FL- dynasties.pdf

Contributions: Reunification of China, construction of the Grand - Central to Confucian thought are concepts such Canal, laid the foundation for the Tang dynasty. as ren (humaneness), yi (righteousness), and li (propriety). –...

Contributions: Reunification of China, construction of the Grand - Central to Confucian thought are concepts such Canal, laid the foundation for the Tang dynasty. as ren (humaneness), yi (righteousness), and li (propriety). – - Confucianism advocates for a structured society based on five key relationships: ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder 1. Xia Chāo Dynasty - (2070-1600 BC) brother-younger brother, and friend-friend. - wŭ de- Five Virtues - traditionally considered the first dynasty in Chinese history, 1. Rén- Benevolence founded by the legendary figure Yu the Great, who is credited 2. Yì- Justice with flood control techniques that helped stabilize agriculture. 3. Lĭ- Propriety 4. Zhì- Wisdom - often viewed with skepticism due to the lack of written records 5. Xìn- Integrity and archaeological evidence, leading some scholars to regard it as more myth than history. 3. Daoism (or Taoism), - attributed to figures like Laozi and Zhuangzi, focuses on living in harmony with the Dao (the Way), which is viewed as the 2. Shāng Dynasty - (1600-1050 BC) fundamental principle that underlies and unites all things. - Key concepts in Daoism include the balance of opposites (yin - as the first historically verified dynasty, supported by substantial and yang) and the principle of wu wei, or "non-action," which archaeological findings. advocates for a natural, effortless approach to life. - It is known for its advancements in bronze technology, the development of a writing system (notably through oracle bones), 4. Qin Dynasty (秦朝- Qín Cháo) 221-206 BCE and significant achievements in mathematics and astronomy. Contributions: -ruled a large area along the Yellow River and established a complex social structure with a pantheon of deities and ancestor First unified Chinese empire, worship. construction of the Great Wall, standardized weights, measures, and writing. Contribution: Bronze casting - The Terracotta Army was constructed during the late 3rd century BCE, specifically between 246 and 208 BCE. 3. Zhōu Dynasty (周朝- Zhōu Cháo) 1046-256 BCE - It was created to accompany the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (who reigned from 221 to 210 BCE), in Contributions: his tomb. The construction of the Terracotta Army began shortly after Qin Shi Huang ascended to the throne of the Introduction of the Mandate of Heaven, Confucianism state of Qin at the age of 13 and continued for several and Daoism began, decades, with the project involving over 700,000 feudal system workers. The purpose of the army was to protect the - is the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history, divided into the emperor in the afterlife, reflecting the belief in the Western Zhou (1046-771 BC) and Eastern Zhou (771-256 BC) continuation of his power and authority beyond death. – periods. - The Terracotta Army consists of over 8,000 individual soldiers, along with approximately 130 chariots, 520 - introduced the concept of the "Mandate of Heaven," which horses, and 150 cavalry horses. However, the exact justified their rule and influenced subsequent dynasties. number is still uncertain because parts of the site have yet to be fully excavated. The army is arranged in several - This era saw the flourishing of Chinese philosophy, including Confucianism and Daoism, and significant cultural and large pits near the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, and technological advancements. each figure is unique, with distinct facial expressions, hairstyles, and armor, reflecting the diverse ranks and - ended with the Warring States period, characterized by roles within the army. fragmentation and conflict among various states, eventually leading to the rise of the Qin Dynasty. Side Note** 5. Han Dynasty (汉朝- Hàn Cháo) 206 BCE - 220 CE 1. Tianming, or the "Mandate of Heaven," Contributions: -is a crucial doctrine in Confucian thought that asserts the divine right of an emperor to rule. Silk Road trade, -This mandate is believed to be conferred directly by civil service system, heaven (tian) upon the emperor, who is referred to as the paper invention, "Son of Heaven" (tianzi). Confucianism as state ideology. -The legitimacy of this mandate is contingent upon the moral behavior of the ruler; if the emperor acts immorally or governs tyrannically, he risks losing this divine right, which could justify his removal through revolution. 2. Confucianism - founded by Confucius during the Zhou Dynasty, emphasizes moral integrity, social harmony, and the importance of relationships. 6. Three Kingdoms (三国 - San Guó) 220-280 CE 12. Song Dynasty (宋朝- Sòng Cháo) Years: 960-1279 CE Contributions: Contributions: Significant period of military conflict and power Advances in technology, economy, and culture, struggles; invention of gunpowder and the compass, cultural developments in arts and literature. development of Neo- Confucianism. 7. Jin Dynasty (晋朝-Jin Cháo) 265-420 CE 13. Yuan Dynasty (元朝-Yuán Cháo) Years: 1271-1368 CE Contributions: Contributions: Brief reunification of China after the Three Kingdoms, Mongol rule, development of Buddhism. cultural exchange between East and West, expansion of trade routes. 8. Southern and Northern Dynasties (南北朝-Nánběi Cháo)420- 589 CE Genghis Khan, Contributions: - the founder of the Mongol Empire, Proliferation of Buddhism and Daoism, - did not rule China directly during his lifetime, but he advances in arts, science, and technology. initiated the Mongol conquest of China. - His conquests in China began in 1211 CE, and by 1215 CE, the Mongols had captured the Jin Dynasty's capital, Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). However, the full 9. Sui Dynasty (隋朝- Suí Cháo) Years: 581-618 CE conquest of China was not completed during his reign. 10. Tang Dynasty (唐朝- Táng Cháo) Years: 618-907 CE Kublai Khan Contributions: - Genghis Khan's grandson, Golden age of Chinese culture, arts, and poetry, - completed the conquest and established the Yuan expansion of trade (Silk Road), Dynasty (1271-1368 CE) in China. - declared himself the Emperor of China in 1271, and by development of the civil service exam. 1279, he had fully conquered the Southern Song Dynasty, thus unifying China under Mongol rule. Empress Wu Zetian (武则天-Wũ Zétiān)- **So, while Genghis Khan laid the groundwork for the Mongol - the only female monarch in the history of China. conquest of China, it was his descendants, particularly Kublai - She reigned during the Tang Dynasty and was the only Khan, who ruled China as emperors. woman to ever hold the title of emperor in Chinese history. - Her reign lasted from 690 to 705 CE. - Wu Zetian first became a concubine of Emperor Taizong 14. Ming Dynasty (明朝- Míng Cháo) Years: 1368-1644 CE and later married his son, Emperor Gaozong. After Contributions: Gaozong's death, she ruled effectively behind the scenes as the power behind the throne before officially declaring Construction of the Forbidden City, herself emperor and establishing the short-lived Zhou maritime exploration (Zheng He), Dynasty (690-705 CE). restoration and expansion of the Great Wall. - Her reign is noted for its political and economic stability, as well as for the expansion of the Chinese empire. Despite facing considerable opposition due to her gender, Wu Zetian was a formidable and capable ruler who made 15. Qing Dynasty (清朝-Qīng Cháo) Years: 1644-1912 CE significant contributions to the development of China Contributions: during her time in power. Last imperial dynasty of China, significant territorial expansion, 11. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十国 - Wũ Dài Shí interaction with Western powers, Guó) 907-960 CE fall of the imperial system. Contributions: Period of political fragmentation; significant cultural and economic developments. 16. Republic of China (中华民国 - Zhōnghua Mínguó) Years: Five Intonations 1912-1949 CE (in Mainland China) 1. First Tone (Flat Tone) Contributions: Description: High and level pitch. End of the imperial system, Pinyin Representation: A straight horizontal line above the modernization efforts, vowel (e.g., mā). internal conflicts, and Example: 妈 (mā) means "mother." Japanese invasion. 2. Second Tone (Rising Tone) Description: Starts at a mid-low pitch and rises to a high pitch, 17. People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国-Zhōnghua similar to the intonation used in English when asking a question. Rénmín Gònghéguó) Years: 1949 CE - Present Pinyin Representation: A rising diagonal line above the vowel Contributions: (e.g., má). Establishment of a communist state, economic reforms, Example: 麻 (má) means "hemp" or "linen." rapid modernization, and global influence. 3. Third Tone (Dipping Tone) Description: Begins at a mid-low pitch, dips down to a low Each dynasty contributed to the rich tapestry of Chinese history, pitch, and then rises again. This tone is often described as influencing everything from politics and economics to culture and having a "dipping" quality. technology. Pinyin Representation: A curved line above the vowel (e.g., mǎ). 17 Dynasties Example: 马 (mǎ) means "horse." 4. Fourth Tone (Falling Tone) 1. Xia Chāo Dynasty - (2070-1600 BCE) Description: Starts high and drops sharply to the lowest pitch, 2. Shāng Dynasty - (1600-1050 BCE) often associated with a command or strong assertion. 3. Zhōu Dynasty (周朝- Zhōu Cháo) 1046-256 BCE Pinyin Representation: A falling diagonal line above the vowel (e.g., mà). 4. Qin Dynasty (秦朝- Qín Cháo) 221-206 BCE Example: 骂 (mà) means "to scold" or a curse 5. Han Dynasty (汉朝- Hàn Cháo) 206 BCE - 220 CE 5. Neutral Tone (Toneless Tone) Contributions: Silk Road trade, civil service system, paper invention, Confucianism as state ideology. Description: This tone is light and quick, without a defined pitch contour. It is often used in unstressed syllables. 6. Three Kingdoms (三国 - San Guó) 220-280 CE Pinyin Representation: No tone mark (e.g., ma). 7. Jin Dynasty (晋朝-Jin Cháo) 265-420 CE Example: 吗 (ma) is a question particle. 8. Southern and Northern Dynasties (南北朝-Nánběi Cháo)420- 589 CE Numbers 9. Sui Dynasty (隋朝- Suí Cháo) Years: 581-618 CE Mei (may)- beautiful 1. 一 (yī)- e Mie (mye) 10. Tang Dynasty (唐朝- Táng Cháo) Years: 618-907 CE 2. 二 (èr)- er Jei (jey) 11. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十国 - Wũ Dài Shí Jie (jye) Guó) 907-960 CE 3. 三 (sān)- san Gou (go) 12. Song Dynasty (宋朝- Sòng Cháo) Years: 960-1279 CE 4. 四 (sì)- si Guo (gwo) 13. Yuan Dynasty (元朝-Yuán Cháo) Years: 1271-1368 CE 5. 五 (wǔ)- wu Ou- (ow) 14. Ming Dynasty (明朝- Míng Cháo) Years: 1368-1644 CE 6. 六 (liù)- liyow Jiemei- sister Jiejie- older sister 7. 七 (qī)- chi 15. Qing Dynasty (清朝-Qīng Cháo) Years: 1644-1912 CE Meimei- younger sister Xiexie- thank you 8. 八 (bā)- pa 16. Republic of China (中华民国 - Zhōnghua Mínguó) Years: Xiexienin- thank you in formal/magalang 1912-1949 CE (in Mainland China) 9. 九 (jiǔ)- jiyow Shi (sher)- common “yes” 10. 十 (shí)- sher 17. People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国-Zhōnghua Shi a- also a yes Shi de Rénmín Gònghéguó) Years: 1949 CE - Present Bu (pu)- no/not/don’t