Bio 124 Exam 2 Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

Bio 124 – Final Revised Study Guide (9/27) Exam 2 - Fall 2024 Bones ▪ Know the stem cell overview slide that details cellular development giving rise to cartilage, fibers (collagen) and bone ▪ What is ossification? What is osteoid? ▪ What are the two types of ossification? o Des...

Bio 124 – Final Revised Study Guide (9/27) Exam 2 - Fall 2024 Bones ▪ Know the stem cell overview slide that details cellular development giving rise to cartilage, fibers (collagen) and bone ▪ What is ossification? What is osteoid? ▪ What are the two types of ossification? o Describe each of these processes: ▪ Type of bones in which ossification occurs ▪ Type of tissue in which ossification centers form ▪ Number of ossification centers ▪ Steps involved? ….Know order for Multiple choice question. ▪ What are the two types of bone growth? o Which type occurs throughout life? ▪ Why / how is bone so strong? What makes it rigid, but not brittle? ▪ What is red bone marrow? Yellow bone marrow? (what do they store/produce?) ▪ What are the functions of cartilage? ▪ What cells produce cartilage matrix? Fibers? Cells that manage cartilage? ▪ What types of growth are seen in cartilage? ▪ What are the functions of the four types of bone cells? ▪ Describe the microscopic anatomy of compact bone ▪ Draw the microscopic anatomy of compact bone ▪ Describe the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone ▪ Compare and contrast compact vs spongy bone ▪ How does bone density change throughout life? Remodeling? Turnover? ▪ What do vitamins A, C, D do? ▪ What do growth hormone, thyroid hormone, estrogen and testosterone do? ▪ Describe the factors that affect bone homeostasis(calcium levels, calcitonin & PTH) ▪ Describe the epiphyseal plate morphology and pattern of growth ▪ Know types of fractures & process of bone fracture healing (know steps for order Q?) ▪ Describe the effects of aging on bone ▪ Compare and contrast osteopenia and osteoporosis ▪ Know about the paranasal sinuses (3 important functions?) ▪ Orbital complex (space for eye, eye muscles, nerves, blood vessels) ▪ OTHER bones associated with the skull (hyoid-swallowing, ossicles M,I,S-hearing) ▪ Ribs (difference between true and false, #) & Pelvis (male / female differences) ▪ The vertebral column (# of each type), the arches of the feet (medial lateral and transverse and their shock absorber function), and the fetal skull (fontanelles and soft tissue allow for what and when?) Articulations – Lecture Ch 9 ▪ Briefly describe a structural joint and their different categories (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) (Table 6.2 in articulation lecture)  Bio 124 – Final Revised Study Guide (9/27) Exam 2 - Fall 2024 ▪ Briefly describe a functional joint (level of movement) and the different categories of functional joints (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis) ▪ What is the relationship between stability & mobility of functional joints? (Lect. slide). ▪ Describe a synovial joint, including identifying and describing its components. ▪ How do synovial joints differ from other joints (innervated, vascular membrane, synovial fluid, menisci (only in knee) fat pads, and bursa) ▪ Identify the different types of synovial joints & provide examples (which are uniaxial (plane, hinge, pivot), biaxial (condylar, saddle joints), multiaxial (ball and socket) ▪ Know knee joint specifically and injuries associated with it. ▪ Identify and describe the different types of joint movements (see lab objective pg17) ▪ Describe hypermobility and hypermobility syndrome ▪ Describe osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Muscles - Lectures Ch 10 ▪ Identify and describe briefly the functions of muscle ▪ Describe gross anatomy of muscles (tendons, fascia & mysium layers [connective tissue], fascicles, fibers (cells), myofibrils, myofilaments). Order - superficial to deep ▪ Formation of skeletal muscle cells (myoblasts to muscle cells + satellite cells) ▪ Compare and contrast the 3 types of muscles ▪ Which muscle types are activated voluntarily vs involuntarily? ▪ How are muscle fibers arranged? (circular A.K.A sphincter, convergent, parallel and pennate) ▪ What are the terms describing the action of skeletal muscles (agonist, antagonist, synergist) ▪ Compare and contrast the 3 types of levers (first class, second class, third class ▪ Define sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, terminal cisternae, T-tubule ▪ Describe components of a sarcomere & muscle contraction (pull not push, why?) ▪ Describe muscle contraction action using myofilaments and the 2 regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin). What needs to be present for contraction to take place? ▪ Understand the organization of thin and thick filaments from a microscopic view. ▪ Describe the neuromuscular junction ▪ Describe motor units (motor neuron, neuromuscular junction & muscle fibers) ▪ Identify & describe type of muscle contraction (isometric vs isotonic=concentric & eccentric) ▪ Describe muscle tone? ▪ How is exercise related to skeletal muscles and what changes following injury / nonuse? ▪ Identify and briefly describe the different muscle fiber types (slow intermediate, fast) ▪ Describe muscle cramps and muscle twitches and causes ▪ Describe flexibility, including what limits flexibility and how to increase flexibility Shaded = To be covered in the Monday or Tuesday Lecture