Nutrition 101 Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

**[Chapter 17]** - Why is nutrition so important during fetal development and infancy? - What are the functions of the placenta? The umbilical cord? - What is the effect of nutritional deficiencies during the 1^st^ trimester? Of nutritional toxicities? - What birth weight is consider...

**[Chapter 17]** - Why is nutrition so important during fetal development and infancy? - What are the functions of the placenta? The umbilical cord? - What is the effect of nutritional deficiencies during the 1^st^ trimester? Of nutritional toxicities? - What birth weight is considered a marker of a successful pregnancy? - What does a low birthweight increase risks for? - Know the recommended weight gains for women in table 17.1. - During the 1^st^ trimester, how many kcals should a pregnant woman consume? How much do energy needs increase during the 2^nd^ and 3^rd^ trimesters? - How much protein should a pregnant woman consume? - What's the minimum amount of carbohydrate pregnant women should consume? - What is DHA, and why is it critical for pregnant and breastfeeding women? What are some good food sources? - What vitamins and minerals are needed in *increased* quantities during pregnancy? - What is folate's role in reducing incidence of neural tube defects? - What happens when an excessive intake of Vitamin A in pregnancy is consumed? - Why do iron needs increase so much during pregnancy? Is it possible to meet the increased need for iron during pregnancy through diet alone? - Does a craving for food during pregnancy indicate a need for a nutrient? - What is gestational diabetes? If not treated, what are the health risks to the mother? The fetus? Who is most at risk of developing gestational diabetes? - What is preeclampsia and eclampsia? - What is the risk of consuming more than 1 cup of coffee per day? - What is FAS (Highlight form Chapter 4.5, p. 161)? What are symptoms? Facial features? (Figure 9) - What amount of alcohol consumption is known to be safe during pregnancy? - How does maternal smoking impact fetal development? - What are some of the effects of illegal drug use on the fetus? [Breastfeeding] - What is colostrum? What are its benefits to the newborn? - What determines how much breast milk is produced? - How many kcals above pre-pregnancy need should be consumed by women who are breastfeeding? - What nutrients should be consumed in *greater* quantities by breastfeeding women? - Why is it important for breastfeeding women to consume adequate fluids? - What are some benefits of breast milk in terms of its nutritional quality? - How long should babies be exclusively breastfed? - What are other health benefits of breastfeeding, for infant and mother? - What are the effects of maternal consumption of drugs, caffeine, alcohol and environmental contaminants on a breastfed baby's health? [Infant Nutrition] - Why are infant energy needs so high during the first year of life? - How many kcals/day should infants consume? What % of the diet should come from fat? From protein? Why is excessive protein intake harmful? - Supplements of which nutrients are advised for breastfed babies? - When should cow's milk be introduced? - When is the best time to introduce solid foods? Why? - Why should parents wait a few days before introducing new foods? (Table 17.4) - What foods should not be fed to infants? - What are some common food allergens? - What is the most common cause of anemia in infants and toddlers? - What is nursing bottle syndrome, and how can it be avoided? Nutrition Myth or Fact: The Fetal Environment - What is fetal adaptation? - What is the effect of maternal obesity on a child's health? Maternal diabetes? - What is the effect of maternal smoking on long-term health of offspring? - Does the fetal environment automatically predispose individuals to certain health outcomes? Why or why not? **[Chapter 18]** - How much fiber should children consume? - What's the most common nutritional deficiency in young children, and what foods contain this important nutrient? - Which micronutrients are needed in increasing or decreasing amounts for children over age 8 as compared to younger children? - How do schools influence diet for school-aged children? - How does iron-deficiency anemia affect development? What effect does iron deficiency have on children exposed to lead? - Adolescent growth: Note differences in how boys and girls grow, particularly in respect to height and weight gain. - What are micronutrients of concern to adolescents? - What are the crucial times for adequate calcium to assure good bone development? - Pediatric obesity: how is it defined? What are its health effects? What are causes? How can it be prevented and treated? **[Chapter 19]** - What are some of the physiologic changes that accompany aging? How do age-related changes in gut flora impact health? - How do energy needs change for older adults? Why is protein especially important for older adults? - What are some of the micronutrients that are of particular concern for older adults? Why are many adults Vitamin D-deficient? How can older adults meet their iron and zinc needs? Why is it especially important to pay attention to vitamin B12, B6, and folate? Should older adults be taking vitamin A supplements? - Why do many older adults sometimes become dehydrated? - What are some common nutritional concerns of older adults? What are some of the factors that can result in weight loss? - What is one nutritional treatment for osteoarthritis? Constipation? How can dental health impact nutrition? What nutrients are important in eye health? - What nutrients might help lower incidence of dementia? **Here are some topics from earlier in the quarter that you should be familiar with for the comprehensive portion of the exam:** MyPlate---know categories and number of servings for each food group for someone following a 2000 kcal diet (page 54). Food Labeling---be able to read and interpret label information. Be able to calculate percent of kcals from fat, carbs or protein. Practice the calculations we've been doing all quarter. 😊 What does % Daily Value mean? Digestion---know the path food takes through the GI tract, as well as functions of each organ. What are some common problems in digestion, and how can these be treated? Carbohydrate, Sugar, Alternative Sweeteners, Fiber, Diabetes---review these carefully, there will be questions about these. Alcohol---how does it affect the body? What is moderate drinking? Lipids, Protein, Vegetarian Diets---know these as well. Nutrition and Heart Disease---what factors increase risk? What lifestyle changes can reduce risk? Diet and Hypertension---what contributes to hypertension risk? What lifestyle and dietary changes can reduce risk? Nutrition and Cancer---what increases risk? Which foods should be consumed to reduce risk? Osteoporosis Risk---what factors contribute to osteoporosis? Can it be avoided? Weight Control, Eating Disorders, and Fitness/ Nutrition for Athletes. What's important to know to maintain a healthy weight for the rest of your life? Food Safety---who is most at risk of a foodborne illness? What are common pathogens found in food and how can risk of foodborne illness be mitigated?