSUMPTIONS Power Formative Tendency ○ Ability to persuade and to obtain a tendency for all matter, both organic influence and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to ○ To have shared power with the more complex forms. client. Actualizing Tendency Negotiation to move toward completion or ○ establishing a bond with the fulfillment of potential. other person, in an atmosphere Two tendencies to maintain and to where listening is as important as enhance the organism are subsumed expressing your views. within the actualizing tendency: POSTULATES OF CHANGE ○ Maintenance The therapist participates in active Includes basic needs but it listening, paying attention and deeply also includes a tendency understanding the client’s feelings, to resist change and to thoughts, and experiences. seek status quo. Increased client’s motivation which can ○ Enhancement lead to active participation in therapy Strong desire to learn and Improved client’s performance, skills, willingness to change. and sense of autonomy aligned with Types of Client-Centered Model of Care client’s goals Type 1: Led by client Stronger therapist-client relationship ○ A therapist-client relationship in that is built on trust and collaboration which the client is the one that APPLICATION TO PRACTICE determines the objectives and employs a client-centered approach to decides how the treatment enhance daily functioning and overall should go. well-being, utilizing comprehensive Type 2: Led by interaction evaluations and assessments to tailor ○ Has three concepts that enable therapy to individual needs. us to understand this type which PERSONAL REFLECTION are respect, power, and Reflective practice negotiation. Journaling Respect Feedback ○ Respect their opinions, choices, CLIENT-CENTERED PROCESSES and values but as a therapist, Structured evaluation tools one must also realize their Conducting studies such as capabilities, needs and semi-structured interviews limitations especially if it will Reviewing documentation cause harm to the client. Educating, Encouraging and Teaching Advocacy skills ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)  FOUNDATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY 2 BSOT / First Semester - MIDTERMS UPHSD - LP PRACTICE SETTINGS Client perspectives Support COMMUNITY ORGANIZING Informing communities about client-centered health services Engagement COALITION ADVOCACY AND POLITICAL ACTION Demonstrate a position Influence ATHENIA BALLELOS (:3)