General Geology PDF

GENERAL GEOLOGY CHAPTER 1 FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Psalms 24:1-2 1 The Earth is the LORD’s, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it;...

GENERAL GEOLOGY CHAPTER 1 FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Psalms 24:1-2 1 The Earth is the LORD’s, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it; 2 for he founded it on the seas FLORENCE T. SAMONTE and established it on the waters.  Geology: Etymology FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.etymonline.com/word/geology  Geology: Definition FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/geology  Geology: Definition Geology is the science that deals with the origin, age, composition, internal structure, surface features and history of the Earth. ▪ It includes the processes taking place inside the Earth, discovering its mineral wealth, and techniques to preserve the Earth. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE Engineering Geology (Duggal, Pandey, Rawal) C 2014  Examples of mineral wealth extraction FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Open-Pit Copper Mine New Mexico FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mining/  Open-Pit Gold and Copper Mine Philippines FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.philippine-resources.com/articles/2021/6/denr-studies-possible-lifting-of-ban-on-open-pit-mining  Examples of Earth preservation FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Challenges associated with mining Biodiversity loss Pollution habitat destruction water scarcity Erosion Sedimentation Climate change https://sciencing.com/how-mercury-used-purify-gold-4914156.html https://vietnamnet.vn/en/natural-resources-depleted-by-miners- who-flee-violate-laws-524866.html FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/negative-impacts-mining-environment-fariz-niftaliyev https://www.quora.com/How-does-mining-contribute-to-erosion FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://cdn.oceanservice.noaa.gov/oceanserviceprod/ocean/earthday-infographic-large.jpg FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.pinterest.com/pin/sierra-madre-what-most-filipinos-dont-know-about-this-mountain-range-dakilanglaagan-- 574349758734696804/ Philippines https://modernparenting-onemega.com/thank-you-sierra-madre-mountain-range-for-protecting-us/ Sierra Madre Mountain Ranges FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=460333954145159&set=ecnf.100069460762846&locale=ml_IN Philippines Angat Watershed  Oil Spill Philippines FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/916933/tankers-in-bataan-oil-spill-probed-for-smuggling/story/  Geology: Definition Geology is the science that deals with the origin, age, composition, internal structure, surface features and history of the Earth. ▪ It includes the processes taking place inside the Earth, discovering its mineral wealth, and techniques to preserve the Earth. ▪ It also deals with the evolution and modifications of various surface features like mountains, rivers, coastlines, etc. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE Engineering Geology (Duggal, Pandey, Rawal) C 2014  Examples of evolution and modifications of surface features FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Between 1952 – 1954 29,028 feet (8,848 metres), plus or minus a fraction, was established by the Survey of India Between 2019 – 2020 China and Nepal jointly declared that the height of Everest was 29,031.69 feet (8,848.86 metres) Mount Everest Asia https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Everest FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Ucayali River Peru FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=CwWB6USF2uo&ab_channel=GustavMuller FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.nwpb.org/2018/05/23/new-hope-to-stop-or-greatly-slow-seemingly-unstoppable-shoreline-erosion/ Washington Washaway Beach  Geology: Definition Geology may also be defined as an applied science to advance our understanding of the processes that can result in natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, floods, etc. Therefore, it may be said that geology is the study of the Earth. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE Engineering Geology (Duggal, Pandey, Rawal) C 2014  Examples of processes that result in natural disaster FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  1995 Major Earthquake Kobe, Japan FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/kobe-earthquake/ FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0l6z0HaUAM&ab_channel=CNN FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/rockslide-california-state-route-70-feather-river-canyon-butteplumas-county-line California 2021 Rockslide  2022 landslide Brazil FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20221201-deadly-landslides-cut-off-access-to-major-brazilian-grains-port  2024 Coastal Flooding England FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.groundsure.com/coastal-flooding-that-eclipsed-all-others/  Importance of Geology in Civil engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  https://portugalconfidential.com/ponte-516-arouca- suspension-bridge-portugal/ https://aessoil.com/what-is-engineering-geology/ 516 Arouca Bridge Portugal https://feedbackoysg.com/completed-and-ongoing- projects-2019-to-2023/ https://www.businessinsider.com/massive-size-of-oil- rigs-under-water-pictures-videos-tiktok-2022-1 Manatee Field Gulf of Mexico General Gas Flyover Nigeria FLORENCE T. SAMONTE FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Excavation-works-during-the- construction-of-the-pit_fig1_341154567 https://www.laterlite.com/applications/geotechnical/embankment- construction-process-lightweight-aggregates/ rocks, or involve loading the Earth by building on it. Most civil engineering projects involve some excavation of soils and  In some cases, the excavated rocks may be used as constructional material, and in others, rocks may form a major part of the finished product, such as a motorway cutting or the site for a reservoir. Construction Material FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  In some cases, the excavated rocks may be used as constructional material, and in others, rocks may form a major part of the finished product, such as a motorway cutting or the site for a reservoir. Motorway Cutting https://www.hampshirelive.news/news/history/twyford-down-m3-protest-1990s-5004332 FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  In some cases, the excavated rocks may be used as constructional material, and in others, rocks may form a major part of the finished product, such as a motorway cutting or the site for a reservoir. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge#/me Site for Reservoir dia/File:Mike_O'Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_09_2017_4768.jpg FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 1. Geology provides a systematic study of the structure and properties of construction materials and their occurrence. The civil engineers need to know the properties of rocks accurately to enable them to consider different rocks for any required purpose that is as a foundation rock, as road metal, as concrete aggregate, as building stones, as the roofing material for decorative purposes. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Foundation FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-foundation-used-in-building-and-structures/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Road Metal - crushed rock , broken stone , etc used to construct or repair a road FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/road-metal  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Concrete Aggregate FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.virtueindustries.co.in/blog/classification-of-construction-aggregates/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Building Stones FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://carderock.com/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Roofing Material FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.psmroofing.co.uk/stone-roofing/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 2. The selection of a site is important from the viewpoint of stability of foundation and availability of construction materials. Geology provides knowledge about the site used in the construction of buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks, reservoirs, highways and bridges. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Buildings FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/new-york-city  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Dam FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.ppic.org/publication/dams-in-california/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Tunnel FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.autobrennero.it/en/the-motorway/infrastructure/tunnels/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Reservoir FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://unsplash.com/s/photos/dam  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Reservoir FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://structurae.net/en/structures/dams/pumped-storage-reservoirs  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Highways and Bridges FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.itdcem.co.in/areas-of-operations/highways-bridges-flyovers/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 3. Geology helps to identify area susceptible to failures due to geological hazards such as earthquake, landslides, weathering effects, etc. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/07/08/mgb-reiterates-importance-of-geohazard-maps-in-disaster-preparedness  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 4. The knowledge about the nature of the rocks is very necessary for tunnelling, constructing roads and in determining the stability of cuts and slopes. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Tunneling FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.earthmech.com/projects_devils_slide_tunnels.php https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1649694501742405&set=pcb.1649694771742378  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Slope FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.geostabilization.com/technology/critical-slope-monitoring/  Slopes and Cuts FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.worldtravelguide.net/features/feature/complete-guide-exploring-atlas-mountains/ FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.propelleraero.com/three-ways-paving-contractors-use-propeller-drone-surveying-for-road-building/ Slopes and Cuts Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering Slopes and Cuts FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://estimationqs.com/cut-and-fill-excavation-for-road-construction-on-hillside-slope-cross-section-details-and-quantity-takeoff/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 5. The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly related to the geology of the area where they are to be built. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.stava1985.it/aznacollar-mine-reservoir-collapse-spain/?lang=en  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/13101/003.cfm  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://engineeringcivil.org/articles/bridge/scouring-in-bridge-mitigation-scour-mechanism-types/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://damfailures.org/case-study/lower-san-fernando-dam-california-1971/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://damfailures.org/lessons-learned/stability-of-the-dam-foundation-and-other-geologic-features-must-be-considered-during-dam-design/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 6. The knowledge of groundwater is necessary for connection with excavation works, water supply, irrigation and many other purposes. Hydrological maps provide information about the distribution of surface water channels and the groundwater depth. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.adlertankrentals.com/blog/construction-site-dewatering-guide  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/groundwater FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine-Water-Resources- https://essc.org.ph/content/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Protected- Region_Map.jpg Watersheds-inPhilippines-Map.mediumthumb.jpg FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://ppdo.pangasinan.gov.ph/provincial-map/ground-water-map/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 7. Geological maps help in planning civil engineering projects. It provides information about the structural deposition of rock types in the proposed area. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE FLORENCE T. SAMONTE http://www.thefossilforum.com/index.php?/topic/40449-geologic-formation-maps/ Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Regional-geology-of-the-Philippine-archipelago-and-distribution-of- porphyry-deposits_fig8_334084209 FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://r5.denr.gov.ph/index.php/gis-maps-r5/129-other-map/1388-denr-geology-map-2020  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 8. Geology helps in determining the earthquake-prone areas. If any geological features like faults, folds, etc. are found, they have to be suitably treated to increase the stability of the structure. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distribution-of-Active-Faults-and-Trenches-in-the-Philippines-Source-9_fig10_317064991  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 9. The knowledge of erosion, transportation and deposition (ETD) by surface water helps soil conservation, river control, coastal and harbour works. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7590-9_3 FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/jv2w4y/a_huge_soil_erosion/  Geology: Importance in Civil Engineering 10. A geological survey of a site before starting a project will reduce the overall cost. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-Geological-and-B-geomorphologic-map-of-Metro-Manila-Philippines-and-the-locations_fig1_362703315 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Saudi-Geological-Survey-personnel-measuring-different-factors-and-collecting-data- FLORENCE T. SAMONTE and_fig2_259236957 76363 https://libguides.uky.edu/c.php?g=222941&p=14 https://jpi-climate.eu/partner/geus/  Civil Engineers and Geologists Geologists work hand-in-hand with civil engineers for the site selection and ground treatment for important civil engineering projects such as dams, reservoirs, tunnels, etc. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Civil Engineers and Geologists Study of engineering geology is important for the reasons to follow: 1) It enables a geologist to understand the nature of geological information that is essential for the safe design and construction of a civil engineering project. 2) Further, he is responsible for interpreting site specific geological data and for providing conceptual models representing the morphology, geological structures and classification of the rock units. 3) It enables a civil engineer to understand engineering implications of certain conditions related to the area of construction, which are FLORENCE T. SAMONTE essentially geological in nature. 4) He develops an appreciation of the relevance and importance of geologic observations and interpretations.  Civil Engineers and Geologists It may be noted that a civil engineer is neither expected nor required to undertake geological investigations of the area. However, he/she must be capable of understanding, analyzing and critically discussing a geological report of the area prepared by a geologist. With adequate knowledge of engineering geology, a civil engineer becomes capable of deriving maximum useful information pertaining to the geological conditions of the project site. In fact, while executing the construction, the task of a geologist is FLORENCE T. SAMONTE to specify the probable difficulties and the civil engineer is supposed to overcome them.  Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Engineering or Ground Engineering) GEOLOGY GEOTECHNICS CIVIL ENGINEERING FLORENCE T. SAMONTE  Geotechnical Engineering (Soil Engineering or Ground Engineering) ▪ What are the soils and rocks on the subsurface? ▪ Can it safely support the structure? ▪ What groundwater conditions are currently exist and how it will affect on the future? ▪ What will be the impact of any planned excavation, grading or filling? ▪ Are the natural or proposed slope stable? ▪ What kind of foundation are necessary? ▪ Does it require retaining walls? ▪ If the projects requires tunnel, how should it be excavated? ▪ How will the site respond to potential earthquake? FLORENCE T. SAMONTE ▪ Has the ground become contaminated with chemicals? Will it be safe? ▪ What must we do to rectify the problem?  Role of Geotechnical Engineer A geo-technical engineer has an important job role in analyzing soil, rock, groundwater, and other earth materials prior to major construction projects. This analysis can help determine what materials must be used in the structure’s foundation or overall design, or whether the project needs additional measures to ensure it is safe. https://www.goconstruct.org/construction-careers/what-jobs-are-right-for-me/geo-technical-engineer/ Importance of Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical engineering is important because it helps prevent complications before they happen. Without the advanced calculations and FLORENCE T. SAMONTE testing provided by a geotech, buildings could see significant damage after an earthquake, slope stability shifting, ongoing settlement, or other effects. https://centralgeotech.com/uncategorized/geotechnical-engineering-important/#:~:text=Geotechnical%20engineering%20is%20important%20because,ongoing%20settlement%2C%20or%20other%20effects.  Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco California and Marin County California, US FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://mwg.aaa.com/via/places-visit/best-views-golden-gate-bridge https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Eq-prob.jpg  Ted Williams Tunnel Massachusetts Turnpike, Boston, MA, United States FLORENCE T. SAMONTE The underwater section of the tunnel is 90 feet below the surface of Boston Harbor, the deepest such connection in North America. https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/bostons-sumner-tunnel-project-will-have-major-traffic-impacts/2726066/  Palacio De Bellas Artes Mexico City, Mexico https://ph.hotels.com/go/mexico/museo-del-palacio-de-bellas-artes-mexico-city FLORENCE T. SAMONTE Main façade of the Palacio de Bellas Artes ; white marbles from Mexican quarries were used for walls, and marble from Carrara for ornamental elements, sculptures and columns https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Main-facade-of-the-Palacio-de-Bellas-Artes-white-marbles-from-Mexican-quarries-were_fig6_268810214  Tower of Pisa The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italy), an iconic Pisa, Italy architectural marvel, is infamous for its unintended tilt from significant geotechnical issues. The tower’s foundation was inadequately designed to handle the soft, unstable soil beneath it, leading to uneven settlement and its distinctive lean. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.livescience.com/33379-leaning-tower-pisa-fall-over.html  Kansai Airport Japan FLORENCE T. SAMONTE Experts have expressed apprehension that it may sink one day. The airport that serves Japan's second largest metropolitan city Osaka, has already sunk more than 38 ft. Some engineers have predicted that sections of the two artificial islands may sink another 13ft, to sea level, by 2056. https://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/scariest-runways/kansai-airport.htm  Teton Dam Madison County, Idaho https://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/teton_dam/index.htm https://engineering-channel.com/teton-dam-disaster/ Investigations of the Teton Dam failure attributed the catastrophe to a series of design and construction related deficiencies. These inadequacies related primarily to FLORENCE T. SAMONTE the foundation treatment at the dam and adherence to the overall construction schedule. It was determined the most probable physical failure mode was cracking of the dam’s impervious core due to internal erosion initiated by hydraulic fracturing of the key trench fill material. FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://theconstructor.org/case-study/taj-mahal-construction-foundation/59328/ Agra, India Taj Mahal FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://www.veenaworld.com/blog/taj-mahal-secrets FLORENCE T. SAMONTE https://akm-img-a-in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/misc/CS-TAJ-Jul30_Part_3.jpg