2023-24 Earth Science Final Review PDF

Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 2023-2024 Earth Science Final Review Atmosphere Be able to answer the questions at the end of each chapter associated with the atmosphere, weather and climate – 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 You sh...

Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 2023-2024 Earth Science Final Review Atmosphere Be able to answer the questions at the end of each chapter associated with the atmosphere, weather and climate – 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 You should be able to answer the following questions: 1. What are the layers of the atmosphere? (Be able to put them in order from top to bottom) Thermosphere (gets warmer) Mesosphere (gets colder) Stratosphere (gets warmer) Troposphere (gets colder) How does temperature change in each layer? - look over your lab or textbook p. 480 2. What are the three main types of clouds and what do they look like? If you add nimbus to a cloud name, what does that mean? Nimbus means dark rain cloud. Cumulous: Look like fluffy cotton balls with flat bases Stratus: Flat, low layered clouds Cirrus: High altitude icy clouds. Look feathery or wispy 3. What causes air to rise? What happens when it rises? Heated air expands and becomes less dense so it rises. As it rises, it cools. If it cools enough, it can reach the dew point and form a cloud; and even precipitation. 4. How does dew form? Why do droplets form on the outside of a cold glass? Air cools down to the dew point and condensation (dew) forms on surfaces. The cold glass causes the air just outside the glass to reach the dew point. 5. What are the four types of fronts? Draw how they would appear on a weather map. Understand the weather conditions for each. Cold Front: fast moving; can produce stronger storms with higher winds, maybe hail. Warm Front: Slower moving; slow steady precipitation for a day or so. Not so strong. Occluded Front: Possibly slow steady precipitation. Stationary Front: Possibly slow steady precipitation for a few days or more. 6. What are the three types of energy transfer and define them. Convection: The flow of a heated substance. (warm air rising) Conduction: The movement of heat by touch. (walking on hot sand) Radiation: Heat moving through open space. (warm of the sun on your face) 7. What is atmospheric pressure? The force that air molecules exert on a surface. 8. Explain how land and sea breezes operate. Be able to recognize one from the other. As warm air rises, cooler air slides in to take its place. 1  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 9. Understand the water cycle and all of the processes. 10. Explain how winds move around high and low pressure areas. In the Northern Hemisphere winds circulate: Counterclockwise into a Low Clockwise out of a High More atmosphere 1. ___ozone____ - thin layer of air that protects the Earth’s surface from extreme temperatures and harmful Sun rays 2. __radiation___ - energy transferred in rays or waves/through empty space. 3. __conduction___- transfer of energy when molecules have direct contact 4. __convection____-transfer of heat by the flow of a material/fluid 5. __coriolis effect__- rotation of the Earth causes moving air and water to change direction to the right north of the equator and left south of the equator 6. _condensation__ - water vapor in the atmosphere cools and changes to liquid form 7. _ultraviolet radiation___- one type of energy from sun , can cause skin cancer 8. __troposphere___- lowest layer of atmosphere, contains most mass, where humans live, contains most of the water vapor and gases 9. __ozone________ - located in stratosphere, this gas molecule contains 3-atoms of oxygen and protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. 10. Why are there little or no clouds in the stratosphere? Very little moisture ever makes it all the way up to the stratosphere. 11. Gases in the atmosphere ▪ (78%) __nitrogen_____ ▪ (21%) __oxygen______ ▪ (1%) __other gasses__ 12.Explain why atmospheric pressure at the top of earth’s atmosphere is less dense than at the bottom. There is less atmosphere above that is pushing down 13.What protects living things from too much ultraviolet radiation? a. the ozone layer b. oxygen c. nitrogen 2  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ d. argon 14.Convection current fill in blanks to complete description of a convection current in the atmosphere (less, decreases, sinks, warmed, closer, dense) When air is _warmed_, the molecules move apart and the air becomes _less_dense. Air pressure _decreases__ because fewer molecules are in the same space. In cold air, molecules move __closer___ together, making the air more _dense_, and air pressure increases. Cooler, denser air _sinks_, pushing up warm air, which then cools and sinks, pushing up more warm air forming a convection current. Water cycle sequence: Put the following in order. ____1__. Energy from Sun evaporates water ____4__. Clouds form ____3__. Cooled water vapor condense ____2__. Water vapor rises and cools ____5__. Water falls to earth as precipitation 15. __Wind___-forms when air in an area of high pressure moves to an area of lower pressure 16. _Coriolis effect_--rotation of the Earth causes moving air and water to change direction to the right north of the equator and left south of the equator 17._Trade winds__-between the equator and 30° Latitude (north and south) are steady winds that blow in tropical regions. Early sailors used in their trade routes 18.__Doldrums_____ - along the equator, low pressure , low wind 19.__Jet stream___-located in the upper troposphere, narrow belts of strong winds. 20._Sea breeze__ - a convection current blows wind from the cooler sea toward warmer land during the day 21._Land breeze__ – at night, air moves toward the water as land cools more rapidly than water Severe Weather Match the following information with the type of severe weather. ___B__ 1. needs warm water to provide energy A. Tornado ___C__ 2. huge snowstorm B. Hurricane ___A__ 3. twisting grey funnels of wind extending from a cloud C. Blizzard ___D__ 4. intense lightning and loud noise are also present D. Thunderstorm 5. A thunderstorm cloud is a ____cumulonimbus_____ cloud. 3  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 6. What types of severe weather are associated with this cloud? A. heavy rain B. hail C. strong winds (maybe a tornado) Atmosphere Vocabulary __C__1. energy transfer when hot air rises and cold air sinks A. condensation __A__2. change from a vapor to a liquid B. conduction __I__3. layer of the atmosphere that contains the ozone layer C. convection __B__4. how energy is transferred to your feet from a hot beach D. evaporation __F__5. type of oxygen molecule containing three oxygen atoms E. infiltration __K__6. wind system over North America F. ozone __J__7. lower layer of the atmosphere where weather happens G. precipitation __D__8. change from a liquid to a vapor H. radiation __H__9. energy transfer by waves or rays I. stratosphere __E__10. water soaks into the ground J. troposphere __G__11. rain, snow, or sleet K. westerlies Climate 1. Understand how the “factors that determine climate” (climate controls) influence the climate of an area? P. 589-591 Latitude: Higher latitudes are colder. Poles are cold, equator is warm. Elevation: The higher the elevation, the colder it gets. Topography: A mountain range will have cooler and wetter conditions on the windward side. The leeward side will be warmer and drier. Bodies of Water: Water moderates temperatures. Warmer winters and cooler summers. Circulation in the Atmosphere (Global Winds): Global winds will bring the humidity and temperatures with them. (Winds from the north bring cooler air; from south brings warmer air; from ocean brings humid air; from continents bring dry air. Vegetation: Heavy vegetation can make it more humid. 2. What are the two main characteristics of an areas climate? Temperature Precipitation 3. A) Why do we have seasons? B) What is a common misconception? A) 1) Tilt of Earth’s axis (23½°) 4  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 2) Revolution (orbit) around the sun. These two factors combined cause Earth to receive both direct (summer) and indirect (winter) radiation throughout the year. B) Seasons are not because the Earth is closer in summer and farther in winter. This is false. Ecology Topics to review: Biomes (Terrestrial and Aquatic) Ecosystem Structure (energy flow) Characteristics of the Biosphere Populations Communities and Interactions Succession Match the description on the left with the term on the right. 1. __A__ Nonliving parts of the environment. A. Abiotic factors 2. __F__ Study of organisms and their interactions with the environment. B. Biosphere 3. __D__ Members of a single species that live in an area. C. Ecosystem 4. __B__ Region of Earth that supports life. D. Population 5. __E__ All the populations that live and interact in one environment. E. Community 6. __H__ Type of environment in which a particular species lives. F. Ecology 7. __G__ Living parts of the environment. G. Biotic factors 8. __C__ Union of organisms and abiotic factors. H. Habitat 9. Give three examples of ecosystems. Forest, desert, ocean, lake, or even a pond or backyard garden. 10. List two biotic and two abiotic factors. Biotic factors: (living) plants, animals, humans, fungus, etc. Abiotic factors: (not living) water, soil, wind, sunlight, space, etc. 11. What is the importance of decomposers in an ecosystem? Decomposers break down complex organic compounds into simpler nutrients that can be used by producers as food. Match the description on the left with the term on the right. 12. __E__ The role an organism plays in its environment. A. biome 13. __D__ Interaction between two species. B. carrying capacity 14. __C__ Typical weather pattern of an area over time. C. climate 5  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 15. __A__ Large group of similar ecosystem containing certain organisms. D. symbiosis 16. __B__ Maximum number of organisms that can be supported. E. niche 17. __F__ Each step in the food chain. F. tropic level 18. How is a population different from a community? Give an example of each. Population: All one species. Example -- herd of Wildebeest. Community: A group of many populations of different animals. Example -- Wildebeest, Zebra, Bermuda grass, Candelabra tree, Dung beetle, etc. 19. Compare and contrast density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors. Both limiting factors will limit population size. Density dependent factors only play a role when the population is high. Density independent factors will limit population even if the population size is already low. 20. List three factors for each. Density dependent: Space, disease, food, water Density independent: Weather, human activities, natural disasters like fires, flood, tornadoes 21. What types of things do organisms compete for? Food, water, space, mates 22. List four factors whose combined effects determine the growth rate of a population. Birth rate Immigration Death rate Emigration 23. What happens when the birth rate and death rate of a population become roughly equal? The population plateaus (levels out). 24. Explain the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? Give examples of each. Primary Succession: Begins in a place without any soil. Example: Sides of volcanoes, Landslides, Flooding Secondary succession: Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms. Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession Example: after forest fires 25. What are the three types of symbiosis discussed in class? Give an example of each. Mutualism: Both benefit. (clownfish and a sea anemone) 6  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ Parasitism: One benefits and the other is harmed or killed. (tapeworm and human) Commensalism: One benefits and the other is not harmed or helped. (barnacles on a whale) Match the description on the left with the term on the right. 26. __C__ Species that feeds on another species. A. density-dependent LF 27. __F__ Exponential growth followed by a plateau. B. predation 28. __E__ Factors that affect all populations in the same way. C. predator 29. __A__ Factors that limit a population when a pops. density is high. D. prey 30. __D__ Species that serves as food for another species. E. density-independent LF 31. __B__ Interaction in which one species feeds on another. F. carrying capacity 32. Refer to the illustrations above. a. Indicate the portion of the graph that represents exponential growth. b. Indicate where on the graph the population had reached carrying capacity. 33. Refer to the illustration above. a. Which curve illustrates the kind of growth that would take place under ideal conditions with unlimited resources? What is such growth called? B Exponential growth 34. Refer to the illustration above. a. What curve illustrates growth that is eventually limited to a number that can be supported by environmental resources? What is that number called? A, Carrying capacity 7  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ Complete the following statements. 35. ____symbiosis_______ is the type of interaction that takes place when one species lives in close association with another species over a period of time. 36. The degree of species variety in an ecological community is referred to as ___diversity_____. 37. In ___commensalism_____, one organism benefits from the interaction and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed. 38. A(n) ____community_______ is a collection of populations that interact with each other in a given area. 39. ___mutualism________ takes place when two species interact closely and both benefit from their interaction. 40. In ___parasitism_______, an organism such as a flea or tick obtains nutrients from its host’s body. 41. The particular role that a population plays in its community is called its ______niche_________. Match the description on the left with the term on the right. 42. __C__ Organisms that eat only consumers. A. autotroph 43. __D__ Animals that only eat plants. B. heterotroph 44. __A__ Organisms that make their own food. C. carnivore 45. __E__ Organisms that feed on dead organic matter. D. herbivore 46. __B__ Animals that eat producers and other consumers. E. decomposer Astronomy Name the planets in order from the sun. 1. Mercury 5. Jupiter 2. Venus 6. Saturn 3. Earth 7. Uranus 4. Mars 8. Neptune Match each of the following to the appropriate planet(s) 9. The largest of the gas giants. Jupiter 10. It is Earth’s “twin” or “sister”. Venus 11. These planets all have rings. Outer Planets: (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) 12. Nicknamed “The Red Planet”. Mars 13. Completes one revolution in 365.25 days. Earth 14. This planet may have been tipped over by a massive object. Uranus 8  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 15. The Great Red Spot is on this planet. Jupiter 16. It could float on water due to a density of less than one. Saturn 17. The only planet known to support life. Earth 18. Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere causes runaway greenhouse effect. Venus 19. It has Olympus Mons, the largest mountain in the solar system. Mars 20. What is rotation? How long does it take to complete this on Earth? When an object (Earth) spins on its axis. 24hrs 21. What is revolution? How long does it take to complete this on Earth? When a planet moves (orbits) around the Sun. 365 days 22. What is the difference between an ellipse and an eclipse? Sketch each. Ellipse: is the oval shape of Earth’s orbit. Eclipse: is when a planet or moon’s shadow fall on the other. 23. What is a solstice? When do they occur and why? Include a sketch if it helps. Winter solstice: 1st day of winter. The sun is the lowest above the equator for the year. Summer solstice: 1st day of summer. The sun is the highest above the equator for the year. 24. Sketch and label the phases of the moon. 25. Is the far side of the moon always dark? Explain your answer No, the moon rotates so it has day and night just like Earth. 26. Explain why the Earth has seasons. Include sketch. Tilt on its axis orbit around the Sun 27. Compare and contrast convection, conduction, radiation All three are methods of how heat can be transferred. Convection: The flow of a heated substance. (warm air rising) Conduction: The movement of heat by touch. (walking on hot sand) Radiation: Heat moving through open space. (warm of the sun on your face) 28. Why is it warmer in the summer than in the winter? The Earth receives more direct radiation from the sun in the summer. 29. What is the difference between absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude? 9  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ Absolute magnitude: is the actual output (brightness) from a star. Apparent magnitude: is the apparent brightness from Earth. (Most close stars look brighter than more distant stars, regardless of their actuall output.) 30. Know the Life of a Star, be able to put into a concept map and EXPLAIN why. Nebula Main Sequence Giant Supergiant Black Hole Supernova Planetary Nebula White Dwarf Neutron Star 31. What does fusion have to do with stars? Explain Fusion is how every star produces its energy. Stars combine light elements (hydrogen) into heavier elements (helium) to produce heat & light. 32. Explain the future of the sun. Main sequence star Red giant planetary nebula and white dwarf. Know the Features of the Sun: Granulation Prominence Fusion Solar Flare Sunspot Solar Wind Understand and be able to read the HR Diagram 10  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 33. What is Polaris? The North Star 34. Sun produces energy by fusing hydrogen into ___helium______. 35. After our sun uses up the hydrogen in its core, it will become a __white dwarf___. 36. The magnetic field associated with sunspots may cause huge arching columns of gas called __prominences___ 37. Dark, cooler areas on the Sun’s surface are called ___sunspots____. 38. The surface of the sun is called __photosphere__. 39. A large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity is known as a __galaxy_______. 40. The relative distances to nearby stars can be measured by using __light years__. 41. The measure of how bright a star actually is, is called _absolute magnitude__. 42. About 90 percent of all stars are ___main sequence____ stars. 43. The hottest stars in space are __blue/violet___ in color. 44. A ___black hole_______ is an object so dense that nothing can escape its gravity field. 45. The positions of the constellations appear to change throughout the year because of what? Earth’s orbit 46. Sirius appears to be the brightest star in the night sky due to its _apparent magnitude__. 47. The coolest stars in the sky are _____red________ in color. 48. What is another name for Polaris? The North Star 49. Two stars orbiting each other are known as ___binary______ stars. 50. The distance light travels in one year is known as what? Light year 51. The color of a star is determined by its surface _temperature___. 52. Our sun will ultimately form this after the outer layers are blown off at the end of its life. White dwarf 53. Polaris is almost directly above what point on Earth? North Pole 11  Name: ____________KEY__________________ Date: _______ Period: ___ 54. Heat transfer by the up and down motion of large packets of gas heating and cooling. Convection 55. Our Sun is a type ___G___ star. 56. The Sun’s average distance is ___93 million______ miles from Earth. 12