Hong Kong Food Waste & Yard Waste Plan 2014-2022 PDF

A FOOD WASTE & YARD WASTE PLAN FOR HONG KONG 2014-2022 Environment Bureau February 2014 CONTENTS TITLE PAGE Message from the Chief Executi...

A FOOD WASTE & YARD WASTE PLAN FOR HONG KONG 2014-2022 Environment Bureau February 2014 CONTENTS TITLE PAGE Message from the Chief Executive...................................................................................... 1 Special Messages from Principal Officials............................................................................ 2 Preface........................................................................................................................... 4 1 | Our Vision for Reducing Food Waste.............................................................................. 5 2 | Our Target and Strategy for Food Waste......................................................................... 8 3 | Food Waste Avoidance............................................................................................... 10 4 | Separation and Collection of Food Waste..................................................................... 13 5 | Treatment and Recycling of Food Waste....................................................................... 17 6 | The “Leftovers” for Disposal...................................................................................... 23 7 | Dealing with Yard Waste............................................................................................ 24 8 | Conclusion............................................................................................................... 28 Annex........................................................................................................................... 29 Abbreviations................................................................................................................. 31 Message from the Chief Executive “W aste Not” is one of my deepest personal beliefs and I try to live by it. Reducing food waste is a subject I feel particularly strongly about. I frequently discuss topics such as avoiding food waste at source and separating out food waste from other waste for recycling. My family and I have considerable hands-on experience on a small scale at our home. This experience has deepened my passion for working with the people of Hong Kong to change our wasteful habits. If we all spend a bit more time and effort, we can significantly reduce food waste in Hong Kong. My Election Manifesto includes a clear commitment to “promote food waste reduction, encourage the business and industrial sector to undertake sorting of their waste at source, build more organic waste recycling and treatment facilities, and encourage the full use of recycled resources such as compost”. I congratulate the Environment Bureau on publishing this blueprint on food and yard waste which articulates Hong Kong’s stance with respect to organic waste and how the Government is tackling the issue. To succeed, we require everyone’s support at each step along the way. The journey is complicated, as it involves many aspects and there are many details to be worked out. All this will take time, but there should be no doubting our commitment to reduce food and yard waste. CY Leung Chief Executive Hong Kong Special Administrative Region –1– Special Messages from Principal Officials One of my responsibilities in this term of Government is to provide steer to the Environment Bureau in the overall mainstreaming of organic waste reduction and treatment. The Steering Committee to Promote Sustainable Development of the Recycling Industry that I chair, among other duties, provides an internal platform to align more effectively the work of Government departments in waste management, including the management of organic waste. Carrie Lam Chief Secretary for Administration Public money and food alike are scarce resources. Consistent with the principle of fiscal prudence, we should avoid and reduce food waste. John C Tsang Financial Secretary Proper handling of waste is a challenging task, including enactment of new legislation and amendment of existing ones. We all share a responsibility to reduce food waste at source. I will give my full support and practise food waste reduction. Rimsky Yuen, SC Secretary for Justice If Hong Kong is truly to deal with our large quantities of food waste, households will need to take on the responsibility to firstly avoid and reduce food waste, and when the food waste recycling system incrementally develops, separate their food waste. Colleagues responsible for public housing management will promote food waste reduction in the coming years to dovetail with the Government’s overall food waste programme. Professor Anthony Cheung Secretary for Transport and Housing As the Chinese saying goes, ‘One should know that every single grain on the plate is the fruit of hard work’. Cherishing food is a traditional Chinese virtue. For urban dwellers living in densely populated cities nowadays, it is all the more necessary to reduce food waste. We support launching the environmental protection projects at district level to promote the ‘Food Wise’ culture and waste reduction. Tsang Tak-sing Secretary for Home Affairs There are issues which we can talk about; yet food waste reduction is beyond negotiation. Let’s work together to achieve our shared goal – to reduce food waste right from this meal! Raymond Tam Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Hong Kong, as a bustling city, generates around 9 000 tonnes of municipal solid waste every day. Food waste accounts for about 40% (i.e. 3 900 tonnes) of them, equalling the weight of about 250 double-decker buses. The community has therefore put in large amount of land resources and public money to handle the waste. Let’s join hands to find ways to reduce food waste and save social resources. Professor KC Chan Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury –2– Special Messages from Principal Officials I am particularly interested in making the fullest and best use of surplus edible food by redistributing and donating it to people in need. I understand from non-governmental organisations (NGOs) engaged in food donation and poverty alleviation that there should be huge potential in this respect if the supply and demand chains can be better coordinated. I look forward to wider tripartite collaboration involving NGOs, the business sector and the Government in unleashing this potential! Matthew Cheung Kin-chung Secretary for Labour and Welfare The catering and hospitality sector in Hong Kong is highly sophisticated and vibrant. Regardless of whether an establishment caters for budget or luxury customers, food wasteage is to be discouraged. Members of the sector participating in the Food Wise Hong Kong Campaign are to be commended for their efforts. Gregory So Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development The disciplinary forces could be at the forefront of changing behaviour in how to deal with food waste. I am encouraged by the early success in one of our correctional institutions, which has the potential to be up-scaled. TK Lai Secretary for Security I am pleased to collaborate with the Secretary for the Environment to see how schools can help further reduce food waste. I noticed that some schools’ effort has borne fruit, and I am very proud of it. Eddie Ng Secretary for Education I will call upon all civil servants to practice food avoidance and reduction. I believe civil servants and their families can play an important role in changing community behavior. Paul Tang Secretary for Civil Service Promoting food donation is worthy of support from different sectors of the community. To facilitate the work of food donation agencies, the Centre for Food Safety has issued the ‘Food Safety Guidelines for Food Recovery’ for their reference. Dr WM Ko Secretary for Food and Health I support the Environment Bureau’s work in handling yard waste. The Development Bureau will assist relevant departments to implement yard waste reduction measures from planting design to maintenance stages. Paul Chan Secretary for Development –3– Preface W e all know we need to change our habits so that we can live more sustainably. Treasuring our resources is essential to achieving environmental sustainability. We have set a goal for Hong Kong that by 2022, we will reduce our per capita municipal solid waste disposal rate by 40% using 2011 as the base. This means each one of us must work hard to reduce our daily waste at home, at school, at work and even when we recreate. One thing that we can all do is to become much more aware of the food we buy and eat, and to treasure our good fortune to have sufficient food to nourish us. By avoiding food waste, we will play our part for the environment to ease further pressure on the world’s food system when so many individuals and families still face hunger all over the world, and even in affluent Hong Kong. Our grandparents and parents were more careful in how they handled food. They did not over- buy or throw away leftovers when Hong Kong was a less wealthy society – now that we have wealth and also knowledge, we should be proud of adopting “Use Less, Waste Less” practices because we know better. Our Blueprint for Sustainable Use of Resources 2013-2022 published in May 2013 articulates our strategy on waste management to reduce, recycle, treat and dispose of waste. This document addresses Hong Kong’s organic waste – namely food waste and yard waste. This is a companion document to the Blueprint, and articulates the specific strategy for tackling food and yard waste. I urge you to read both of them and join hands with us for this cause. Just remember that when you leave food in your bowl; when you prepared or ordered too much food; when food is spoiled because you forgot to eat it – these all generally gets thrown away and end up in our landfills. So, take more care not to waste. Don’t be a Big Waster. KS Wong Secretary for the Environment February 2014 –4– 1 Our Vision for Reducing Food Waste “Use Less, Waste Less” Our overall vision is to “Use Less” and “Waste Less” of the earth’s resources through instilling an environmentally-sustainable culture into Hong Kong people’s daily lives. Our Blueprint for Sustainable Use of Resources 2013- 2022 (the Blueprint) published in May 2013 provides a broad picture of our plan and strategy to deal with waste with a view to reducing impact on our environment. As stated in the Blueprint, the starting point of our new policy is to adopt a different attitude to waste in Hong Kong: our waste stream contains a treasure trove of useful resources, much of which can be reused, recycled and recovered. Figure 1 Composition of MSW in Hong Kong, 2012 Overall Waste Reduction Target Our target is to reduce the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal rate to landfill by 40% on a per capita basis by 2022 using 2011 as the base. Paper Plastics Of the approximately 9,000 tonnes of MSW that is 20.5% 19.7% thrown away at landfills everyday, some 40% are made at tan up of “putrescibles”,1 which are various types of organic d /R Woo waste that decompose and create odour. It is mainly 4.1% made up of food waste (around 90%) but includes Others 3.9% some other waste, such as yard waste and personal care Textiles 3 cotton products. Putrescibles.2% 41.7% Glas s3.1% Me H tal h ou 2.6 % Food Waste 1.3azar seho % dou ld Among organic waste in Hong Kong, food waste sw as te s constitutes the majority of putrescible waste. Food waste is any waste, whether raw, cooked, edible and associated Total MSW in 2012 with inedible parts generated during food production, 9,278 tonnes /day distribution, storage, meal preparation or consumption of meals. 1. “Monitoring of Solid Waste in Hong Kong – Waste Statistics for 2011”, https://www.wastereduction.gov.hk/en/materials/info/msw2011.pdf. –5– 1 Our Vision for Reducing Food Waste Figure 2 Breakdown of Putrescible Waste in 2011 economies also generate significant quantities of food tonnes/day (% of MSW)2 waste. Thankfully, there is a growing realization that food waste prevention and reduction should be high on the Others3 C&I Total: policy priorities of municipal authorities. 258 (2.9%) 1,126 (12.5%) Yard Waste 82 (0.9%) Food Waste 1,056 (11.7%) Everyone a Recycler Yard Waste 15 (0.2%) Everyone consumes food – at home, at work or dining Others3 out – so each one of us can play an active role to reduce Food Waste 56 (0.6%) 2,528 (28.1%) food waste at source. Hong Kong also has many C&I Domestic Total: 2,868 (31.9%)2 enterprises involved in the food business, such as food factories, operators of restaurants, fast food outlets, cafes, canteens, hotels, supermarkets, food markets, Oth 314 ers To bakeries, groceries, fruit stalls, butcheries and all types Tot tal Ya of food producers and retailers. Institutions that provide al r 97 d W as food, including hotels, restaurants, schools and colleges te providing meals to students, hospitals providing meals to Grand patients and airlines to passengers, as well as companies Total Total: that provide staff meals, could play an active part to Food Waste 3,994 reduce food waste. 3,584 Note: Figures may not add up to total due to rounding off. What is food waste? Rotten fruit and vegetables Hong Kong’s food waste Fish and poultry organs and intestine, In 2011, our base year, Hong Kong people threw away meat trimmings and residues about 3,600 tonnes of food waste every day – two-thirds Fruit and vegetable peelings, cores, pips, garnishes came from households (around 2,500 tonnes) and one- Meat, fish, shellfish shells, bones third from food-related commercial and industrial (C&I) sources (around 1,100 tonnes). Food fats, sauces, condiments Soup pulp, Chinese medicinal pulp Our food waste disposal is equivalent to throwing away Egg shells, cheeses, ice cream, yogurts the weight of approximately 250 double-decker buses Tea leaves, teabags, coffee grounds every 24 hours or nearly 100,000 double-decker buses Bread, cakes, biscuits, desserts, jam every year. Reducing the quantity of food waste is critical to Hong Kong achieving our overall waste reduction Cereals of all types e.g. rice, noodles, oats target by 2022. Plate scrapings and leftover of cooked food BBQ raw or cooked leftovers Hong Kong is not alone in producing large quantities of Food past its use-by-date food waste. Figure 4 shows other cities with developed Pet food 2. Average MSW disposed of in 2011 was 8,996 tonnes per day. 3. Other putrescible waste includes personal care cotton products, such as diapers. –6–  1 Our Vision for Reducing Food Waste Figure 3 Average daily disposal quantity of food waste in Hong Kong (2003-2012) (kg/person/day) 0.6 Food waste per capita 0.5 (tonnes) 10,000 0.4 8,000 0.3 6,000 0.2 4,000 0.1 Other MSW 2,000 C&I food waste 0 0 Domestic food waste 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (year) Figure 4 Food waste of Hong Kong and other cities from domestic sources (per year) HO SEO KONNG UL G 920,000 tonnes onness 767,000 tonnes nes per year of domestic TAIP per year of domestic food waste EI food waste5 neCsITY 182,000 tonnes per year of domestic estic and small businesses food waste4 0.07 tonne per capita 0.13 tonne per capita (0.2 kg per capita per day) (0.4 kg per capita per day) 0.07 tonne per capita (0.2 kg per capita per day) = 100,000 tonnes = 1,000,000 (population) 4. Taiwan environmental authority, 2011; the tonnages includes food waste from small businesses. The population in Taipei is about 2.6 million. 5. Ministry of Environment, South Korea, 2011. The population in Seoul is about 10.5 million. –7– 2 Our Target and Strategy for Food Waste Diverting food waste from landfills Our target is to cut down the amount of food waste that Direct and indirect benefits goes to landfills by at least 40% by 2022. This means of food waste prevention and our goal is to reduce our food waste to landfills from reduction around 3,600 tonnes a day to around 2,160 tonnes a day (a reduction of about 500,000 tonnes per year) over Preventing and reducing food waste saves resources the course of about eight years. This is an ambitious and cut environmental impacts. According to UNEP, goal and it can only be achieved with public support and roughly a third of the food produced in the world for active participation. human consumption is wasted or lost every year, amount to 1.3 billion tonnes annually. This amounts to a major The prevention and reduction of food waste to landfill has squandering of resources, including land, water, energy, labour and capital that had gone into producing the multiple direct and indirect benefits. It will help to reduce food, and needlessly produced GHG, expediting climate various resource use associated with food production, change.6 cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, recover useful resources from food waste, reduce the social cost of handling and treating food waste, and better utilize the WASTED capacity of landfill and waste-to-energy facilities. Strategy to achieve our target Our strategy for food waste has FOUR main components: Mobilize the community - Prevent and reduce food waste at source (i.e. before 6. UNEP, “Food Waste Facts”, http://www.unep.org/wed/quickfacts/. food become waste) - Donate surplus food to people Promote food waste separation Emphasis on food - Incentivize separation waste-to-energy Recycle and treat separated food waste Our plan is to recycle food waste mainly into renewable - Turn food waste into renewable energy energy because Hong Kong can use large quantities - Convert food waste residue to compost to create a of energy either in the form of biogas or electricity. soil supplement Food waste could also be treated to recover Treat non-separated food waste and final disposal nutrients in the form of - Provide MSW waste-to-energy treatment that includes compost as side product for landscaping or non-separated food waste for recovery of energy agricultural applications - Disposal as last resort at landfills but Hong Kong has limited capacity for such uses. –8– 2 Our Target and Strategy for Food Waste Figure 5 provides a picture of food waste management Chapter 5 addresses recycling of food waste; and options according to a hierarchy of their importance. Chapter 6 deals with the treatment and disposal of MSW Chapter 3 deals with the prevention and reduction of where food waste has not been separated, collected and food waste, as well as donation of surplus food; Chapter recycled. Chapter 7 deals with yard waste. 4 deals with separation and collection of food waste; Figure 5 Food waste management hierarchy Prevent and reduce food waste at source Donate surplus food for human consumption Recycle to recover energy and nutrients Waste-to-energy treatment of MSW Clean landfill- ing –9– 3 Food Waste Avoidance The most important step in reducing food waste is to individuals, households and businesses, we can change avoid creating it in the first place. and not waste precious food. Our main social mobilization campaign is the Food Rethink and Community Mobilization Wise Hong Kong Campaign. It is designed to galvanise Hong Kong people need to rethink our relationship with the community, from individuals to households to C&I food. By focusing on our real need for nutrition, we can operators, to avoid and reduce food waste at source. choose to avoid over-buying, over-ordering and over- Using overseas experience as a guide, we anticipate this preparing food that is then dumped because we cannot campaign may help Hong Kong to avoid about 5% to use or consume it all. Once we rethink our habits as 10% of food waste by 2017/18.7 Food Wise Hong Kong Campaign Campaign. Training will be provided to help Ambassadors to spread the key messages and practical tips about food Year -5% waste reduction across the community. By end 2013, over 450 Ambassadors to 2017/18 -10% have been recruited. A Food Wise Charter has also been established. By end 2013, over 320 organisations, including various trades, non-governmental organisations On 3 December 2012, we set up the Food best practices in the C&I sector to working and government departments have signed Wise Hong Kong Steering Committee to with government departments, schools the Charter to show their support for the drive leadership in food waste avoidance and non-governmental organisations Campaign and to commit to reducing food and reduction through working with leaders (NGOs) in order to expand participation. waste. in this field in order to formulate and The campaign is also facilitating food oversee the implementation of the Food donation for dual purposes of caring for the Based on the actual effect of the campaign, Wise Hong Kong Campaign. The campaign disadvantaged and waste reduction. we would keep in view the need for any was formally launched on 18 May 2013. further policy measures to incentivize the Food Wise Ambassadors from the reduction of food waste generation. The campaign has a variety of activities, community and organization have ranging from articulating and disseminating been recruited since the launch of the 7. The estimate of 5% to 10% from avoidance is derived from the British experience, where the national average reduction achieved after a period of intense public education was 2% but in the best districts 14% was achieved. We are using 5% to10% as a possible estimated outcome. – 10 – 3 Food Waste Avoidance Disney/Foodlink event Ma On Shan Ling Liang Primary School Food waste reduction successes Sing Yin Secondary School The Environment Bureau and Education Bureau jointly In September 2013, The Chinese University of Hong Kong launched the Green Lunch Charter in February 2010 to launched a two-year “Love Food Hate Waste @CUHK”, which is encourage schools to reduce food waste and the use of a food waste education campaign. The university envisages the disposable lunch boxes. The Environment and Conservation campus becoming a ‘living laboratory’ for food waste reduction Fund (ECF) has also reserved $150 million to support existing and recycling. The campaign takes a multi-pronged approach schools to retrofit facilities in order to portion meals on site, while and initiatives included the operation of food waste composters new school premises will be designed to enable on-site meal and other food waste recycling methods, micro film production portioning as a standard feature. and distribution of food and beverage coupons to students who have finished all their food. A good example is Ma On Shan Ling Liang Primary School, which involves daily volunteer parent helpers. About 720 The Lo Wu Correctional Institution has an average of 75% of participating students join the programme, while 170 students its inmates participating in the Waste No Food Scheme since bring their own packed lunch. The school has also set up a small April 2013. The project enhanced environmental awareness on-site composter to convert food waste into fertilizer which and encouraged the reduction of leftover food. Upon enrolment is used for their own school organic farming. The programme to the scheme, the persons in custody volunteer to receive a results in substantial reduction in disposable lunch boxes reduced portion of their staple food (rice, chapatti or potatoes). and utensils, with 90% waste reduction from lunch. After the The scheme has avoided 500 bowls of rice having to be implementation of the scheme, the school generates about dumped every day (i.e. around 100 kg). The institution also 4.5 – 6 kg of food waste per day, or about 0.006 – 0.008 kg installed an on-site food waste composting system with a daily per student. capacity of 100 kg which turns fruit peels, vegetable leaves and meal leftover into organic compost for greening purposes. Sing Yin Secondary School set up its own environmental policy and introduced knowledge and skills for practising a wide range Since September 2011, the Health Care Food Service Team at of measures by students and staff. As regards food waste the Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital has reduced reduction, the school has set up food waste recycling facility and patients’ meal portions by 20% and prepare meals according to other green initiatives, such as working with the school’s food actual demand. This initiative has resulted in 42 tonnes of food kiosk operator to avoid and reduce food waste. In the past, the waste reduction (i.e. around 115 kg per day) and a saving of operator would prepare extra lunch boxes every day to meet several hundred thousands per year. This team won the Hospital contingent needs but that often resulted in a surplus that ended- Authority’s Outstanding Team Award in 2013. up having to be dumped. The new practice offers soup noodles and other snacks to meet extra demands as they arose, thus The MTR Corporation Limited has launched an incentive scheme avoiding food waste. that is expected to achieve a 15% reduction in food waste by participating food and beverage tenants in 18 months’ time. – 11 – 3 Food Waste Avoidance A New Core Value becomes a fundamental aspect of our lifestyle and a Early results show there is sympathy within the value we are proud to practise and display. It is not community to avoid food waste. With strong and too hard to imagine that by encouraging a new “Food sustained public communication, and with the Matters” culture that it can help Hong Kong’s catering commitment of the C&I sector, we can make food and hospitality C&I sector, as well as the community as a waste avoidance a core Hong Kong value – that is, it whole, to innovate. Food Donation Surplus edible food could be redistributed good hygiene practices. Furthermore, in restaurants, clubs and hotels. NGOs may for human consumption. Throwing food August 2013, the Government’s Centre consider applying for the ECF to support away deprives someone else from being of Food Safety issued a set of food safety food donation projects that could help nourished by it and is a sheer waste of guidelines for food recovery, where it sets reduce waste to landfill. resources. Momentum of food donation is out food safety principles that should building up in Hong Kong. NGOs operate be applied to food donated to charity, food banks, redistribute dry foodstuffs, regardless of the types and sources of as well as take cooked food from eateries food. Some NGOs have also entered to community centres. There are also into food donation agreements with their NGOs that use surplus produce from donors to deal with food safety liability fresh food markets either for distribution issues. or for preparing hot meals in community We wish to strengthen our support of the kitchens for the needy. work of NGOs to increase the collection Hong Kong’s food donation NGOs are of surplus food from the C&I sector, such becoming increasingly adept at observing as supermarkets, fresh food markets, – 12 – 4 Separation and Collection of Food Waste In the long run, food waste that cannot be avoided Public consultation in 2012 showed Hong Kong people should be recycled as far as possible. Successful food support the concept of quantity-based MSW charging. On waste recycling requires the waste to first be separated 24 January 2014, the Council for Sustainable Development from other types of MSW and then collected for delivery (SDC) completed a four-month public engagement and to recycling facilities. Food waste that has been mixed will draw up recommendations on how quantity-based with other types of waste is contaminated and cannot MSW charging may be implemented in Hong Kong, which be recycled. The separation and collection of food waste will help us to take the initiative forward. We will carefully is therefore a critical aspect of any food waste recycling consider the SDC’s recommendations and draft the system. necessary legislative proposals as soon as possible for the Legislative Council’s scrutiny. Waste Charging Our intention is to implement a quantity-based MSW Source separation of food waste charging scheme by 2016/17. With quantity-based waste There are TWO categories of food waste in general: charging, people will seriously rethink their consumption and disposal behaviour and become much more Pre-consumer food waste conscious about the environmental consequences. We Waste from industrial food processing (vegetative and can pay less by throwing away less. Experience from animal food waste) other parts of the world, including Taipei City and Seoul, Vegetative food waste (vegetable and fruit trimmings, shows that implementation of quantity-based waste spoiled produce) charging provide powerful economic incentive for people Animal food waste (fish, meat, diary) and various trades to reduce avoidable waste and to separate recyclables from the waste stream. Post-consumer food waste With waste charging, Hong Kong’s overall MSW should Served food that has been left uneaten (plate scraping, drop by a good margin over the course of several years.8 uneaten buffet/salad bar food etc.) We estimate that MSW charging could further reduce the quantity of food waste by a further estimated 10% to The food manufacturing and cooking process often 15% between 2017 and 2022. Together with reduction at requires the use of cooking oils. This is a separate form of source by the Food Wise Hong Kong Campaign, as well waste derived from food but it is not counted as part of our food waste statistics (see below). as the establishment of Organic Waste Treatment Facilities (OWTFs – see Chapter 5), we expect Hong Kong could Often found among food waste are soiled food packaging achieve some 40% food waste reduction by 2022. and food service ware (e.g. plastic eating utensils, plastic containers and wooden chopsticks). Removing them first would be most helpful. by 2022 -10% Food to To recycle food waste requires a THREE-step strategy – separation, collection and recycling. Each step is a major Waste Waste -15% operation in itself and then each of the steps needs to be Charging properly aligned for good results. This chapter deals with the first two steps and the next chapter with the third step. 8. In Taipei City and Seoul, about 20% reduction in waste generation was achieved after several years of imposing quantity-based MSW charging and publicity. We are assuming a similar level of reduction could be achieved in Hong Kong through the Food Wise Hong Kong campaign and quantity-based MSW charging. – 13 – 4 Separation and Collection of Food Waste Both the food processing factory and the 2008, the plant treated 283 tonnes in restaurant can also separate out the oils 2012. While this is a useful pilot scheme and fats it produces. to help us gain knowledge, it is recycling less than 0.1% of Hong Kong’s total C&I Food waste food waste. C&I food waste source separation The compost produced from the plant is In preparation for recycling food waste on being used by the Leisure and Cultural Source separation is the pre-requisite for a large scale, we have gained experience Services Department (LCSD) for the effective recycling of waste into useful on food waste source separation with many community gardens it cares for. resources. the C&I sector over the past few years So far, 24 tonnes of compost has been through the operation of the Kowloon Bay provided for its use. Waste generators should be responsible Pilot Food Waste Composting Plant and for separating their food waste. Thus, the Food Waste Recycling Partnership a food processing business, such as a Scheme. The plant was initially used in Household food waste factory making cakes or food sauces 2008 to treat food waste from the venues The Housing Authority has conducted should put in place a system whereby the hosting the Olympic and Paralympic food waste recycling trial schemes at 14 pre-consumer food waste arising from its Equestrian Games, after which EPD public housing estates by phases since business is separated out for subsequent started the Partnership Scheme with C&I 2011, involving nearly 1,000 families collection. Likewise, a restaurant can participants to collect source-separated to encourage the cultivation of food have a system whereby its pre-consumer food waste for delivery to the Kowloon waste separation habits and food waste and post-consumer food waste is also Bay plant. Today, the scheme has over recycling. separated from other waste for collection. 120 participants. From 40 tonnes in – 14 – In addition, in 2011, EPD launched the As at June 2013, about 108 tonnes of 250,000 households (i.e. around 11% of all Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing food waste (i.e. over 0.1 tonne per day on households in Hong Kong) participating. Estates to raise awareness on food waste average) has been recycled, and about 20 reduction and to install composters. As tonnes of compost produced for gardens To achieve this magnitude of increase of December 2013, 37 of them have in the district. from where we are today requires massive received funding under the ECF to install social mobilization, as well as collaboration composters at the estates. Education In March 2012, the Islands Food Waste with food-related businesses and estate programmes organised by these estates Recycling Scheme was launched on managers. The Food Wise Hong Kong would cover about 81,500 households, Cheung Chau and at Yung Shue Wan on Campaign will work hard to mobilize all of which about 4,100 would participate Lamma Island. It aims to educate and stakeholders and the public. We are in food waste source separation and motivate restaurants, food premises and ready to support more programmes and recycling. It is expected that a total of hostels for the elderly to reduce, separate we expect food separation to increase 1,300 tonnes of food waste (i.e. 3-4 and recycle food waste by means of progressively in scale when MSW charging tonnes per day) would be recycled each composting. Up to the end of 2013, about is in place. year and 260 tonnes of compost would 194 tonnes of food waste (i.e. about 0.3 tonne per day on average) had been Needless to say, Hong Kong must make be produced annually, which can be long term plans to involve the community used as fertilizers by the estates for their recycled, and about 21 tonnes of compost produced for local use. to reduce and separate food waste so that plants and gardens. From data collected, a very large number of households will be the Project has created an impact on involved beyond 2022. changing behaviour, as reflected by Up-scaling on quantity the notable reduction in food waste We are gathering data and reflecting on generation by participating households. Voluntary or mandatory experience from all the C&I participants, separation? housing estates and districts so as Examples from overseas show there District food waste schemes to assess the effectiveness of all the abovementioned schemes. This will are successful cases in adopting the We also have district-based programmes help us identify how to broaden the voluntary and mandatory approach. Some at Kwun Tong, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and implementation of food waste separation in jurisdictions, such as South Korea, first Wong Tai Sin. In the first case, we started Hong Kong. In addition, we would initiate a adopted the voluntary approach to get the Food Waste Reduction Programme study on the appropriate means of organic society used to a new way to deal with in 2011 in collaboration with the Kwun waste collection and delivery in Hong Kong food waste and to learn from the process Tong District Council and the property in 2015. before mandating food waste separation. management of a shopping mall, whereby After all, to be able to draft the appropriate customers at eateries are encouraged to By 2018-19, our aim is for about 50% of legislation, it is necessary to articulate how minimize and separate food waste, which our C&I food waste to be recycled, rising to it is to be done. In the case of South Korea, is then recycled at an on-site composter. 60% by 2022 for the C&I sector, assuming legislation only came about 7 years after that we can keep to the schedule of the scheme was launched. Our view is to building OWTFs as per the schedule in take a similar approach – get the wheel in Chapter 5. We hope households will also motion on food separation and iron out the start to separate food waste in increasing details step by step with the community numbers and that by 2022, we may have first. – 15 – 4 Separation and Collection of Food Waste Collection and delivery of food waste Transporting food waste requires special attention. Food waste Once food waste has been separated from other MSW, it can be collection vehicles are needed to ensure there is no leakage or collected and delivered to the food waste recycling facilities. Our odour. In future the vehicles will likely be different from the ones plan is for C&I establishments to be responsible for separating operating in Hong Kong today transporting MSW. Thus, a new their food waste from their other MSW and deliver the separated fleet of food waste vehicles will need to be used or the existing food waste to the recycling facilities discussed below.9 fleet will need to be upgraded. The collection of food waste from domestic sources is more challenging than for C&I establishments because there are many types of residential dwellings. We will initiate a study on the food waste collection and delivery to consider the different types of circumstances in Hong Kong, including dwellings with/without storage space for separated food waste and C&I establishments, the collection and delivery arrangement, the suitable types of vehicles, appropriate ancillary and supporting facilities for any on- site interim storage, the appropriate arrangement for prioritization in the collection and delivery of food waste as well as the social, institutional and resource implications. Separation and Collection of Used In the case of GTW (oil and grease in wastewater), it is collected by specialised Cooking Oil and Grease Trap Waste collectors from the grease traps which all commercial kitchens are required to install. Before GTW can be used as a Separation and collection of used counted as part of our food waste, so they raw material, it must first be treated in cooking oil (UCO) and grease trap waste are in addition to it. one of Hong Kong’s two GTW separation (GTW) has become an established In the case of UCO, many restaurants facilities where the oil is extracted for use practice in the C&I sector as there is separate it from other forms of kitchen as a raw material for biodiesel production value in the UCO itself and the GTW is waste and sell it to collectors. The and the residual wastewater treated to the required to meet the effluent discharge collectors range in size from traditional required environmental standards. The standards under the Water Pollution small waste collectors covering a small first separation facility was built by the Control Ordinance10 and also because of geographical area, to large collectors, Government at the West Kowloon Transfer the growth of Hong Kong’s burgeoning which collects from more than 10,000 Station in 2006, and the second facility biodiesel industry. Hong Kong’s 20,000 outlets every month. The waste oil is is built by one of the plus eateries and food businesses aggregated for use as a raw material for biodiesel producers. generate an estimated 20,000 tonnes of local biodiesel production or export for Together, Hong Kong UCO each year and about 175,000 tons production overseas. has the capacity to treat of GTW. These quantities of waste are not about 1,000 tonnes of GTW a day. 9. Currently, C&I establishments are responsible for delivering their waste either to reduce transfer stations (RTS) or landfills. 10. Grease and oil that is allowed to enter the sewer system causes problems by separating from the wastewater and accumulating on the inside of sewer pipes. Over time, these deposits get larger as more grease and other solid material builds up. Grease deposits reduce the capacity of sewer pipes and cause sewage overflows, offensive odour and an unhealthy environment. The cleaning of grease deposits from sewers is difficult and can be dangerous and is carried out at considerable cost. Therefore, in many areas of Hong Kong there are limits set by the Water Pollution Control Ordinance on the amount of grease and oil that can be allowed to pass to sewer. – 16 – 5 Treatment and Recycling of Food Waste OWTF Network related C&I operators and householders to separate their In light of the fact that Hong Kong generates a very food waste from other MSW. large amount of food waste each day, and that food waste in general decomposes quickly and is unsuited As noted in the previous chapter, we have been to compaction at RTS for long-haul transport, the most promoting food waste separation for some time, suitable method to recycle food waste is to create a where the collected food waste has been recycled network of recycling plants. This approach enables food into compost. Apart from the Kowloon Bay Pilot Food waste to be transported quickly from population centres Waste Composting Plant and collaborating with the to the facilities that are not too far away thereby reducing C&I sector, we also launched a number of schemes potential nuisance. for households and other sectors. In the case of our household schemes for on-site composting, the daily Preferred technology capacity for individual estates is in the range of around 50 kg to 100 kg. Schools and some institutions have also We have reviewed many types of technology for treating installed small on-site composters, most of which have food waste to assess their suitability for Hong Kong (see daily capacities of 5 kg to 100 kg. While the pilot plant Annex). As Hong Kong has a large need for energy, and on-site composters handle very small quantities, the our policy is to treat the city’s collected food waste to goal is to get people used to separating food waste. More produce energy using anaerobic digestion as the core organizations, schools and residential establishments are technology. This process also produces residue that interested to start their own on-site programmes. could be processed to become compost or fertilizer as side-products but our goal is to turn waste into energy Expectation and Capacity Mismatch and maximize energy production since Hong Kong has limited use for compost and fertilizer but can use large Going forward, our challenge is to continue to promote amounts of energy. food waste reduction at source as our priority, while increasing the social momentum to separate waste as we Social mobilization start to build the network of OWTFs, although the first one will only be ready in 2016. Indeed, it will take some years Hong Kong people are becoming more and more before Hong Kong has the recycling capability to deal conscious about reducing food waste. We expect this with approximately 50% of the city’s food waste. There trend to gather strength with the spread of awareness could well be a mismatch between public expectation raising programmes promoted by us and also by to participate in food waste separation schemes and the community groups in the coming two years, as well as availability of treatment capacity, especially for households. after MSW charging is in place. The key is to get food- Anaerobic digestion technology Anaerobic digestion is a process where natural gas) as well as a residue that million kWh of surplus electricity, which is micro-organisms are used to breakdown can be processed for use as compost or equivalent to the electricity used by some organic matter in the absence of oxygen.11 fertilizer. The energy produced can be 3,000 households. Recycling food waste using this method used to run the facility and for the surplus This technology is now mature and the is low carbon and produces biogas (a energy to be exported. For example, we optimal capacity for an OWTF is in the source of renewable energy similar to estimate OWTF1 can produce up to 14 range of 100 to 300 tonnes per day. 11. There are other technologies to treat food waste, such as composting, waste decomposing into waste water, dehydration and the Bokashi method, but they cannot compare with the advantages of large-scale anaerobic digestion facilities. – 17 – 5 Treatment and Recycling of Food Waste Network of Organic Waste Treatment Facilities (OWTFs) We envisage Hong Kong needs to build a network of around five to six OWTFs II between 2014 and 2024 with a total recycling capacity of about 1,300- 1,500 tonnes per day. The first facility III Sha Ling (OWTF1) at Siu Ho Wan (North Lantau) is already under tender and will cater for Shek Kong 200 tonnes of food waste per day. It is a government-funded Design-Build-Operate (DBO) project and is expected to become operational in 2016.12 I There are currently two other possible sites for OWTFs to be built. The Siu Ho Wan Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for OWTF2 has been done and it needs to be taken forward expeditiously using the established DBO arrangement. The EIA for OWTF3 will also be taken forward as quickly as possible. As for further facilities, suitable locations still need to be identified. II We welcome the private sector to participate in the development of further OWTFs. We are open to options and III Sha Ling proposals from the private sector either on sites identified by the Government or Shek Kong other sites proposed by the private sector. I Siu Ho Wan 12. The contractor is engaged through open tender to conduct detailed design, carry out the construction works and operate the facility upon completion for 15 years. – 18 – 5 Treatment and Recycling of Food Waste One possible measure is to continue to encourage, better potentials, such as for the collected food waste facilitate and subsidise households to do small scale on- to be taken to sites like the Kowloon Bay pilot plant as site or off-site composting (or other off-site treatment) so a stop-gap arrangement. While it is not easy to find that residents continue food waste separation practices. suitable sites for this purpose, we are open to ideas As for on-site composting, since most estates have from the community. What we need is for the network of limited space, such an arrangement will have limited OWTFs to be built as quickly as possible. It is often not potentials however. Off-site composting may have appreciated that weight for weight, on-site composting is much more expensive than OWTFs. C&I sector before households? OWTF1 will be commissioned in 2016 with a capability of treating 200 tonnes of food waste a day. For the OWTF1 located II in North Lantau, the users will be mainly Sha Ling from Lantau Island, and nearby districts including Tsing Yi, Tsuen Wan, Kwai Chung and West Kowloon. For OWTF2 at Sha Ling, the users will be mainly from Sheung Shui, Fanling, Yuen Long and Shatin. Together with OWTF3 at Shek Kong, the first three OWTFs will cover most of the New Territories and West Kowloon. I We expect the C&I sector would be the first to use the first two OWTFs since the Siu Ho Wan food waste from C&I is relatively easier to be separated. By the time OWTF3 comes on stream possibly around 2021, there will be greater demand for household food waste to be recycled, as more and more households get used to separating waste. Adjustments may bee needed on how best to distribute C&I and domestic food waste for recycling at these facilities. – 19 – 5 Treatment and Recycling of Food Waste Participation by Private Sector and Universities participation. OWTF1 and 2 will be taken forward using Hong Kong needs to build urgently a network of OWTFs the established DBO arrangement. We are open to with due speed in order to meet our disposal at landfill adopting different types of private sector participation reduction target by 2022. Moreover, we also wish to mode for future OWTFs with a view to building them as ensure that the public would not become discouraged soon as practicable while maintaining high technological if in future their separated food waste could not be and operational standards. For future OWTFs, we are recycled due to a lack of OWTF capacity. open to proposals from the private sector either on sites identified by the Government or on sites proposed by the In order to build up Hong Kong’s ability to separate private sector. and recycle food waste, we welcome private sector On-site composting – several challenges Doing on-site recycling of food waste into compost is not the Potential nuisance most suitable solution in Hong Kong because of our dense Potential hygiene and odour issues may create nuisance and urban environment and operational challenges. complaints, especially if the food waste handling process is not up to scratch. The composting operation should better be Space constraint carried out away from residents. Not every housing estate has the space to put one or more composter on-site (see below on scale). In terms of treatment Cost efficiency capacity, on-site composting is not the best solution for Hong The operating cost per tonne of treating food waste by on-site Kong. composters is far from cheap. Indeed, it could be ten times more than operating an OWTF due to scale and the constant Expertise and quality need to sustain good management. It can cost from around Proper operational expertise is required to keep the composter HK$10,000 to even HK$20,000 to treat one tonne of food working optimally, and professional managers may be waste taking a small 100 kg composter as example. The cost necessary. The lack of expertise will affect the quality of the comparisons on page 21 are derived from local measures compost output, which will in turn affect whether users will be experimenting with composters. willing to use the compost. Damage of paddles and Leachate from Compost not composting odour removal suitable for chamber device planting – 20 – 5 Treatment and Recycling of Food Waste Issue of scale Buildings and estates Outlying Islands and remote communities A typical Hong Kong household produces just over 1 kg of food Take Cheung Chau as an example. Its residence produces waste per day. Thus, a typical residential block of 50 floors with about 6 tonnes of food waste per day. There are currently two 8 households per floor produces about 400 kg of food waste composting facilities there capable of handling 200 kg and 100 per day. Let’s say 50% of the households separate their waste, kg each day per day. Assuming a 50% recycling rate, there is including food waste, which means there is 200 kg of food waste a need to find suitable space for 15 to 30 composters on the to recycle each day. Approximately 15 sq m will be needed for island, which is difficult. As Cheung Chau is now served by an one composter with a capacity of 100 kg that also allows room outlying island RTS, food waste generated in Cheung Chau can for operation. Many standalone buildings will not have sufficient be transported to one of the future OWTFs nearby for recycling space to do on-site composting. Even large estates may not and treatment. Thus, for outlying islands with RTS or remote be able to find sufficient or suitable space. That said, for new areas with road access, food waste could still be transferred to building, efforts are being made to encourage a more facilitating one of the OWTFs for recycling and treatment. design for food waste recycling (e.g. through BEAM Plus). OWTF Phase 1 Total capital cost per tonne Kowloon Bay Total operation cost per tonne Pilot Plant Total combined cost per tonne Composter at Tin Ching Estate ECF Food Waste Recycling Projects in Housing Estate Composter at On-site Composters Tsz Ching Estate Composter at Tai Shing Street Market Composter at Sai Kung Recreational Facility Composter at Kwai Yung Court (KYC) Composters at West Kowloon Disciplined Quarter (WKDQ) (HK$) – 21 – 5 Treatment and Recycling of Food Waste Biodiesel Local Technology an encouraging example of innovation in biological treatment of food wastes private sector-led food waste recycling We are paying close attention to local research and experimentation with food waste treatment technologies, some of which are supported by ECF funding. For example, Biodiesel made from university researchers are looking at how to increase the energy potential of food UCO is known as a waste using anaerobic digestion, as well as developing composting techniques to second-generation reduce odour and nitrogen loss that can also improve the quality of the end product. biofuel. In the past Experiments are also on-going on how to reduce composting several years, Hong time. We will keep in view the progress of local research and Kong has seen the consider incorporating successful experience into our food waste establishment of three factories to management projects. convert UCO or GTW to biodiesel. This represents private-sector led capital investment totalling about HK$1.5 billion. Their combined production capacity is about 150,000 tons per annum of biodiesel. This end product can be exported and also used in Hong Kong. Biodiesel can be blended with diesel to reduce pollutant emissions from vehicles, ships and machinery. – 22 – 6 The “Leftovers” for Disposal Despite everyone’s efforts, there will still be a The assumptions in Figure 6 are ambitious and optimistic considerable amount of food waste that are not separated but highly dependent on the successful mobilization of and mixed with other waste that will be treated with other the community to separate waste, implementation of MSW. Using overseas experience as a guide, even with quantity-based MSW charging by 2016/17, development sustained efforts, there will likely still be over 50% of our of an effective collection and delivery system for source- food waste that will be mixed in with the city’s MSW.13 separated food waste, and the continuous adding of By 2022, about 3,000 tonnes of our MSW will be treated OWTFs. Any change will increase the quantity of “leftover”. at a new Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) each day, assuming it can be built in time. The rest will Achieving Our Food Waste Reduction Target still have to be landfilled. The above presents a reasonable plan to achieve the target of at least 40% reduction of food waste to landfills Assuming a relatively constant local population and by 2022 using 2011 as the base. However, community keeping the same food waste disposal rate, even if we support of the programme of action is as important as can achieve roughly 5% to 10% reduction through food our commitment to the target. The success of achieving waste prevention, and another 10% to 15% reduction the target hinges upon the measures highlighted in from waste charging, plus having a network of several Chapters 3, 4 and 5 so that citizens, organisations and OWTFs with the capacity to recycle about 1,300 tonnes the Government can each play their part to reduce, of food waste, Hong Kong will still have about 1,500 separate and recycle food waste. tonnes of food waste mixed in with the city MSW to deal with.14 This remaining portion represents un-separated, contaminated food waste. Figure 6 Projected Reduction in Food Waste Volume Year 2011 2012-2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 beyond 2022 200 tonnes /day 300 tonnes /day 300 tonnes /day 500 tonnes /day OWTF 1 OWTF2 OWTF3 OWTF4 & 5 if suitable sites could be found in time 100 tonnes /day private facilities e.g. EcoPark 360 tonnes /day 324 through tonnes /day prevention dropped by e.g. Foodwise HK waste charging 3,600 3,500 3,300 2,940 2,640 2,340 2,016 1,516 Remaining: tonnes/day to disposal around 1,500* * About 2,000 tonnes of food waste still to be dealt with if OWTF4 and 5 cannot be built in time. 13. In Taipei, even with pay per bag system implemented since early 2000, food waste recycling programme and having pig feed as an outlet for food waste, the food waste recovery rate achieved is about 44%, less than 50%. Other cities in Taiwan have achieved much less than that, with some cities only achieved less than 20% food waste recovery rate. 14. As can be seen in other countries, any further reduction of the “leftover” food waste would require much stronger policy measures such as a sufficiently high level of waste charge to incentivize further behaviour changes or a total ban of food waste at landfills. Implementation of such measures in Hong Kong would need much longer time for the community to discuss and achieve consensus and would also depend on the initial operational experience of the waste charging scheme. – 23 – 7 Dealing with Yard Waste Our Yard Waste Strategy Our strategy to deal with yard waste is to collect data, Yard waste is also known as green waste or garden promote reduction at source, encourage separation waste, which consists of all types of vegetation waste and collection, and find the best ways to treat the matters. This type of waste decomposes gradually in unavoidable portion. nature. Woody material is also combustible. We are taking a coordinated approach within the Hong Kong has not focused on yard waste up until Government to collect data and promote best practices recently. While we are designing an overall waste-to- through an inter-departmental working committee led by resources programme for all types of waste, in the area Environment Bureau. We will introduce best practices to of yard waste, we still have information gaps although we the public sector and major generators of yard waste in are already working on filling them. the C&I sector in due course. We will provide periodic updates on progress. Types of yard waste Grass Leaves Bushes and clippings shrubs Branches and Weeds twigs Tree trunks Festive Plants Potted plants Cut flowers – 24 – 7 Dealing with Yard Waste Amount Going to Landfills well as the associated vegetation maintenance within About 127 tonnes15 of yard waste is disposed of at our the boundary of expressways and roadside slopes under landfills each day, which make up about 1.5% of Hong its purview; and Architectural Services Department Kong’s total MSW going to landfills. (ArchSD), which is involved in building projects and vegetation maintenance on slopes under its purview. The major generators of yard waste are various government departments and commercial The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation establishments with extensive plantings and landscaping. Department’s (AFCD) total annual yard waste tonnage is These government departments include Leisure and 1,400 tonnes of which only 80 tonnes (i.e. 5%) have to Cultural Services Department, which manages public end up in landfills since much of the yard waste can be parks and gardens as well as maintains roadside trees dealt with within the country parks it manages. and landscaped areas along non-expressway public roads outside country parks; Housing Department (HD), which manages public areas in housing estates; Yard waste reduction Highways Department (HyD), which is involved in road We are calling upon government departments to construction, improvement and maintenance works, as contribute to yard waste reduction at source through two key measures: Minimizing using plants that are just displayed during Collection and Replanting of Potted festivals (e.g. Christmas and Chinese New Year). New Year Citrus Plants To Reduce Replanting plants are also encouraged. For example, Domestic Waste the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) has been doing so with unsold flowers and To boost environmental awareness plants from the Lunar New Year Fair; and of reducing and recycling domestic waste at source among the public When designing landscaping areas to consider how rental housing (PRH) tenants, the to minimize yard waste generation, such as through Hong Kong Housing Authority (HA) reducing the use of annuals. We will publish Practice launched a pilot scheme to collect Notes on Yard Waste Reduction to help improve how and replant disposed citrus plants Hong Kong deals with this type of waste. after Chinese New Year. The pilot scheme was well received by over 30 participating estates and more than 1,000 pots of citrus plants were collected. Yard waste separation and collection To keep up the momentum in reducing waste, the scheme would be extended to all some 160 PRH estates. Separation of yard waste is straight forward. We need to develop the habit of doing it, and collection needs to be organized systematically so that the waste can be properly treated. The practice of separate collection of yard waste should of course be promoted in tandem with the development of facilities capable of treating yard waste properly (see below). 15. The figure is based on the relevant data in the “Monitoring of Solid Waste in Hong Kong – Waste Statistics for 2011” plus further estimated amounts from various government departments. – 25 – 7 Dealing with Yard Waste Households: As most households do not have gardens parks to degrade within country parks, it is much more in Hong Kong, the amount of yard waste generated by difficult to do this elsewhere as the decomposition individual households is very small. A typical household process takes considerable time.16 However, government may occasionally dispose of cut flowers and leaves from departments are looking at where there may be space for indoor potted plants. As we will have major programmes natural degradation but we expect only limited capacities to urge householders to separate food waste, their to be available. Where there is space, we support natural yard waste can be separated with the food waste for degradation in situ. collection. The larger quantities of yard waste may arise from landscaping and gardens of private housing estates. C&I: Since there are relatively few privately managed Peach Blossom Tree commercial establishments with extensive gardens, Recycling Campaign plantings and landscaping (such as Ocean Park, Hong In 2014, the Environmental Kong Jockey Club and Disneyland), source separation Protection Department (EPD) and and collection for them should not present a major the Hong Kong Environmental problem. For general commercial buildings, they can Protection Association have jointly also better source separate their yard waste and organize organised the Peach Blossom Tree for its collection. As the job in commercial buildings Recycling Campaign. The EPD and is normally carried out by cleansing or gardening Food and Environmental Hygiene contractors, commercial property management may Department set up a network introduce relevant requirements in their contracts with of 50 collection points in all the districts of the territory to them. It just needs to be organized and the Government expand the Campaign to cover individuals and households. will help raise public awareness. All the peach blossom trees collected were delivered to the waste wood recycler in the EcoPark, Tuen Mun for recycling Public sector: Government departments will lead the into wood fuel pellets (a useful type of renewable energy) way in developing best practices in yard waste separation and composting materials with a view to raising the public’s awareness in waste reduction and relieving the pressure on and collection. The best practices can then be shared