First Aid PDF

EYE INJURIES FIRST If anything is splashed in the eye, flush gently with water for at least 15 minutes. Call the Poison Center or the...

EYE INJURIES FIRST If anything is splashed in the eye, flush gently with water for at least 15 minutes. Call the Poison Center or the pediatrician for further advice. Any injured or painful eye should be seen by a doctor. Do NOT touch or rub an injured eye. Do NOT apply medication. Do NOT remove objects stuck into the eye. Cover the painful or injured eye with a paper cup or eye shield until you can get medical help. An eye injury may require a tetanus booster. FRACTURES AND SPRAINS DO NOT MOVE A CHILD WHO MAY HAVE A NECK OR BACK INJURY, as this may cause serious harm. Call 911 or an emergency number. AID If an injured area is painful, swollen, deformed, or if motion causes pain, wrap it in a towel or soft cloth and make a splint with cardboard or another rigid material to hold the arm or leg in place. Apply ice or a cold compress, call the pediatrician, or seek emergency care. If there is a break in the skin near the fracture or if you can see the bone, cover the area with a clean bandage, make a splint as described above, and seek emergency care. If the foot or hand below the injured part is cold or discolored, seek immediate emergency care. FEVER HEAD INJURIES Fever in children is usually caused by infection. It also DO NOT MOVE A CHILD WHO MAY HAVE A SERIOUS can be caused by chemicals, poisons, medications, an HEAD, NECK, AND/OR BACK INJURY. This may cause environment that is too hot, or an extreme level of further harm. overactivity. Take the child’s temperature to see if he Call 911 or an emergency number immediately if the child has a fever. Most pediatricians consider any thermo- loses consciousness and does not awaken within a few minutes. meter reading above 100.4°F (38°C) a sign of a fever. Call the pediatrician for a child with a head injury and any of However, the way the child looks and behaves is more the following: important than how high the child’s temperature is. Loss of consciousness Call 911 or an Emergency Number Call the pediatrician immediately if the child has a Drowsiness that lasts longer than 2 hours for any severely ill or injured child. fever and Difficulty being awakened Appears very ill, is unusually drowsy, or is very Persistent headache or vomiting fussy Clumsiness or inability to move any body part Has been in an extremely hot place, such as an over- Oozing of blood or watery fluid from ears or nose STINGS AND BITES heated car Convulsions (seizures) Stinging Insects Remove the stinger as quickly as possible Has additional symptoms such as a stiff neck, severe head- Abnormal speech or behavior with the scraping motion of a fingernail. Put a cold ache, severe sore throat, severe ear pain, an unexplained rash, or repeated vomiting or diarrhea For any questions about less serious injuries, call the pediatrician. compress on the bite to relieve the pain. If trouble breathing, fainting, or extreme swelling occurs, Has a condition causing immune suppression (such as call 911 or an emergency number immediately. sickle cell disease, cancer, or the taking of steroids) For hives, nausea, or vomiting, call the pedia- Has had a seizure trician. For spider bites, call the pediatrician Is less than 2 months of age and has a rectal temperature POISONS or Poison Center and describe the spider. Have of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher If the child has been exposed to or ingested a the pediatrician examine any bites that become infected. To make the child more comfortable, dress him in light clothing, poison, call the Poison Center at 800/222-1222. Animal or Human Bites Wash wound thoroughly with give him cool liquids to drink, and keep him calm. The pedia- Swallowed Poisons Any nonfood soap and water. Call the pediatrician. The child may require a trician may recommend fever medications. Do not use aspirin substance is a potential poison. Call the tetanus or rabies shot. to treat a child’s fever. Aspirin has been linked with Reye syn- Poison Center immediately. Do not induce drome, a serious disease that affects the liver and brain. vomiting except on professional advice. The Ticks Use tweezers or your fingers to grasp as close as possi- ble to the head of the tick and slowly pull the tick away from Poison Center will give you further instructions. the point of attachment. Call the pediatrician if the child devel- Fumes, Gases, or Smoke ops symptoms such as a rash or fever. Get the victim into fresh air and call 911 or Snake Bites Take the child to an emergency department if FAINTING the fire department. If the child is not breathing, start cardio- you are concerned that the snake may be poisonous or if you Lay the child on his back with his head to the side. Do NOT pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and continue until help arrives. are unsure of the type of snake bite. Keep the child at rest. Do give the child anything to drink. If the child does not wake up Skin Exposure If acids, lye, pesticides, chemicals, not apply ice. Loosely splint the injured area and keep it at rest, right away, call the pediatrician, or dial 911 or an emergency poisonous plants, or any potentially poisonous substance positioned at, or slightly below, the level of the heart. Try to number. If the child is not breathing, begin CPR. comes in contact with a child’s skin, eyes, or hair, brush off identify the snake, if you can do so safely. any residual material while wearing rubber gloves, if possible. Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin, eyes, or hair with large quantities of water or mild soap and water. Call the TEETH Poison Center for further advice. BURNS AND SCALDS Baby Teeth If knocked out or broken, apply clean gauze to If a child is unconscious, becoming drowsy, having convulsions, General Treatment First stop the burning control bleeding and call the pediatric dentist. or having trouble breathing, call 911 or an emergency number. process by removing the child from contact with Bring the poisonous substance (safely contained) Permanent Teeth If knocked out, find the tooth and, if hot water or a hot object (for example, tar). If with you to the hospital. dirty, rinse gently without scrubbing or touching the root. clothing is burning, smother flames and cool Do not use chemical cleansers. Use milk or cold clothing by soaking with water. Remove clothing running water. Place the tooth into clean water or unless it is firmly stuck to the skin. Run cool water milk and transport the tooth with the child when over burned skin until the pain stops. Do not use seeking emergency care. Call and go directly to NOSEBLEEDS ice or apply any butter, grease, medication, or ointment. the pediatric dentist or an emergency department. Keep the child in a sitting position with the head tilted slightly Burns With Blisters Do not break the blisters. Call If the tooth is broken, save the pieces in milk and forward. Apply firm, steady pressure to both nostrils by the pediatrician for advice on how to cover the burn and call the pediatric dentist immediately. squeezing them between your thumb and index finger for about any burns on the face, hands, feet, or genitals. 10 minutes. If bleeding continues, or is very heavy, call the Large or Deep Burns Call 911 or an emergency pediatrician or seek emergency care. number. After stopping and cooling the burn, keep the child warm with a clean sheet covered with a blanket CONVULSIONS, SEIZURES until help arrives. If the child is breathing, lay her on her side to prevent choking. Does your community have 911? If not, note the Electrical Burns Disconnect electrical power. Do NOT Make sure the child is safe from objects that could injure her. number of your local ambulance service and other touch the victim with bare hands. Pull the victim away from Do not put anything in the child’s mouth. Loosen any tight important numbers below. the power source with a wooden pole. ALL electrical burns clothing. Perform rescue breathing if the child is blue or not need to be seen by a doctor. breathing. Call 911 or an emergency number. BE PREPARED: CALL 911 KEEP EMERGENCY NUMBERS BY YOUR TELEPHONE SKIN WOUNDS P EDIATRICIAN Make sure the child is immunized for tetanus. Any open wound may require a tetanus booster even when the child is currently immu- nized. If the child has an open wound, ask the pediatrician if the child should receive a tetanus booster. Bruises Apply cold compresses. Call the pediatrician if the child has a crush injury, large bruises, continued pain, or swelling. P EDIATRIC D ENTIST The pediatrician may recommend acetaminophen for pain. Cuts Wash small cuts with water until clean. Use direct pressure with a clean cloth to stop bleeding. Apply an antibiotic ointment, then cover the cut with a clean bandage. Call the pediatrician for large and/or deep cuts, or if the wound is gaping, P OISON C ENTER because stitches should be placed without delay. For major bleeding, call for help (911 or an emergency number). Continue direct pressure with a clean cloth until help arrives. A MBULANCE Scrapes Rinse with soap and water to remove dirt and germs. Do not use detergents, alcohol, or peroxide. Use antiseptic soap. Apply an antibiotic ointment and a bandage that will not stick to the wound. Splinters Remove small splinters with tweezers, then wash and apply local antiseptic. If you are unable to E MERGENCY D EPARTMENT remove the splinter completely, call the pediatrician. Puncture Wounds Do not remove large objects such as a knife or stick from a wound. Call for emergency medical assistance (911). Such objects must be removed by a doctor. F IRE Call the pediatrician for all puncture wounds. The child may need a tetanus booster. P OLICE Turn Over for Choking and CPR Instructions HE0008 (Rev 3/04) © 2000 American Academy of Pediatrics 5-65/Rep1104  CHOKING/CPR IF ALONE WITH A CHILD WHO IS CHOKING… LEARN AND PRACTICE CPR IF ALONE WITH A CHILD WHO IS CHOKING… 1. SHOUT FOR HELP. 2. START RESCUE EFFORTS FOR 1 MINUTE. 3. CALL 911 OR AN EMERGENCY NUMBER. YOU SHOULD START FIRST AID FOR CHOKING IF… DO NOT START FIRST AID FOR CHOKING IF… The child cannot breathe at all (the chest is not moving up and down). The child can breathe, cry, talk, or make a normal voice sound. The child cannot cough, talk, or make a normal voice sound. The child can cough, sputter, or move air at all. The child’s normal reflexes The child is found unconscious. (Go to CPR.) are working to clear the airway. FOR INFANTS LESS THAN 1 YEAR OF AGE INFANT CHOKING INFANT CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) Begin the following if the infant is choking To be used when the infant is unconscious or when breathing stops. and is unable to breathe. However, if the infant is coughing, crying, speaking, or able to breathe at all, DO NOT do any of the following. Depending on the infant’s 1 OPEN AIRWAY 2 RESCUE BREATHING Look for movement of the chest and abdomen. Position head and chin with both hands as shown — condition, call 911 or the pediatrician Listen for sounds of breathing. head gently tilted back, chin lifted. for further advice. Feel for breath on your cheek. Seal your mouth over the infant’s Open airway as shown. mouth and nose. Look for a foreign object in the Blow gently, enough air 1 FIVE BACK BLOWS mouth. If you can see an object to make chest rise and fall in the infant’s mouth, sweep it out 2 times. carefully with your finger. Do not try a finger sweep if the object is in the infant’s throat, because it could be pushed further Alternate into the throat. back blows and chest thrusts until the object is If no rise or fall, repeat 1 & 2. If no response, treat for blocked airway. dislodged or (See “INFANT CHOKING” steps 1 & 2 at left.) the infant becomes unconscious. ALTERNATING If the infant 3 ASSESS RESPONSE 4 CHEST COMPRESSIONS Place your ear next to the infant’s mouth and look, Place 2 fingers of one hand over the lower half of becomes listen, and feel for normal breathing or coughing. the chest. Avoid the bottom tip of the breastbone. unconscious, Look for body movement. Compress chest 1/2" to 1" deep. begin CPR. Alternate 5 compressions 2 (Health care If you cannot see, hear, or feel with 1 breath. FIVE CHEST THRUSTS professionals signs of normal breathing, only: coughing, or movement, start Compress chest 100 times per minute. assess pulse chest compressions. before start- ing CPR.) Check for signs of normal breathing, coughing, or movement every minute. FOR CHILDREN 1 TO 8 YEARS OF AGE* CHILD CHOKING CHILD CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) Begin the following if the child is choking To be used when the child is UNCONSCIOUS or when breathing stops. and is unable to breathe. However, if the child is coughing, crying, speaking, or able to breathe at all, DO NOT do 1OPEN AIRWAY 2 RESCUE BREATHING 2A HEALTH CARE Look for movement of the chest and abdomen. Position head and chin with any of the following, but call the PROFESSIONALS Listen for sounds of breathing. both hands as shown. ONLY: pediatrician for further advice. Feel for breath on your cheek. Seal your mouth over Use abdominal thrusts Open airway as shown. child’s mouth. to try to remove an Look for a foreign object in the Pinch child’s nose. airway obstruction. mouth. If you can see an object Blow enough air to make Continue steps 1, 2, and in the child’s mouth, sweep it out child’s chest rise and fall CONSCIOUS 2A until the object is carefully with finger. Do not try a 2 times. retrieved or rescue finger sweep if the object is in the FIVE QUICK breaths are effective. child’s throat because it could be INWARD AND Assess pulse before pushed further into the throat. UPWARD THRUSTS just starting CPR. above the navel and well below If no rise or fall, repeat 1 & 2. If still no rise or fall, continue with step 3 (below). the bottom tip of the breastbone and rib cage (modified 3 ASSESS RESPONSE 4 CHEST COMPRESSIONS Heimlich Place your ear next to the child’s mouth and Compress chest 1" to 11⁄2". maneuver). look, listen, and feel for normal breathing Alternate 5 compressions with 1 breath. or coughing. Compress chest 100 times per minute. Look for body Press with the heel of 1 hand Be sure someone on the lower half of movement. calls 911 as soon If you cannot see, the chest. Lift fin- If the child becomes as possible, and by unconscious, begin hear, or feel signs gers to avoid ribs. 1 minute after CPR. of normal breathing, Do not press near starting rescue coughing, or move- the bottom tip of efforts. ment, start chest the breastbone. compressions. The information contained in this publication should not be used as a substitute for the medical advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on the individual facts and circumstances. *For children 8 and older, adult recommendations for choking/CPR apply. If at any time an object is coughed up or the infant/child starts to breathe, call 911 or the pediatrician for further advice. Ask the pediatrician for information on Choking/CPR instructions for children older than 8 years of age and on an approved first aid course or CPR course in your community. HE0008 (Rev 3/04) Turn Over for First Aid Instructions © 2000 American Academy of Pediatrics