Geology for Civil Engineering - First Meeting, Class Rules, Grading and Module 1

GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING BRIDGE ENGINEERING CEBU - CORDOVA BRIDGE GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Water Resource Engineering SAN ROQUE MULTI-PURPOSE DAM, 16TH largest dam in the world GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Geotechnical Engineerin...

GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING BRIDGE ENGINEERING CEBU - CORDOVA BRIDGE GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Water Resource Engineering SAN ROQUE MULTI-PURPOSE DAM, 16TH largest dam in the world GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Geotechnical Engineering Metro Manila Subway Project GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Bridge Engineering Bataan – Cavite Interlink Bridge Project GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING Transportation Engineering LRT 1 – Extension Project and Baclaran / Zapote Depot MODULE 1 : GEOLOGY Summary Questions (1500 words, Grammarly and Turnitin checked) TASK No. 1 1. What is the importance of learning Geology in the CE profession? 2. Differentiate the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. 3. How do you think land formations are created? 4. Why is weathering an important factor to consider in the CE profession? 5. Where is water stored? 6. What is the importance of learning basic concepts of earthquake in CE profession? GROUP WORK TASK FOR MODULE 1 :TASK No. 2 (2500 words minimum, by group) Earthquake: Make a presentation about the different fault lines in the City of Dasmariñas, Province of Cavite. 1. You are required to submit a geological map identifying the different fault lines 2. Include an information sheet about details: a. Location b. Length c. Movement d. Other important information Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/information-tool/the-phivolcs-faultfinder GROUP WORK TASK FOR MODULE 1 3. Provide the references at the end of your research. 4. Avoid plagiarism. Corresponding deductions will be applied. 5. Files shall be placed in docx files, ppt or pdf. Since your creativity is graded, you can use any appropriate font, but the minimum size should be 12. GEOLOGY Science that deals with Earth’s physical structure and substance, history and the processes that act on it BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY 1. PHYSICAL GEOLOGY - Branch of geology that deals with the present physical properties of earth a) PETROLOGY - Deals with the mode of formation, structure, texture, composition, occurrence, and types of ROCKS - Most important geology in Civil Engineering point of view b) MINERALOGY - Deals with the formation, composition, occurrence, types, properties and uses of MINERALS BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY c) STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY - Also known as GEOTECTONIC or TECTONIC geology - The study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformation history - Deals with the internal structure of rocks which may result to the occurrence of faults, joints and folds d) GEOMORPHOLOGY - The study of the physical features of the Earth’s surface and its relation to its geological structure - Deals with the development / transformation of its landforms BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY e) GEOPHYSICS - The study of the physical properties of earth (e.g. Density, magnetism, texture, etc) f) GEOCHEMISTRY - Deals with the occurrence, distribution, mobility and abundance of elements in the earth’s crust BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY 2. HISTORICAL GEOLOGY - branch of geology that focuses on the preserved evidence of geological events a) STRATIGRAPHY - Concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to geological time scale - Used for study of archaeological remains b) PALEONTOLOGY - Deals with the study of life of geologic past. - involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils preserved in rocks BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY c) OCEANOGRAPHY - Deals with the study of all aspects of the ocean - Includes marine life and ecosystem ALLIED BRANCHES Applies knowledge of geology in other sciences and/or field 1. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY/ GEOLOGY ENGINEERING - application of geology in Civil Engineering 2. MINING GEOLOGY - application of geology in Mining Engineering 3. GEOHYDROLOGY / HYDROGEOLOGY - deals with groundwater movement EARTH STRUCTURE The structure of the Earth consists of various spherical shells or layers that can be categorized in two manners: a) Chemical/ Elemental compositions b) Mechanical/physical properties COMPOSITIONAL (CHEMICAL LAYERS OF EARTH) More commonly discussed layers of earth; layers are defined based on its chemical or elemental composition  CRUST - Consist of several elements - 3 to 5 miles thick under the ocean and approximately 25 miles thick under the continents TYPES OF CRUST a. OCEANIC CRUST (Basaltic) 71% - Composed of magma that erupts on the seafloor to create basalt lava flow; or cools deeper down to create igneous rock gabbro - Sediments coat the seafloor, thickest near the shore b. CONTINENTAL CRUST (Granitic) 29% - Made up of different types of rocks - Average composition is granite which is less dense than mafic igneous rocks oceanic crust - Thicker part of the crust MANTLE - Layer under the crust, compromises 82% of Earth volume - About 1, 800 miles deep - Consist mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron - Heat causes rocks to rise CONDUCTION – heat transfer through rapid collision of atoms which only happens in solid – heat flows from warmer to cooler places until it reaches same temperature CONVECTION – process of material that can move and flow and develops convection currents CORE - Center of the Earth made of 85% iron metal and 15% nickel a. Inner core - Solid part of the core made of iron - Has a radius of about 760 miles according to NASA - Hottest layer of earth at 7000°C Outer core - Liquid part of the core composed of nickel-iron alloy - About 1,355 miles thick - Temperature at 5000 degree Celsius  MECHANICAL (PHYSICAL) LAYERS OF EARTH - layers of earth defined and divided based on the behaviors of the layers; corresponds to the mechanical properties of the layers a) LITHOSPHERE - the solid, outer part of the Earth; includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's structure - bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere - sometimes called the Geosphere itself MECHANICAL (PHYSICAL) LAYERS OF EARTH b) ASTHENOSPHERE - the soft upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, - relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. c) MESOSPHERE: - layer below the asthenosphere but above the outer core; essentially the lower mantle. - Despite high temperatures, the intense pressure in this region restricts the movements of the molecules of the silicate material despite being under high temperature, thus making it extremely rigid. MECHANICAL (PHYSICAL) LAYERS OF EARTH d) OUTER CORE - extends from the bottom of the mesosphere or the lower mantle and surrounds the inner core - extreme temperature allows metals to remain in their liquid phases - the only layer of the Earth that is a true liquid - Strong magnetic field is caused by convection e) INNER CORE - solidity is due to the intense pressure from the upper layers - Spins at different speed than the rest of the planet, which is thought to cause the Earth’s magnetic field  CONTINENTAL DRIFT - developed in the early part of the 20th century, mostly by Alfred Wegener - all of Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass called Pangaea, existed about 240 million years ago and began breaking up about 200 million years ago Other supercontinents: i. Pannotia formed about 600 million years ago ii. Rodinia existed more than a billion years ago. PLATE TECTONICS - Scientific theory of the large-scale motion of seven(7) large plates and movements of larger number of smaller plates - Began between 3.3 to 3.5 B years ago - Average tectonic plate thickness in the lithosphere is about 100 km PLATE TECTONICS 7 Major Tectonic Plates South American Plate (43, 600, 000 sq km) Indo-Australian Plate (58, 900,000 sq km) Antarctic Plate (60, 900, 000 sq km) African Plate (61, 300, 000sq km) Eurasian Plate (67, 800, 000 sq km) North American Plate (75, 900, 000 sq km) Pacific Plate (103, 300, 000 sq km) TYPES OF TECTONIC PLATES 1. OCEANIC PLATES - Made of oceanic crust; composed mostly of magnesium and silicon minerals 2. CONTINENTAL PLATES - Made of continental crust; composed mainly of aluminum and silicon materials PLATE TECTONICS BOUNDARIES OF TECTONIC PLATES 1. TRANSFORM BOUNDARY - Occur between plates which move past each other by sliding - Plates gets minimal damage - Locations of these boundaries are called FAULTS 2. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY - Plates slide apart from each other - Moves in opposite directions - Often occurs in seafloors, resulting to a new one - volcanic activity produces a mid ocean ridge and small earthquakes. BOUNDARIES OF TECTONIC PLATES 3. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY - Plates move against each other - One plate goes underneath another plate - Volcanoes and mountains are formed at these boundaries MOVEMENT OF TECTONIC PLATES Mantle convection drives plate tectonic 1. Hot mantle rises at the ridge axis, creating new ocean crust. 2. The top of convection cell moves horizontally away from the ridge crest ,as does the new seafloor 3. The outer limbs of the convection cells plunge down into the deeper mantle, dragging oceanic crust, at the deepsea trenches 4. The material sinks to the core and move horizontally. 5. The material heats up and reaches the zone where It rise again. LANDFORMS AND EARTH PROCESSES - dynamic actions that occur inside the earth or on the earth’s surface : i. Constructive process: any process that builds earth material or landforms e.g. erosion, transportation of sediments ii. Destructive process: any process that breaks down earth material or destroy landforms e.g. weathering, earthquakes, volcanic eruption PACIFIC RING OF FIRE Most ocean trenches circle the Pacific in the "Ring of Fire," which also includes active volcanoes and earthquake zones. Source : (National Geographic) MARIANA TRENCH - result of convergent boundary between the Pacific and Mariana - Plates (Pacific moves underneath Mariana) PUERTO RICO TRENCH - The deepest spot in the Atlantic Ocean - It is created where the oceanic crust of the North American plate (carrying the west Atlantic Ocean) is being subducted beneath the oceanic crust of the smaller Carribean Plate. Himalayan Mountain Range - Result of convergent boundary between the Eurasian and Indian Plates. The Alps in New Zealand - are fold mountains created as the tiny Adriatic microplate rotates clockwise against the Eurasian plate to the north. ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE - The Nazca plate is subducting beneath the South American Plate JUAN DE FUCA RANGE - A mid-ocean spreading center and divergent plate boundary that separates the Pacific Plate to the west and the Juan de Fuca Plate to the east. MID – ATLANTIC RANGE - Iceland: where the MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE separates the North American and Eurasian plate EAST PACIFIC RISE - is a mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (north to south) the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. GREAT RIFT VALLEY - the Arabian, Indian, and African plates are drifting apart, forming the GREAT RIFT VALLEY in Africa. The Dead Sea fills the rift with seawater ALEUTIAN ISLANDS - the ALEUTIAN ISLANDS along the pacific is an island arc formed by overriding of the North American plate on the Pacific plate. The Ryukyu Islands v The Ryukyu Islands, also known as the Nansei Islands or the Ryukyu Arc. An island arc formed by the Uruma fluctuation – earth’s crust movement that occurs along with the formation of the Ryukyu Islands. Since its formation, the islands have repeated uplifting and sinking. WEATHERING -breakdown of rocks at earth’s surface under the influence of certain physical and chemical agencies FACTORS affecting Weathering: 1. nature of Rocks 2. length of time 3. climate PROCESSES OF WEATHERING 1. DISINTEGRATION - the process of breaking up of rocks into small pieces by the mechanical agencies of physical agents 2. DECOMPOSITION - the process of breaking up of mineral constituents to form new components by the chemical actions of the physical agents 3. DENUDATION - term used when the earth surface is worn away by the chemical and mechanical actions of physical agents and the lower layers are exposed PROCESSES OF WEATHERING 1. PHYSICAL WEATHERING  Physical breakdown of rock masses under the attack of certain atmospheric agents  A single rock block is broken gradually into smaller irregular fragments and then into particles smaller dimensions  most active in cold, dry, and higher areas of the earth surface  Temperature variations are responsible to a great extent of physical weathering PROCESSES OF WEATHERING 1.1 Exfoliation  Curved plates of rock are stripped also known as onion-skin weathering  Often results in dome-shaped hills or dome rocks  Occurs along planes of parting called joints  caused by unequal expansion and contraction, since some rocks are either colder or warmer on the outer surface 1.2 FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING - Water enters cracks on rocks and freezes when temperature drops and melts and seeps deeper in the crack. Process repeats until rock splits completely  PROCESSES OF WEATHERING 2. CHEMICAL WEATHERING  The chemical decomposition of the rock  internal structure of mineral is altered by addition or removal of elements due to the chemical reaction between the atmosphere and the rocks  takes place in the presence of water which dissolves many active gases from the atmosphere  conditions are defined primarily by chemical composition of the rocks humidity and the environmental surrounding the rock under attack 2.1 Spheroidal Weathering  a form of chemical weathering, caused by penetration of water at bounding joints/ fractures, attacking from all sides  concentric or spherical shells of decayed rock are successively loosened and separated from a block of rock  PROCESSES OF WEATHERING 3. THERMAL STRESS WEATHERING - sometimes known as isolation weathering - Contributes to both physical and chemical weathering - Temperature change is important in arid and semi-arid regions i. Rocks split apart into fragments when expanding and contracting due to changes in temperature (physical) ii. Moisture alters composition of rock minerals (chemical)  PROCESSES OF WEATHERING 4. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING  Plants and animals can influence rocks  Roots burrow into the rock, weakening the structure of the rock until it breaks away  EARTH PROCESS BY WIND 1. EROSION a. DEFLATION - Process of wind removing loose material from flat dry areas, uncemented sediments - Occurs in deserts, dry lake beds, floodplains, and glacial washout plains b. ABRASION - Scraping of rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles  EARTH PROCESS BY WIND 2. TRANSPORTATION - The total sediment load carried by a wind can be divided into two : a. Bed load - larger and heavier particles such as sands or gravels - moved by the winds but not lifted more than 30 to 60 cm of the earth surface b. Suspended load - finer clay or dust particles which are lifted by the moving winds by a distance of hundreds of meters above the earths surface  EARTH PROCESS BY WIND 3. DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT  sediments get dropped and deposited forming what are known as Aeolian deposits a. Sand dunes  huge heaps of sand formed by the natural deposition of wind blown sand  sometimes of characteristics and recognizable shape  often found to migrate from one place to another due to change in the direction and velocity of wind  THREE TYPES OF SAND DUNES 1. Barchans or Crescent-Shape dunes - most common occurrence and triangular in section: a. steep side: - facing away from the direction of wind - inclined at an angle of about 30°to 33° b. Gentle side - lies on the windward side - makes an angle about 10° to15° - maximum height: 335 meters; horn to horn width: 350 meters  THREE TYPES OF SAND DUNES 2. Transverse Dunes - similar to a barchan in section - not curved in plan like barchans - its longer axis is broadly transverse to the direction of the prevailing winds 3. Longitudinal Dunes - elongated ridges of sand with their longer axis broadly parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind - 3 m height and 200 m long in average  BY WATER (COASTAL PROCESSES) 1. EROSION  wearing away of rock along the coastline  Caused by Destructive waves on the coastline  occurs where waves have direct contact with the rock i. Hydraulic action - this is the sheer power of the waves as they smash against the cliff. Air becomes trapped and compressed into cracks in the rock with explosive force causing the rock to break apart. ii. Abrasion - this is when pebbles grind along a rock platform or cliff base much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth. iii. Attrition - this is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.  BY WATER (COASTAL PROCESSES) 2. TRANSPORTATION i. Solution - when minerals in rocks like chalk and limestone are dissolved in sea water and then carried in solution. The load is not visible. ii. Suspension - small particles such as silts and clays are suspended in the flow of the water. iii. Saltation - where small pieces of shingle or large sand grains are bounced along the seabed. iv. Traction - where pebbles and larger material are rolled along the seabed.  BY WATER (COASTAL PROCESSES) 3. MASS MOVEMENT i. Rockfall – bits of rock fall off the cliff face, usually due to freeze-thaw weathering ii. Mudflow – saturated soil flows down a slope iii. Landslide – large blocks of rock slide downhill iv. Rotational slip – saturated soil slumps down a curved surface  BY WATER (COASTAL PROCESSES) 4. DEPOSITION - When the sea loses energy, it drops the material it has been carrying - occur on coastlines that have constructive waves Factors leading to deposition include: i. waves starting to slow down and lose ii. sheltered areas, eg bays energy iii. little or no wind iv. shallow water EROSION EROSION EROSION EROSION TRANSPORTATION COASTAL PROCESSES : MASS MOVEMENT RIVER PROCESSES SAND DUNES CHEMICAL WEATHERING PHYSICAL WEATHERING PHYSICAL WEATHERING EXFOLIATION WEATHERING EXFOLIATION WEATHERING SPHEROIDAL WEATHERING  GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY GROUNDWATER - Also called subsurface water - Water that occurs below the surface of Earth - Occupies all or part of the void spaces in soils or geologic strata - an important source of water supply throughout the world - 0.58% of the total water resources available in nature, 22.21% fresh water part and 2.6% of reservoirs - Located at 4km depth in earth’s surface - used in irrigation, industries, urban and rural home continues to increase  ORIGIN OF GROUND WATER 1. Meteoric water: - Main source of groundwater - Received in the form of rain and snow through infiltration of pores, fissures and joints 2. Connate Water: - Exists in pores and cavities of sedimentary rocks of seas and lakes - Also called sedimentary water 3. Magmatic Water: - Converts water after condensation of vapor as result of volcanic action at time of entering hot rocks  GROUND WATER OCCURRENCE - Groundwater occurrence is controlled by geology - Groundwater occurs when water recharges the subsurface through cracks and pores in soil and rock 1. Zone of Aeration (unsaturated) - Consists of interstices occupied partially by water and partially by air - Soil Water zone - Sub-soil zone - Capillary zone  GROUND WATER OCCURRENCE 2. Zone of Saturation (saturated) - All interstices are filled with water under hydrostatic pressure - Extends from the upper surface of saturation down to the underlying impermeable rock - Water table (Phreatic surface) occurs if there is no overlying impermeable strata - Forms the upper surface of the zone of saturation  4 TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION 1. Aquifers - A saturated formation of earth material - Stores water and yield sufficient quantity - Transmits water relatively easily due to high permeability - Sand and gravel form good aquifers  4 TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION TYPES OF AQUIFERS a. Unconfined Aquifer - Also called water table - Upper water surface is at atmospheric pressure - Able to rise and fall - Usually closer to earth's surface  4 TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION TYPES OF AQUIFERS b. Confined Aquifer - Also known as artesian or pressure aquifers - Below the land surface saturated with water - Bound by impermeable layers above and below - Under pressure - If penetrated by a well, water rises above the top of aquifer  4 TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION TYPES OF AQUIFERS c. Leaky Aquifers - Also called semi-confined aquifers - both of Upper and lower boundaries are aquitards - Or one boundary is an aquitard and the other is an aquiclude  4 TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION 2. Aquitard - Formation through which seepage is possible - Yield significant compared to an aquifer - Partly permeable - Appreciable quantities of water may leak to an aquifer below it  4 TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION 3. Aquiclude - A porous but not permeable geological formation - May bear water but do not yield - Argillaceous rocks, clay and shale are typical examples  4 TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATION 4. Aquifuge - Neither a porous nor permeable geological formation - No interconnected openings - Cannot transmit or absorb water - Suitable for ground water occurrence - Massive granites and quartzite are typical examples  EARTHQUAKE - any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks; occur most often along geologic faults - the release of sudden and extreme energy that is caused by shifting in the Earth's crust  SEISMOLOGY  the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the earth FAULTS  narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another  a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of the Earth’s crust, where compression or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture  may be vertical, horizontal, or inclined at any angle  CLASSIFICATION 1. Normal Slip - the crust is being pulled apart, the overlying (hanging-wall) block moves down with respect to the lower (foot wall) block 2. Reverse Slip - the crust is being compressed, the hanging - -wall block moves up and over the footwall block - – slip on a gently inclined plane is referred to as thrust faulting  CLASSIFICATION 3. Strike Slip  Crustal blocks move sideways past each other, usually along nearly-vertical faults i. Sinistral Strike Slip  far side moves to the left ii. Dextral Strike Slip  far side moves to the right EARTHQUAKE FAULT EARTHQUAKE FAULT TERMINOLOGY IN EARTHQUAKES FOCUS  exact spot underneath the earth surface at which an earthquake originates EPICENTER  the part of the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake INTENSITY - severity of earthquake shaking - based on actual effects produced by the quakes on the earth § based on the total energy released TERMINOLOGY IN EARTHQUAKES MAGNITUDE - quantitative measure of the size of the earthquake at its source - based on the total energy released MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE - measures the intensity of an earthquake by observing its effect on people, the environment and the earth’s surface - labels an earthquake from I to XII depending on the effects of the earthquake TERMINOLOGY IN EARTHQUAKES RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE - measures the energy released by an earthquake using a seismograph - assigns earthquakes a number between 1 and 10 in order of increasing intensity MERCALLI AND RICHTER SCALE: CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE 1. DUE TO SUPERFICIAL MOVEMENTS:  feeble earthquakes are caused due to superficial movements  dashing waves cause vibrations along the seashore  Water descending along high waterfalls, impinges the valley floor and causes vibrations along the neighboring areas  At high altitudes the snow falling is an avalanche 2. DUE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS:  Volcanic eruptions cause feeble tremors in the surface of the earth  cause a severe vibration on the adjoining area and have really disastrous effects CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE 3. DUE TO FOLDING OR FAULTING:  caused due to folding of the layers of the earth’s crust  are more disastrous and are known as tectonic earthquakes  directly or indirectly change the structural features of the earth crust CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE a) BASED ON DEPTH OF FOCUS: SHALLOW - Lies anywhere up to 50 km below surface INTERMEDIATE - Originates 50km to 300 km below the surface DEEP-SEATED CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE b) BASED ON CAUSE OF ORIGIN § TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES -Due to relative movements of crystal block on faulting - NON-TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES - Due to volcanic eruptions or landslides c) BASED ON INTENSITY - Initially given by Rossi and Ferel (Scale 1-10) - Based on the sensation of people and damage caused - Later modified by Mercalli and later by Wood and Neumann SYNTHESIS: Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering ü provides a systematic knowledge of construction material, its occurrence, composition, durability, and other properties - knowledge of the geological work of natural agencies helps in planning and carrying out major civil engineering works. - knowledge about ground water quantity and depth of occurrence is required in connection with water supply, irrigation, excavation and many other civil engineering works - foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly concerned with the geology of the area where they are to be built - Helps greatly in interpreting drilling data for foundation works - the knowledge about the nature and structure of rocks is very necessary in tunneling, road construction, canals, docks and in determining stability of cuts and slopes SYNTHESIS: Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering ü provides a systematic knowledge of construction material, its occurrence, composition, durability, and other properties - a detailed geological report which is accompanied by geological maps and sections, is prepared prior major engineering projects - stability of civil engineering structure is considerably increased if the geological feature like faults, joints, bedding planes, folding solution channels etc. in the rock beds are properly located and suitably treated - Planning and design, and cost and safety depends on soil conditions