Final Exam Study Guide PDF

**Final Exam Study Guide** **Chapter 1** - Describe the attributes of scientific thinking and biological literacy. - Describe critical characteristics of useful hypotheses. - Design critical experiments to test hypotheses. - Describe the characteristics of well-designed and controll...

**Final Exam Study Guide** **Chapter 1** - Describe the attributes of scientific thinking and biological literacy. - Describe critical characteristics of useful hypotheses. - Design critical experiments to test hypotheses. - Describe the characteristics of well-designed and controlled experiments. - Describe the biases that can occur in scientific studies and ways to reduce those biases. - Explain how statistics can add support to scientific claims. - Identify pseudoscience and anecdotal evidence masked as scientific evidence. **Chapter 2** - Relate major principles of chemistry to the study of biology. - Compare and contrast the major chemical bonds involved in important molecules and compounds. - Explain pH and the pH scale. **Chapter 3** - Identify the major macromolecules that make up living organisms. - Explain the importance of the function of each of the four major macromolecules. - Describe the different categories of carbohydrates and their uses. - Compare and contrast different categories of lipids and their structures. - Explain the importance of shape in the functioning of a protein. **Chapter 4** - Explain the two principles of the cell theory. - Discuss the theories of endosymbiosis and invagination as a means to explain the presence of organelles in eukaryotic cells. - Describe the following passive transport methods: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis. - Describe the major landmarks of eukaryotic cells. - Explain the structural differences between animal and plant cells. **Chapter 5** - Explain how energy from the sun fuels all life on earth. - Describe the various types of energy and how energy can be stored in different molecules. - Identify which types of organisms perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration. - Describe how organisms survive under anaerobic conditions by using alternate energy pathways. - Compare and contrast the starting and ending materials in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. **Chapter 6** - Describe the structure and function of DNA. - Explain the relationship between genes and proteins. - Describe the processes of transcription and translation. - Identify the impact and causes of mutations. **Chapter 7** - Describe the basic tools used in the application of biotechnology. - Describe what CRISPR is and the steps for how it is used in biotechnology. - Be familiar with the potential benefits and risks with genetically modified foods. - Identify the strengths and weaknesses of gene therapy. - Describe how to create a DNA fingerprint. **Chapter 8** - Identify different types of cell division and their purpose(s). - Explain the process by which prokaryotic cells divide. - Define the purpose of mitosis. - Explain how the cell cycle and cancer are related. - Define cancer. - Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. - Describe the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. **Chapter 9** - What is a single-gene trait? - Be able to define the terms gene, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. - Characterize the difference between an organism's genotype and its phenotype. - What is a Punnett square? Can you use one to predict the offspring of parents with particular genotypes? - Can you predict patterns of inheritance based on pedigree analysis? - What are sex-linked traits and how are they inherited? **Chapter 10** - Explain how evolution can be observed in various populations. - Describe Charles Darwin's impact on evolution and the study of biology. - Explain the four ways evolutionary change can take place. - Identify the difference between evolution and natural selection. - What is natural selection? - How is the 'survival of the fittest' determined? - What actually evolves -- individuals or populations? **Chapter 11** - Explain how the behaviors displayed by animals are shaped by natural selection and are performed in an attempt to increase fitness. - Compare and contrast learned and innate behaviors. - Discuss how kin selection and reciprocal altruism lead to behaviors that appear to be completely altruistic. **Chapter 12** - Define life. - What are the two types of reproductive isolation? - What is the biological species concept? - What is allopatric speciation? Sympatric speciation? - Explain the purpose of a phylogenic tree and what it can demonstrate. - What is the difference between mass and background extinctions? **Chapter 13** - Can you describe the three characteristics that define all animals? - Describe the criteria used to classify animals into various phyla. - Explain the features that define an animal's evolutionary success. - Compare and contrast the features of vertebrates and invertebrates. - Describe example species and adaptations of each major animal phylum. - Explain the unique adaptations seen within the invertebrate groups. - Discuss the unique characteristics that have led to the evolutionary success of the arthropods. - Describe the four adaptations needed by terrestrial vertebrates. - Discuss the characteristic structures associated with the chordates. - Discuss the evolution of primates including humans. **Chapter 14** - Describe how plants are different from other eukaryotic organisms. - Explain the unique features of plants that allow them to succeed on land. - Compare and contrast the features of seedless and seed plants. - Discuss the benefits of a vascular system in plants. - Describe the structure of a seed and explain ways in which seeds can be distributed. - Discuss how flower structure relates to reproduction in angiosperms. - Explain the role of fruits in the reproductive cycle. - Discuss several ways in which plants defend themselves against predators. - Characterize the structure of a typical fungus and explain ways in which fungi may interact with other species. **Chapter 16** - Describe the fundamentals of ecology. - Identify the key perspective needed in population ecology. - Identify and explain the important factors that impact population growth. - Outline types of population growth. - Describe the variations of life histories. - Define survivorship curves and the relationship between growth, reproduction, and survival. - Discuss the information provided in an age pyramid. - Define an ecological footprint. - Describe the current state of human population growth. **Chapter 17** - Define what makes up an ecosystem. - Compare and contrast terrestrial biomes and aquatic biomes. - Outline how the earth's shape, topography, and ocean currents all impact weather patterns. - Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem. - Define each of the three important chemical cycles in an ecosystem. - Explain how species coevolve. - Define the impact of an organism's niche. - Explain the role of competition within a niche. - Outline the characteristic adaptations of predators and prey. - Explain alternative relationships in an ecosystem such as parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. - Identify keystone species and the specific manners of change within a community over time. **Chapter 18** - Discuss the unique values biodiversity has to humans. - Identify how biodiversity is distributed around the globe. - Distinguish between types of extinctions. - Identify causes of extinctions. - Distinguish between ecosystem disturbances that are reversible and those that are irreversible. - Identify and understand the key events that lead to significant ecosystem disturbance and change. - Outline current strategies for preservation.