Medical Terminology PTBAS 1108 2024/2025 PDF

“ Medical Terminology PTBAS 1108 Level 1 / Semester 1 2024/2025  Medical Terminology Learning Medical Terminology = Studying a strange new language. Liver inflammation = Hepatitis Once you understand basic rules about how medical terms a...

“ Medical Terminology PTBAS 1108 Level 1 / Semester 1 2024/2025  Medical Terminology Learning Medical Terminology = Studying a strange new language. Liver inflammation = Hepatitis Once you understand basic rules about how medical terms are formed using word building, you can distinguish the meaning of medical terms by analyzing their Prefixes, Suffixes, and word Roots (impossible to memorize thousands of medical terms ). There will always be some exceptions to every rule, and medical terminology is no different.  Construction of Medical Word Prefix + Word Root + Suffix Hyperthyroidism Hyper + Thyroid + Polyarthritis ism Poly+ arthr + itis  Four different word parts or elements can be used to construct med terms: 1. The word root is the foundation of the word. Cardi ogram = Record of the heart 2. A prefix is at the beginning of the word. Peri cardium = Around the heart 3. A suffix is at the end of the word. Card itis = Inflammation of the heart 4. The combining vowel is a vowel (usually O) that links the word root to another oot or a suffix. Cardi O my O pathy = Disease of the heart  Word Parts Combining Word Root Prefix Suffix Vowel cardi O my O Cardi ogram Peri cardium card itis pathy  The word root The word root is the foundation of a medical term and provides the general meaning of the word. -Body system or part of the body , such as cardi for heart. -An action. For example, the word root cis means to cut (as in incision). A term may have more than one word root. For example, Osteoarthritis= osteo (word root)+ arthr ( word root) + -itis (suffix meaning inflammation)  Combining Vowel This is most often the vowel (O) for easy pronunciation Combining vowels are utilized in two places: - Between a word root and a suffix - Between two words roots. To combine arthr with -scope will require a combining vowel: Arthroscope But to combine arthr with -itis does not require a combining vowel: Arthritis But Combining vowel is typically kept between two words roots, even if the second word root begins with a vowel Gastroenteritis  Combining Form Combining form= word root + combining vowel written in a word root/ vowel form Cardi/O. - Simpler to pronounce word roots - This is used format throughout this book. Combining Form Meaning Example (Definition) Bi/o life Biology = Study of life Carcin/o cancer Carcinoma = Cancerous tumor Cardi/o heart Cardiac (pertaining to the heart) Chemical Chemotherapy = Treatment with Chem/o treatment chemicals Cis/o To cut Incision = Process of cutting into Dermat/o skin Dermatology = study of the skin Enteric (pertaining to the small Enter/o small intestine intestine) Gastr/o stomach Gastric (pertaining to the stomach) Gynec/o female Gynecology = Study of females Hemat/o blood Hematic (pertaining to the blood) Combining Form Meaning Example (Definition) Immun/O immunity Immunology= Study of immunity Nephr/O kidney Nephromegaly = Enlarged kidney Neur/O nerve Neural (pertaining to a nerve) Path/O disease Pathology = Study of disease Pulmon/O lung Pulmonary (pertaining to the lungs) Rhin/O nose Rhinoplasty= surgical repair of the nose  Write down the word root of the following 1- kidney ………. 2- Nerve ……….. 3- Lung ………… 4- Life………….. 5- Blood…………..  Prefix A new medical term is formed when a prefix is added to the front of the term. Prefixes frequently give information about: Location of an organ. Epigastric – Parathyroid- Intervertebral Number of parts: Bi- stands for two of something, such as Bilateral = to have two sides, Biceps= muscle with 2 heads Measurement. Hyperglycemia- hypoglycemia- Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) A- Without Aphasia = Without speech Anti- Against Antibiotic= Against life Auto- Self Autograft = A graft from one’s own body Brady- Slow Bradycardia = Slow heartbeat De- Without Depigmentation = Without pigment) Painful Dysuria = Painful urination Dys- Difficult Dyspnea = Difficulty breathing Abnormal Dystrophy = Abnormal development Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) Within Endoscope = Instrument to view within Endo- Inner Endocardium= Inner lining of heart Epi- above Epigastric = Above the stomach Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) Hyper- Excessive Hypertrophy = Excessive development Hypo- Below; Insufficient Hypoglycemia = Insufficient blood sugar Not Infertility = Not fertile In- Inward Inhalation = To breathe in Inter- Between Intervertebral = Between the vertebrae Intra- Within Intravenous = Within a vein Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) Neo- New Neonatology = Study of the newborn Beside Paranasal = Beside the nose Para- Abnormal; Paresthesia= Abnormal sensation Two like parts of (a Paraplegia= Paralysis of two like parts of a pair[the pair) legs] Per- Through Percutaneous = Through the skin Peri- around Pericardial = Around the heart Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) post- After Postpartum = After birth Preoperative= Before a surgical pre- Before operation Pseudohypertrophy= False pseudo- False development Re- Again Reinfection= To infect again Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) Retrograde = To move backward backward; Retro- Retroperitoneal = Behind the behind peritoneum Sub- under Subcutaneous = Under the skin Tachy- Fast Tachycardia = Fast heartbeat Trans- across Transcutaneous= Across the skin Un- not Unconscious= Not conscious)  Number Prefixes Prefix Meaning Example (Definition) Bi- Two Bilateral = Two sides Hemiplegia= Paralysis of one side/half of the Hemi- Half body Mono- One Monoplegia = Paralysis of one extremity Multi- Many Multigravida= Woman pregnant more than once Nulli- None Nulligravida= Woman with no pregnancies Poly- Many Polymyositis= Inflammation of many muscles)  Meaning Prefix Example (Definition) Polymyositis = inflammation of many Poly- many muscles Quadri- four Quadriplegia = paralysis of all four limbs Semi- partial Semiconscious = partially conscious Tetra- four Tetraplegia = paralysis of all four limbs Tri- three Triceps = muscle with three heads Write down the meaning of the following prefixes 1- Brady:………………….. 2- Epi…………………….. 3- Hemi………………….. 4- Poly………………….. 5- Trans …………………. 6- Para…………………………….  Suffix A suffix is attached to the end of a word to add meaning, such as a condition, disease, or procedure. For example: -itis = inflammation, carditis, meaning inflammation of the heart. Every medical term must have a suffix. however, terms can also be built from a suffix added directly to a prefix, without a word root. For example: Dystrophy( meaning abnormal development)= the prefix dys- (meaning abnormal) and the suffix -trophy (meaning development).  Common Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) Neuralgia = Neural pain -algia Pain Arthralgia = Joint pain -cyte Cell Erythrocyte = Red cell -dynia Pain Coccydynia = Coccyx pain (Tailbone pain) -gen That produces Pathogen (that produces disease) -genic Producing Carcinogenic (cancer producing) -ia State, Condition Bradycardia (condition of slow heart)  Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) -ism State of Hypothyroidism = State of low thyroid -itis Inflammation Dermatitis = Inflammation of skin -logist one who studies Cardiologist (one who studies the heart) -logy Study of Cardiology = Study of the heart -lytic Destruction Thrombolytic (clot destruction) -megaly Enlarged Cardiomegaly = Enlarged Heart  Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) -oma Tumor, mass Carcinoma = Cancerous tumor -opsy View of Biopsy= View of life Cyanosis (abnormal condition of being -osis Abnormal condition blue) -pathy Disease Myopathy = Muscle disease -plasm Formation Neoplasm = New formation -plegia Paralysis Quadriplegia = Paralysis of four limbs Excessive, Abnormal -rrhage flow Hemorrhage = Excessive bleeding  Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) -sclerosis Hardening Arteriosclerosis = Hardening of an artery -stenosis Narrowing Angiostenosis = Narrowing of a vessel Chemotherapy= Treatment with -therapy Treatment chemicals) -trophy Development Hypertrophy = Excessive development  Adjective Suffixes Suffix meaning Example (definition) -ac Pertaining to Cardiac (pertaining to the heart) -al Pertaining to Arterial (pertaining to the artery) -an Pertaining to Ovarian (pertaining to the ovary) -ar Pertaining to Ventricular (pertaining to a ventricle) -ary Pertaining to Pulmonary (pertaining to the lungs) -atic Pertaining to Lymphatic (pertaining to lymph) -eal Pertaining to Esophageal (pertaining to the esophagus) -ic Pertaining to Gastric (pertaining to the stomach) Suffix meaning Example (definition) -ine Pertaining to Uterine (pertaining to the uterus) -ior Pertaining to Superior (pertaining to above) -nic Pertaining to Embryonic (pertaining to an embryo) -ory Pertaining to Auditory (pertaining to hearing) -ose Pertaining to Adipose (pertaining to fat) -ous Pertaining to Intravenous (pertaining to within a vein) -tic Pertaining to Acoustic (pertaining to hearing)  Surgical Suffixes Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) Puncture to Arthrocentesis= puncture to withdraw -centesis withdraw fluid fluid from a joint Gastrectomy = surgical removal the -ectomy Surgical removal stomach Surgically create Colostomy (surgically create an opening -ostomy an opening for the colon [through the abdominal wall] -otomy Cutting into Thoracotomy = cutting into the chest) -plasty Surgical repair Arthroplasty = surgical repair of the joint  Procedural Suffixes : Suffix Meaning Example (Definition) Electrocardiogram = Record of heart’s -gram Record or picture electricity Process of Electrocardiography= Process of recording the -graphy recording heart’s electrical activity) Instrument for -scope viewing Gastroscope= Instrument to view stomach Pertaining to Endoscopic= Pertaining to visually examining -scopic visually examining within Join a combining form and a suffix to form a word 1- Surgical removal of stomach……………………… 2- Study of heart……………………………………….. 3- pertaining to above………………………………… 4- pertaining to the heart…………………………………… 5- Enlarged Heart…………………………………. 6- Surgical repair of the joint……………………………………… Thank you