PSYC 107-512 Final Exam Guide PDF

PSYC 107-512 Final Exam Guide Introduction to Psychology - **Psychological perspectives**: Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalytic Theory, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism, Humanism - Understand each perspective - **Branches of Psychology**: Biopsychology, Sensation & Perceptio...

PSYC 107-512 Final Exam Guide Introduction to Psychology - **Psychological perspectives**: Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalytic Theory, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism, Humanism - Understand each perspective - **Branches of Psychology**: Biopsychology, Sensation & Perception, Developmental Psychology, Personality Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Sport & Exercise Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology - Understand what each branch studies and where their research could be used Psychological Research - **The Process of Scientific Research**: Inductive or Deductive Reasoning Theory Hypothesis Data Collection Data Analysis Report Results (Thereafter, modify or confirm theory being tested) - Understand difference between inductive and deductive reasoning, be able to put process of scientific research in order and know what each step entails - **Types of Research**: Clinical or Case Studies, Naturalistic Observations, Surveys, Archival Research, Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research - Be able to identify the conditions in which a certain type of research should be used - **Correlational Research**: Positive vs Negative Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, cause-and-effect relationships, confounding variables, illusory correlation - Understand what a correlation tells us (even just by being given the correlation coefficient) and what it does not tell us - **Experimental Design**: Reliability vs Validity, Single Blind vs Double Blind Studies - Understand the difference between reliability and validity and what single vs double blind studies control for Biopsychology - **The Nervous System (Peripheral)**: Peripheral Nervous System (nerves), Somatic vs Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous System, Homeostasis - Know the difference between somatic and autonomic nervous system and between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, be able to identify situations in which they might kick in, and the definition and role of homeostasis - **The Nervous System (Central)**: Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord), Sections of the Brain (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain), Lobes of the Brain (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital), Select brain regions described below - Know the primary role of each lobe of the brain, know the difference in location and function of a select few brain regions (Wernicke's Area, Broca's Area, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum) - **Neuron Structure**: Soma, cell membrane, dendrites, axon, axon terminal, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, saltatory conduction, terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, synapse, synaptic cleft, receptors - Know the general anatomy of a neuron and the general function of each part listed above - **Neuronal Communication**: Membrane potential, resting potential, ion channels, action potential (all-or-nothing), reuptake - Know the general process of an action potential, the conditions necessary for an action potential to occur, and how it is propagated across a neuron - **Neurotransmitters and Drugs**: Agonists vs Antagonists vs Reuptake Inhibitors - Understand the 3 general ways a psychoactive drug can work and when one would be appropriate States of Consciousness - **Circadian Rhythms**: Hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), pineal gland, melatonin - Know the role of the above listed in maintaining circadian rhythm/sleep-wake cycle - **Why do we Sleep?** Energy conservation, predatory avoidance, restoration, memory consolidation - Know which theories from the above are controversial and which are accepted and why - **Brain Waves**: Gamma waves, beta waves, alpha waves, theta waves, delta waves, k-complex, spindles, Sleep Stages: Awake, Stage 1 NREM, Stage 2 NREM, Stage 3 NREM, REM - Know the order of brain wave types by frequency and know the characteristics of each stage of sleep (which brain waves are typically observed as well as any other identifying features) - **Sleep disorders**: Insomnia, Parasomnia, Sleep Apnea, SIDS, Narcolepsy, Somnambulism, RBD, Night Terrors, Restless leg syndrome, cataplexy - Understand what each sleep disorder entails, and in which sleep disorder the highlighted terms fall under Sensation and Perception - **Sensation vs Perception**: Stimulus, Sensory receptors, Sensation, Transduction, Perception. Absolute Threshold, Just Noticeable difference (JND) - Know the definition of each and how sensation turns into perception - **Anatomy of the Eye**: Cornea, Pupil, Iris (dilator vs sphincter), Optic Nerve, Retina, Fovea, Lens (accommodation, thick vs thin), photoreceptors (rods vs cones) - Know the role of each part of the eye listed (as well as the difference between the terms in parentheses) and where the sensory neurons are located - **Anatomy of the Ear**: Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear - Know how sounds are propagated to the sensory receptors and in which specific part of the inner ear balance & movement is processed and where sensory receptors are located - **Other Senses**: Taste, Smell, Touch, - Know the taste quality categories, where sensory receptors are located for each of the listed senses, and the four touch-related receptors (Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, Ruffini corpuscles)/what touch they detect - **The Vestibular Sense, Proprioception, Kinesthesia** - Know what each of these senses detect and an example of a behavior that would be detected by them Learning - **Unlearned Behaviors**: Instincts vs Reflexes - Know how to identify a behavior as an instinct or reflex - **Observational Learning**: 3 kinds of models (live, verbal, symbolic), 4 steps required (attention, retention, reproduction, motivation), 3 main outcomes (imitation, avoidance, rule-based learning) - Know each of the lists included above, what they entail, and how to recognize them from an example - **Associative Learning**: Classical Conditioning (NS, US, UR, CS, CR; Acquisition, temporal continuity, modality-specific learning, extinction) & Operant Conditioning (First order vs second order conditioning; shaping; positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment; partial reinforcement schedules: variable ratio, fixed ration, variable interval, fixed interval; latent learning) - Understand all of the terms listed above, what they entail, and be able to identify them from examples Memory - **How Memory Works**: Encoding (automatic processing vs effortful processing; encoding failure), Storage (STM vs LTM; semantic networks, spreading activation; implicit (procedural vs emotional conditioning memories) vs explicit memories (episodic vs semantic memories) , Retrieval (recall, recognition, relearning) - Know the different types of memories, theories of how memory works, and be able to identify a type of memory based on its description - **The engram** - Know what the engram is, and the famous study described in class about it - **Parts of the Brain Involved in Memory**: Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum - Know the type of memory that each of these brain regions is primarily involved in - **Amnesia**: Retrograde vs Anterograde Amnesia - Know the difference between the two and be able to identify it based on a description of it - **Memory Errors**: Forgetting (Transience, Absentmindedness, Blocking), Distortion (Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias), Intrusion (Persistence) - Know the definition of each, be able to identify it based on a description of symptoms - **Interference**: Proactive vs Retroactive Interference - Be able to distinguish between the two Thinking and Intelligence - **How do we Organize Information**? Concepts vs Prototypes - **Language**: Phonetic discrimination, linguistic relativity - Know the definition of each and be able to identify it from an example - **Problem-Solving Strategies**: Trial and error, algorithm, heuristic - Know the description of each and an example - **Problem-Solving Pitfalls**: Anchoring, Confirmation, Hindsight, Representative, Availability - Know the description of each - **Classifying Intelligence**: Crystallized vs Fluid Intelligence, Range of Reaction - Know the difference and be able to identify each type from a description Lifespan Development - **Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Development**: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Cognitive Operational, Formal Operational - Know what the theory suggests and a description of each stage - **Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development**: Stages 1 -- 8 - Be able to identify a stage being mastered by a description of age/event. For example (from Exam II): - When Sydnie was 2 years old, her parents allowed her to explore her environment and make choices about her daily activities. Which stage of Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development did her parents allow her to master? A. Industry vs. Inferiority B. Generativity vs. Stagnation C. Trust vs. Mistrust D. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (answer is highlighted) - **Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development:** Preconventional /morality, Conventional Morality, Post-Conventional Morality - Be able to identify in which stage of morality a person falls under based on a description of their moral reasoning - **Newborns**: Reflexes and Senses - Know what each reflex is and how we can determine their sense preferences - **Attachment**: John Bowlby's Perspective (Secure Base) & Mary Ainsworth Perspective (Strange Situation: Secure vs Avoidant vs Resistant/Ambivalent vs Disorganized Attachment) - Know what is needed for a secure base, know which attachment style a child would be classified under based on description of strange situation test results - **Parenting Styles**: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved - Be able to identify parenting style based on description of parent behavior Emotions - **Motivation**: Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation, Overjustification Effect - Know the definitions of each and be able to identify. Them based on examples - **Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**: Physiological, Security, Social, Esteem, Self-actualization - Know the needs from lower to higher order and what this hierarchy means - **Motivation Applied**: Self-efficacy and task value - Know what these terms mean and how they relate to motivation - **Theories of Emotion**: James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, Lazarus' Cognitive-Mediational Theory - Be able to identify theory based on its definition Personality - **Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Perspective of Personality**: ID, Superego, Ego - Know the definition of each and be able to identify it based on a description of the underlying thought/behavior - **Sigmund Freud's Defense Mechanisms**: Denial, Displacement, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Regression, Repression, Sublimation - Know the definition of each and be able o identify it from an example - **Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development**: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency Period, and Genital Stage - Know the personality consequences of each - **Alfred Adler's Theory of Individual Psychology**: Inferiority complex and the three fundamental tasks we must experience - Be able to identify the tasks and definitions - **Karen Horney's Coping Styles**: Moving toward people, moving against people, moving away from people - Know the description of each and be able to identify it based on an example - **Personality (Biological Approaches)**: Evolutionary Advantage (life-history theory, cost-signaling theory), Heritability, Temperament (reactivity, self-regulation) - Know how these factors relate to personality traits and behavior - **Measuring Traits**: Cardinal, central, and secondary traits; Big Five (Five-Factor Model) - Know the definition of each trait and be able to identify it from an example, know which personality traits the Big Five captures and what the score tells s - **Personality Assessments**: Self-report inventories (Likert scale) and Projective tests (Rorschach inkblot test, thematic appreciation test (TAT), rotter incomplete sentence blank (RISB), Contemporized-themes concerning blacks test (C-TCB), and TEMAS Multicultural thematic appreciation test - Be able to identify the test based on its description Stress, Lifestyle, and Health Questionnaire - **Stress Appraisal**: Primary vs secondary appraisal, Eustress vs Distress - Know the definition/difference between each - **General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):** Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion - Know what each step entails - **Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)** - Know what this scale measures, how it measures it (Tip: You had access to an SRRS questionnaire) and why it is helpful - **Occupation-Related Stress**: Job strain vs job burnout - Know the difference between these terms and what they can lead to - **Stressors and Immune Function** - Review studies of stress and infection (rat study, common cold in healthy adults) - **Regulation of Stress**: Problem-focused vs emotion-focused coping - Be able to differentiate between the two and know what determines which coping style will be typically used based on controllability - **Control and Stress**: Perceived control and perceived lack of control - Know the outcome of each of these options - **Stress Reduction Techniques**: Exercise, Relaxation response technique, and biofeedback - Know what each entails and be able to identify it from an example Psychological Disorders - **Definition of a Psychological Disorder:** Harmful Dysfunction, APA Definition - Know the description of each - **DSM-V**: Diagnostic features, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, risk factors; DSM vs ICD - Know what each categorization/description of a given psychological disorder includes (in a general sense); and know how it differs from the ICD - **Specific Phobias**: Classical conditioning, vicarious learning, verbal transmission of information - Know how one can acquire a specific phobia, what each mode entails - **Safety behaviors** - Know the cycle of safety seeking behaviors as well as examples of them in anxiety - **Panic Disorders**: Classical conditioning, Cognitive Factors (catastrophizing) - Be able to identify an example of a behavior that may lead to the development of a panic disorder - **PTSD**: Classical condition and Cognitive model (disturbances in memory of the event and negative appraisal of trauma and aftermath) - Know how each of these learning models can lead to the development of PTSD - **Schizophrenia**: Hallucinations (auditory, visual, olfactory) and Delusions (paranoid, grandiose, somatic); dopamine hypothesis - Know what each subcategory of these two characteristics of schizophrenia entail; know the dopamine hypothesis - **Personality Disorders**: Clusters A -- C - Know how each cluster is characterized and what disorders it encompasses - **Antisocial Personality Disorder**: Key features - Know the key features of ASPD Treatment and Therapy - **Psychotherapy**: Psychoanalysis, Play Therapy, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, CBT (ABC model), Humanistic Therapy) - Know what each treatment includes/entails - **Biomedical Therapy**: Psychotropic medications (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants) and ECT - Know what psychological disorder each type of medication would be used to treat (there's a graph in page 616 or the last slide in therapy slides part 1) Social Psychology - **What is Social Psychology?** Interpersonal (social influence, social interaction, group dynamics) and Intrapersonal (social perception and attitudes and behavior) levels - Be able to identify an interpersonal vs intrapersonal dynamic/influence - **Situationism vs Dispositionism**: Situational attribution vs Dispositional attribution; Fundamental attribution error, actor-observer bias - Know the difference between them and be able to identify them from an example - **Attribution**: Locus of control, stability, controllability - Know how each of these three factors affect whether we give an event a situational or dispositional attribution - **Cognitive Dissonance** - Know the definition f cognitive dissonance as well as the three ways we alleviate cognitive dissonance (slide 13 from social psychology past 1) - **Persuasion**: Central and Peripheral Routes - Know the audience, processing, and persuasion impact for each routes (Tip: there's a graph in slide 15 from social psychology part 1) - **Types of Social Influence**: Conformity, Compliance, Normative social influence, informative social influence, obedience, groupthink, group polarization - Know the description of each and be able to identify it from an example - **Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination** - Know the relationship of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination and categorization (thoughts, feelings, behaviors) - **Explicit vs Implicit Attitudes** - Know the difference and their characteristics - **Triangular Theory of Love**: Passion, Intimacy, Commitment - Know the different types of love based on a combination of the three components listed above