Food and Health Lesson PDF

Unit 1. Our Needs Food and Health 2 ͻ Components of food , ͻ Balanced diet Let s Learn About ͻ Healthy habits ͻ Dis...

Unit 1. Our Needs Food and Health 2 ͻ Components of food , ͻ Balanced diet Let s Learn About ͻ Healthy habits ͻ Diseases ͻ WƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ We get food from both plants and animals. Activity Time Look at the picture below. Write P for foods obtained from plants and A for foods obtained from animals. Juice Bread Butter Fruits Eggs Milk 17 Components of Food Food contains certain substances called nutrients. Nutrients give energy to our body. They protect our body against diseases and help in its growth and development. There are five main nutrients in the food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Our body needs all the nutrients in right amounts. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates give energy to our body. Wheat, rice, corn, bread, potato and sugar are some sources of carbohydrates. Fats SOURCES OF CARBOHYDRATES Fats give more energy than carbohydrates. Milk, oil, g ghee, butter, cheese and dry fruits are some sources of fats. Excessive intake of fatty foods can cause obesity. SOURCES OF FATS Proteins Proteins help in growth. They also help in repairing damaged tissues and cells of our body. Milk, paneer, pulses, beans, eggs and meat are some sources off proteins. SOUR SO URCE CESS OF PROTEINS SOURCES PRO P ROTE TEINS Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and minerals help in the normal functioning of our body. They help in protecting our body against diseases. Fruits, vegetables and milk are some sources of vitamins and minerals. Vitamin C helps to keep the gums healthy. Calcium makes our bones and SOURCES OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS teeth strong. Water and Roughage Besides nutrients, our body also needs water and roughage. Roughage is the undigested part of the plant food. It helps in getting rid of wastes from our body. 18 Fruits and vegetables are sources of roughage. Water also helps to get rid of wastes from our body in the form of urine. Balanced Diet We should consume food rich in nutrients. Our daily diet containing all Brea Bread, rice &ƌƵŝƚƐ ĂŶĚ pota potatoes and the nutrients in adequate vegetables othe other cereals amounts required for the healthy functioning of our body is known as a balanced diet. We should eat food from all food groups every day. Fat and ĐŚ ƐƵŐĂƌͲƌŝĐŚ Mi Milk and food dairy Ɖƌ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ Ăƚ͕ ĮƐŚ͕ DĞĂƚ͕ ĮƐŚ͕ ĐŚŝĐŬĞŶ͕ ĐŚŝĐŬĞŶ͕ ďĞĂŶƐ ďĞĂŶƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ŶƵƚƐ COMPONENTS OF A BALANCED DIET Healthy Habits Balanced diet, exercise, correct posture and rest are essential for keeping ourselves healthy. Exercise improves our blood circulation and tones up our muscles. Running, jogging, cycling, aerobics and yoga are some forms of exercises. Posture is the position in which we hold our body when we sit, stand or move. We must keep our back straight while sitting or standing. Proper rest and sleep relax our muscles and give our body the much needed rest. Children need 8-10 hours of sleep in a day. ZƵŶŶŝŶŐ Yoga WE SHOULD EXERCISE DAILY. WE SHOULD SIT WE NEED PROPER STRAIGHT. SLEEP. 19  , Let s Recall Write T for true and F for false statements. 1. ĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĂƚƐ ŐŝǀĞ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŽ ŽƵƌ ďŽĚLJ͘ 2. ĂůĐŝƵŵ ŵĂŬĞƐ ŽƵƌ ďŽŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĞƚŚ ǁĞĂŬ͘ 3. ZŽƵŐŚĂŐĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚŝŐĞƐƚĞĚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŶŝŵĂů ĨŽŽĚ͘ 4. ŐŐƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ͘ 5. KƵƌ ďŽĚLJ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŶĞĞĚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƌŽƵŐŚĂŐĞ͘ Diseases A disease is an abnormal condition in which our body does not function properly. Diseases can occur due to lack of any nutrient in our diet. They may also occur due to germs. There are two types of diseases – non-communicable and communicable diseases. Non-communicable diseases The diseases that do not pass from one person to another are called non-communicable diseases. Some non-communicable diseases are caused due to lack of particular vitamins or minerals in the body. Such diseases are called deficiency diseases. Some deficiency diseases are shown in the figures below: SCURVY RICKETS GOITRE Non-communicable diseases are related to improper eating habits. For example, a person whose diet is deficient in vitamin D may suffer from rickets. Cigarette smoking and chewing of tobacco also lead to harmful non-communicable diseases like cancer. 20 Some deficiency diseases and their symptoms are given in the table below: Table: Deficiency diseases Deficiency Caused by Symptoms Foods rich in the diseases deficiency of Vitamin/Mineral Night Vitamin A Person not able to see in Green leafy vegetables, carrot, blindness dim light papaya, mango, milk and egg yolk. Beriberi Vitamin B1 Person has weak muscles Unpolished rice, cereals, milk, and nerves and gets cramps peas and meat. Scurvy Vitamin C Bleeding of gums and Apple, orange, lemon, tomato swelling of joints and amla (citrus fruits). Rickets Vitamin D Soft bones and bow legs Milk and fish. Sunlight helps our body to make vitamin D. Goitre Iodine Swelling of a gland in neck Iodised salt and seafoods. region Anaemia Iron Person gets tired easily and Spinach, brinjal, jaggery, apple, looks pale guava and meat. Communicable diseases The diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable diseases. Communicable diseases are caused by germs. Some of the communicable diseases caused by bacteria, virus, protozoa and fungi are listed below: Table: Communicable diseases Bacteria Virus Protozoa Fungi Germs Diseases Plague, Common cold, Malaria, Infections caused tuberculosis, polio, measles, Kalaazar and of skin and typhoid, chickenpox, flu and amoebic athlete’s foot pneumonia and AIDS dysentery cholera Table : Symptoms and preventive measures of communicable diseases. Communicable diseases Symptoms Preventive measures Malaria Fever, constant shivering Avoid stagnant water puddles around your house. 21 Tuberculosis Cough, fever chill, weakness, Vaccination (BCG Vaccine). weight loss Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Redness of the eye, tearing, Never touch your eyes with dirty discharge of pus hand, never share towels and handkerchiefs. Typhoid Headache, fever, upset Maintain proper sanitations. Ensure stomach safe drinking water and sanitar y disposal of excreta. How communicable diseases spread Communicable diseases spread through air, water, food, insects and through direct contact. Through air When a sick person coughs, sneezes or spits, germs are released into the air. When a healthy person breathes this air, germs enter his/her body and make him sick. Therefore, we should always cover our nose and mouth with a handkerchief while sneezing or coughing. Diseases like common cold, flu and tuberculosis spread through air. Through direct contact When a healthy person comes in contact with a sick k person or his handkerchief, towel, clothes, etc., he can get infected by the germs. Diseases like measles, chickenpox and ringworm spread through direct contact. Through Infected Food and Water Sometimes, food and water may get infected with germs, COVER YOUR MOUTH WITH A if they are not stored or handled properly. Flies and HANDKERCHIEF WHILE SNEEZING. cockroaches can contaminate our food with germs. Diseases like cholera, typhoid, jaundice and polio spread through infected food and water. Through Insects Diseases like malaria, dengue, plague and chikungunya spread through blood-sucking insects like mosquitoes, bugs and flies. Malaria is caused by a protozoan that is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito. When the mosquito bites someone with malaria, the germs are sucked up with the blood. When this mosquito bites a healthy person, the germs are injected into the healthy person’s blood, causing malaria. Dengue is spread by the bite of Aedes mosquito. FEMALE ANOPHELES Plague is spread by the bite of fleas carried by rats. MOSQUITO 22  , Let s Recall Write down one example of the disease caused by the following germs. a. Bacteria : _______________ b. sŝƌƵƐ ͗ ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ  c. Protozoa : _______________ Prevention of Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases can be prevented by good hygiene and vaccination. Hygiene may be defined as practices that ensure cleanliness and good health. Following are some steps to maintain good hygiene: m Wash your hands before and after eating food and after going to the toilet with soap and water. m Do not allow water to stand in ditches, vessels, coolers, pots, etc., in or around your house. Stagnant water allows breeding of mosquitoes. m Use mosquito net or mosquito repellent at night. m Wash fruits and vegetables well before cooking or eating them. m Food must be kept covered to prevent flies sitting on it. m Do not allow heaps of garbage to collect near your home. Dustbins should be kept covered. m Drink clean water. Water can be made clean and germ-free by boiling, filtering and chlorinating. Vaccination Vaccination is another way of preventing communicable diseases. Vaccines are available to prevent diseases like polio, cholera, diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis. Vaccination helps our body to acquire immunity against certain diseases. A CHILD TAKING POLIO , VACCINE Let s Memorise Balanced diet  ĚŝĞƚ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ďŽĚLJ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ Ă balanced diet. Disease Ŷ ĂďŶŽƌŵĂů ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽƵƌ ďŽĚLJ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ƉƌŽƉĞƌůLJ is called a disease. EŽŶͲĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ Diseases that do not pass from one person to another are called diseases non-communicable diseases. 23  ĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĐĐƵƌ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ ǀŝƚĂŵŝŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĚŝĞƚ ĂƌĞ ĐĂůůĞĚ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ. ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ Diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable diseases. , Let s Revise t DĂŝŶ ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ ĨŽƵŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽŽĚ ĂƌĞ ĐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ĨĂƚƐ͕ ƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ͕ ǀŝƚĂŵŝŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůƐ͘ t KƵƌ ĨŽŽĚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚƐ͘ t ĂůĂŶĐĞĚ ĚŝĞƚ͕ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞ͕ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ƉŽƐƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƚ ĂƌĞ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ƐƚĂLJ ŚĞĂůƚŚLJ͘ t EŝŐŚƚ ďůŝŶĚŶĞƐƐ͕ ƐĐƵƌǀLJ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂĞŵŝĂ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͘ t dLJƉŚŽŝĚ͕ ŵĂůĂƌŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝŽ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͘ t ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ăŝƌ͕ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ͕ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ ĨŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƐĞĐƚƐ͘ t ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĞĚ ďLJ ŐŽŽĚ ŚLJŐŝĞŶĞ ĂŶĚ ǀĂĐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶ͘ Exerc ises , Let s Answer nsswe nswer wer er A. Tick (3) the correct answer. 1. tŚŝĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŐŝǀĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ƚŚĂŶ ĐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐ͍ a. Proteins b. Fats c. Vitamins d. Minerals 2. tŚŝĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŝƐ Ă ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͍ a. Anaemia b. Malaria c. Typhoid d. Cholera 3. tŚŝĐŚ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ŝƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ sŝƚĂŵŝŶ ͍  Ă͘ ^ĐƵƌǀLJ  ď͘ ZŝĐŬĞƚƐ  Đ͘ DĞĂƐůĞƐ  Ě͘ ĞƌŝďĞƌŝ 4. tŚŝĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ Ă ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͍ a. Measles b. Cholera c. Malaria d. Goitre 5. ^ĐƵƌǀLJ ŝƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin D 24 B. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.  ŝŽĚŝŶĞ ƐůĞĞƉ WƌŽƚĞŝŶƐ ĐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐ     ĂůĐŝƵŵ 1. ^ƵŐĂƌ ĂŶĚ ďƌĞĂĚ ĂƌĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ____________________________. 2. ____________________________ ŚĞůƉ ŝŶ ƌĞƉĂŝƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚĂŵĂŐĞĚ ĐĞůůƐ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ďŽĚLJ͘ 3. ____________________________ ŵĂŬĞƐ ŽƵƌ ďŽŶĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĞƚŚ ƐƚƌŽŶŐ͘ 4. Proper rest and ____________________________ ƌĞůĂdž ŽƵƌ ŵƵƐĐůĞƐ͘ 5. 'ŽŝƚƌĞ ŝƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ____________________________. C. Name the following. 1. dŚĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ sŝƚĂŵŝŶ ϭ͘ 2. /ƚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐ ŽƵƌ ďůŽŽĚ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽŶĞƐ ƵƉ ŽƵƌ ŵƵƐĐůĞƐ͘ 3. dŚĞ ƵŶĚŝŐĞƐƚĞĚ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƉůĂŶƚ ĨŽŽĚ͘ 4. dǁŽ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂ͘ 5. dŚĞ ŝŶƐĞĐƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐƉƌĞĂĚƐ ŵĂůĂƌŝĂ͘ ͘ ŶƐǁĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘ 1. tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ďĂůĂŶĐĞĚ ĚŝĞƚ͍ 2. tŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͍ EĂŵĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ͘ 3. ,Žǁ ĂƌĞ ĐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐ ƵƐĞĨƵů ƚŽ ŽƵƌ ďŽĚLJ͍ tƌŝƚĞ ƚǁŽ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐ͘ 4. tŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚƐ͍ tƌŝƚĞ ƚǁŽ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĞĂĐŚ ŶƵƚƌŝĞŶƚ͘ 5. tƌŝƚĞ ĮǀĞ ǁĂLJƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ŐŽŽĚ ŚLJŐŝĞŶĞ͘ 6. ĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ƚǁŽ ǁĂLJƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂďůĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ͘ , Let s Do A. Circle the odd one. 1. Wheat Rice Corn Ghee 2. ZƵŶŶŝŶŐ ^ůĞĞƉŝŶŐ tĂůŬŝŶŐ zŽŐĂ 3. Anaemia Goitre Polio Rickets 4. dLJƉŚŽŝĚ WŶĞƵŵŽŶŝĂ DĂůĂƌŝĂ ŚŽůĞƌĂ 5. /^  ŚŝĐŬĞŶƉŽdž &ůƵ ^ĐƵƌǀLJ 25 B. Match the following. 1. Night blindness a. Bacteria 2. ^ĐƵƌǀLJ ď͘ WƌŽƚŽnjŽĂ 3. Anaemia c. Vitamin A 4. Malaria d. Iron 5. dƵďĞƌĐƵůŽƐŝƐ Ğ͘ sŝƚĂŵŝŶ  f. Vitamin D , Let s Think and Answer HOTS 1. DŽŚŝƚ ŝƐ ƐƵīĞƌŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ďůĞĞĚŝŶŐ ŐƵŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƐǁĞůůŝŶŐ ŽĨ ũŽŝŶƚƐ͘ tŚĂƚ ĚŽ LJŽƵ ƚŚŝŶŬ ŚĞ ŝƐ ƐƵīĞƌŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ͍ ^ƵŐŐĞƐƚ Śŝŵ ĂŶLJ ƚǁŽ ĨŽŽĚ ŝƚĞŵƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ĚŝĞƚ͘ 2. tŚLJ ŝƐ ŝƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ ĂŶĚ ǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞƐ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĚŝĞƚ͍ , LLet s Acquire sĂůƵĞĂƐĞĚYƵĞƐƟŽŶ   ^ĂŶĂ ŝƐ ƐƵīĞƌŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ĐŚŝĐŬĞŶƉŽdž͘ tŚĂƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ƐŚĞ ĚŽ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĨƌŽŵ ŐĞƫŶŐ ŝŶĨĞĐƚĞĚ͍  Ă͘ ^ŚĂƌĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘  ď͘ WůĂLJ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŝŶ Ă ƉĂƌŬ͘ c. Rest at home. d. None of these. , Let s Enhance Our Life Skills 1. Tick (3Ϳ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ LJŽƵ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĨŽůůŽǁ ƚŽ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ŐŽŽĚ ŚLJŐŝĞŶĞ͘ © tĂƐŚ ŚĂŶĚƐ ƉƌŽƉĞƌůLJ ĂŌĞƌ ŐŽŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƚŽŝůĞƚ͘ © ^ŚĂƌĞ ŚĂŶĚŬĞƌĐŚŝĞĨƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘  © dŚƌŽǁ ŐĂƌďĂŐĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƌŽĂĚƐ͘  © Keep food items covered. © tĂƐŚ ĨƌƵŝƚƐ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ĞĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ͘  2. ƐŬ LJŽƵƌ ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĞ ŶĂŵĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ǁŚŝĐŚ LJŽƵ ǁĞƌĞ ǀĂĐĐŝŶĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ͘ WƌĞƉĂƌĞ Ă ůŝƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŝƚ ǁŝƚŚ LJŽƵƌ ĐůĂƐƐŵĂƚĞƐ͘ 26