FIT 01.pdf

CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Ashansa Udani Lecturer IMBS Green Campus Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Contents 1 The Parts of a Computer System...................................................................

CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Ashansa Udani Lecturer IMBS Green Campus Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Contents 1 The Parts of a Computer System.............................................................................. 3 1.1 Data and Information............................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 What is data?......................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 What is Information.............................................................................. 4 1.2 What is a Computer?............................................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of a Computer.............................................................................. 6 1.4 Components of a Computer.................................................................................. 7 1.4.1 Components inside the System Unit....................................................... 7 7 1.5 What is a Computer System?............................................................................... 8 1.6 What is a Software?.............................................................................................. 8 1.7 What is a Firmware?............................................................................................. 9 1.8 What is a Live ware?............................................................................................ 9 1.9 Computer Hardware........................................................................................... 10 1.9.1 Hardware Components of a Computer................................................. 10 1.9.2 Input Devices......................................................................................... 10 1.9.3 Output Devices...................................................................................... 11 1.9.4 Computer Memory................................................................................ 13 1.9.5 Processing Device................................................................................. 16 Page 1 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Images Figure 1: Computer........................................................................................................ 5 Figure 2 : Hardware components of a computer........................................................... 6 Figure 3 : Logical design of the components of the computer...................................... 6 Figure 4 : Characteristics of a Computer....................................................................... 6 Figure 5 : Components of a Computer.......................................................................... 7 Figure 6 : Components inside the System Unit............................................................. 7 Figure 7 : Computer System.......................................................................................... 8 Figure 8 : Input devices............................................................................................... 11 Figure 9 : Sound Input Device..................................................................................... 11 Figure 10 : Output Devices.......................................................................................... 12 Figure 11 : Output Devices.......................................................................................... 13 Figure 12 : Computer Memory.................................................................................... 13 Figure 13 : RAM.......................................................................................................... 14 Figure 14 : ROM.......................................................................................................... 14 Figure 15 : Magnetic Media Devices.......................................................................... 15 Figure 16 : Solid State Media Devices........................................................................ 15 Figure 17 : Optical Media Devices.............................................................................. 16 Figure 18 : CPU Central Processing Unit.................................................................... 16 Page 2 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT 1 The Parts of a Computer System 1.1 Data and Information 1.1.1 What is data?  Data refers to raw facts, figures, or information. It can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, and it exists in various formats, including text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Page 3 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT 1.1.1.1 Types and Formats of Data  Structured Data: Highly organized and easily processed (e.g., databases).  Unstructured Data: Raw and disorganized (e.g., social media posts).  Semi-Structured Data: Partially organized, often with metadata (e.g., XML, JSON). 1.1.2 What is Information  Information is processed or organized data that conveys meaning or facilitates understanding. Page 4 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT 1.2 What is a Computer? A computer can be classified as a device that takes in raw data as input and processes it and provides information as the output. The computer also has the ability to store data and information. Figure 1: Computer Page 5 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT The following diagram shows you the computer's physical organization and the computer's logical aspect. Storage Devices Input Devices CPU Output Devices Figure 2 : Hardware components of a computer Stor Inpu Process Outpu Figure 3 : Logical design of the components of the computer 1.3 Characteristics of a Computer Figure 4 : Characteristics of a Computer Page 6 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Speed and Efficiency It can finish any given task within a very short time. (It can perform billions of tasks in a second.) Accuracy It can provide correct information when correct instructions and data are given. Reliability You can rely on the process and the output. Consistency It produces consistent output when the same input is given. Storage Capacity It can store a large amount of data. It can obtain them at any given time for any process. Cost Though the initial cost is high, the maintenance cost is not so. Intelligence It can act according to the given instructions. But it cannot take decisions on its own like a human being. 1.4 Components of a Computer Figure 5 : Components of a Computer 1.4.1 Components inside the System Unit SYSTEM UNIT Figure 6 : Components inside the System Unit Page 7 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT 1.5 What is a Computer System? A computer can be classified as a device that takes in raw data as input and processes it and provides information as the output. The computer also has the ability to store data and information. In some cases computer act as general purpose devices, in another cases it act as specific purpose devices. The computer system consists of hardware (Physical components), software and users (people who use the computer) that are necessary to make the computer function and to processes data in a meaningful way and store data. Figure 7 : Computer System 1.6 What is a Software? Software refers to a collection of instructions, programs, and data that enable a computer or other electronic device to perform specific tasks or functions, including operating systems, applications, and utility programs. Page 8 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT 1.7 What is a Firmware? Firmware is a type of software embedded in hardware devices that controls basic functions and cannot be easily modified by users. 1.8 What is a Live ware? Live ware refers to the human operators, users, or personnel involved in the operation, management, or interaction with computer systems or technology. Page 9 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT 1.9 Computer Hardware Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that are tangible and can be touched or physically manipulated. 1.9.1 Hardware Components of a Computer Computer Hardware 1.9.2 Input Devices Like the eyes, ears, nose, tong and skin provides a way to sense information about the environment and feed it to the brain, input devices helps the user to provide commands to the processor and also for the processor to receive data and information from its environment. The user can use devices like the keyboard, mouse or trackball and joystick to provide commands and data into the computer. Device like, the microphone, scanner and digital cameras help the processor to receive data from its environment. Any device that can feed data or information to a computer is referred to as an input device. Page 10 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Figure 8 : Input devices Figure 9 : Sound Input Device 1.9.3 Output Devices Similar to body parts being used by the brain to output information and to interact with the environment, the computer uses output devices to output information to the user. All information which is outputted by the processor through the output devices can either be seen, heard or felt. Devices like the Monitor or LCD panel and projectors display information whereas a speaker would provide audible output. A feedback joystick would provide an Page 11 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT output which can be felt by the user. Any device that can be used to output information from a computer is known as an output device. It is also important to note that certain devices have functionality that fall into both input and output categories. For example a touch-screen display and a feedback joystick function as both input devices and output devices. Figure 10 : Output Devices Page 12 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Figure 11 : Output Devices 1.9.4 Computer Memory Figure 12 : Computer Memory 1.9.4.1 Primary Memory The memory that can be directly accessed by the Central Processing Unit is called primary memory/storage. There are two types of Primary Memory. ❖ Random Access Memory (RAM) The RAM can be explained as a device that temporarily store data while processing. The key characteristic of the RAM is that when power of the system unit is turned off the data in the RAM is lost automatically. Therefore, RAM is considered as Volatile memory As access to RAM is very much faster than to a permanent storage device, it is an inefficient method to read and write to permanent storage as it will simply slow the processing down a great deal. Therefore, during processing, it is important to store programs and data in a temporary storage location. The Main memory has been developed for this purpose. Page 13 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Figure 13 : RAM ❖ Read Only Memory (ROM) Can only be read This type of memory does not lose its data when the power of the computer is turned off. So, it is called Non-Volatile memory The most common ROM in the computer is the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) ROM. The CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chip is also belongs to volatile memory since it requires power from a battery to retain the data once the computer is turned off. This battery is called CMOS Battery. Figure 14 : ROM Page 14 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT 1.9.4.2 Secondary Memory (Storage Devices) Devices which are used to store data, information and programmes that belong to computer are known as computer storage devices. Computer storage devices can be divided into several parts, according to their manufacturing technology. 1. Magnetic Media Devices Eg: Hard Disk, Magnetic Tapes, Floppy Disk 2. Solid State Media Devices Eg: Pen Drive, Solid state Drive (SSD drive), Memory Card 3. Optical Media Devices Eg: Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile Disks (DVD), Blue Ray Disks 1. Magnetic Media Devices Figure 15 : Magnetic Media Devices 2. Solid State Media Devices Figure 16 : Solid State Media Devices 3. Optical Media Devices Page 15 of 17 Module 01 CIT1011 FUNDAMENTALS OF ICT Figure 17 : Optical Media Devices 1.9.5 Processing Device Computer processor does all the processing activities such as both logical and arithmetic calculation of the computer system and also it act as human brain. It is capable of receiving information from its input devices and then processing that information and to provide an output. It also has the capability to store this information in a storage device. The processor is responsible for controlling the various devices of a computer. The major difference of the processor from the human brain is that it is incapable of independent and creative thought and the generation of new ideas. The processor is also incapable of learning. It is a device that can only follow the instructions that have been given to it by the programmer. There are many manufactures of processors in the world Intel - core i7, core i5,…, Quad core, Core 2 Duo, Dual Core, Celeron, Xeon AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) Inc. - Duron, Athlon, Sempron, Opteron Figure 18 : CPU Central Processing Unit Page 16 of 17